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UNIT 5.
Jakarta, from Village to Metropolis
http://www.beritajakarta.com/english/AboutJakarta/HistoryofJakarta.asp
Jakarta, the capital of the nation, has a fascinating history. Lots of different aspects have
colored the city history and the life of people today. Since the fifth century, ships from
China and Champa (Vietnam), and from all islands in the archipelago docked at the
mouth of the Ciliwung river. Indian and Portuguese traders also visited this small town.
Javanese sailors, carrying spices from Molucca, also docked there. Nearly all people from
the East and West left their trails to blend special flavor of Jakarta.
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Concised description of old historical buildings and monuments refers to the site where
the city of Jakarta itself begins. All historical evidence points to the area of the Kota, the
old city on the banks of Ciliwung river. A bit south of the place currently known as Pasar
Ikan or Fish Market was planted the first tiny seed that developed into a huge city of
more than 10 million inhabitants. When did Jakarta start its journey throughout history?
Nobody knows exactly!
If we stand on top of Menara Syahbandar (the Lookout Tower) across the bridge over the
Kali Besar, we enjoy a view of oldest area of Jakarta. To the north we can see the present
old harbor with its colorful prahu (saliboats) and the Java Sea. Some 300 meters to the
south, you can find a renovated old drawbridge. In the time of the Dutch East-India
Company colonialism, the bridge was called Hoender pasarbrug or Chicken Market
Bridge. At that time, between 17th and early 18 centuries, ships could sail further up to
the river Ciliwung. Towards the south of this drawbridge, the once busy harbor town of
Sunda Kelapa stretched along both sides of the river between the 12th century and 15th
century.
Sunda Kalapa was the main port of the Hindu Kingdom of Sunda . The
capital of the Pakuan Pajajaran kingdom was located two day journey
upriver, now known as Bogor. This port was often visited by ships
from Palembang, Tanjungpura, Malacca, Maccasar and Madura, and
even by merchants from India and South China. Sunda Kelapa exported,
among other items, pepper, rice and gold.
In 1513 the first European fleet, four Portuguese ships under the command of Alvin,
arrived in Sunda Kelapa from Mallaca. Mallaca had been conquered two years earlier by
Alfonso d' Albuquerque. They were looking for spices, especially pepper, to this busy
and well-organized harbor. Some years later, the Portuguese Enrique Leme visited
Kalapa with presents for the King of Sunda. He was well received and on August 21,
1522 and signed a treaty of friendship between the kingdom of Sunda and Portugal. The
Portuguese received the right to build a godown (warehouse) and to erect a fort in Kalapa.
This was regarded by the Sundanese as a consolidation of their position against the
encroaching Muslim troops from the rising power of the Sultanate of Demak in Central
Java.
To commemorate this treaty, they put big stone, called a Padrao, which vanished for
some years. This stone was uncovered later in 1918 during an excavation for a new house
in Kota area on the corner of Cengkeh street and Nelayan Timur Street. This Padrao can
now be seen in the National Museum on Medan Merdeka Barat street. The original
location of the stone suggests that the coastline in the early 16th century formed a nearly
straight line which is marked by the present of Nelayan street, some 400 meters south to
the The Lookout Tower.
The King of Sunda had his own reasons for great danger from the expansive Muslim
Kingdom of Demak, whose troops threatened his second harbor town, Banten (west of
Jakarta). Sunda felt squeezed and was in need of strong friends. Thus, the king hoped the
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Portuguese would return quickly and help him protect his important harbor. But they
came too late. For in 1527 the Muslim leader Fatahillah appeared before Kalapa with
1,452 soldiers from Cirebon and Demak.
According to some historians, this victory of 1527 provided the reason for Fatahillah to
rename Sunda Kelapa, Jayakarta, which means "Great Deed" or "Complete Victory." On
the basis of this victory, Jakarta celebrates its birthday on June 22, 1527, the day
Fatahillah gave the town a name of victory of over Sundanese Hindus and Portuguese
sailor.
Prince Jayawikarta, a follower of the Sultan of Banten, resided on the west banks of the
Ciliwung river, which in the early 17th century reached the roughly at our starting place,
the Lookout at Pasar Ikan. He erected a military post there in order to control the mouth
of the river and the Dutch who had been granted permission in 1610 to build a wooden
godown and some houses just opposite there on the east bank. Dutch ships had already
come to Jayakarta in 1596. The Prince tried to keep a close eye on these unruly guests.
To keep its strength equal to that of the Dutch, Prince Jayawikarta allowed the British to
erect houses on the West Bank of Ciliwung river, across the Dutch godown, in 1615. The
Prince granted permission to the British to erect a fort closed to his Customs Office post.
Jayawikarta was in support of the British because his palace was under the threat of the
Dutch cannons. In December 1618, the tense realtionship between Prince Jayawikarta
and the Dutch escalated. Jayawikarta soldiers besieged the Dutch fortress that covered
two strong godown, namely Nassau and Mauritus. The British fleet made up of 15 ships
arrived. The fleet was under the leadership of Sir Thomas Dale, former governor of the
Colony of Virginia, now known as Virginia State in the United States.
The British admiral was already old and was indecisive. After the sea battle, the newly
appointed Dutch governor Jan Pieter Soon Coon (1618) escaped to Molucca to seek
support. Meanwhile, the commander of the Dutch army was arressted when the
negotiation was underway because Jayawikarta felt that he was deceived by the Dutch.
Then, the Prince Jayawikarta and the British entered into a friendship agreement.
The Dutch army was about to surrender to the British when in 1619, a sultan from Banten
sent soldiers and summoned Prince Jayawikarta for establishing closed realtionship with
the British without first asking an approval from Banten authorities. The conflict between
Banten and Prince Jayawikarta as well as the tensed relationship between Banten and the
British had weakened the Dutch enemy. Prince Jayawikarta was moved to Tanara and
died in Banten.
The Dutch felt relieved and tried to establish a closer relationship with the Banten. The
Dutch fortress garrison, along with hired soldiers from Japan, Germany, Scotia, Denmark,
and Belgium held a party in commemoration of the change in situation. They name their
fortress after Batavia to recollect the ethnic group Batavier, the Dutch ancestor. Since
then Jayakarta was called Batavia for more than 300 years.
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Under the relationship of J.P Coen, Dutch army attacked and destroyed the city and
Jayakarta Palace on May 30, 1619. There were no remains of Jakarta except for the
Padrao stone now stored at the National Museum in Jakarta. The Jayakarta grave was
possibly located in Pulau Gadung. If we stand on top of Menara Syahbandar and look
around, we can enjoy the beautiful panorama in the oldest area of Batavia. Certainly, we
can't enjoy the remains of the city Sunda Kelapa or Jayakarta. Kasteel or the Dutch
fortress, too, has been destroyed. Here we can see several remains from the mid-17th
century. Nearly all of the remains are related to trade and sailing.
Menara Syahbandar was built 1839 to replace the old flag pole in ship dock located right
on the side across a river. From the pole and later the tower, officials observed ships
about to anchor gave signals. The tower then is used a meteorology post. To the West of
the Lookout Tower, we can see the view of the present Museum Bahari. The museum
represents a very old and strong edifice with Dutch architecture. The museum also
provides several maps of the city, with stages of the city development shown. The
museum is part of something in Dutch called Westzijdsche Pakhuizen (Warehouse on the
Westbank). Here nutmegs, pepper. coffee, tea, and cloth in a large scale were used to be
stored.
The areas around Menara Syahbandar was once the center of Kota Batavia. It was the
center of a trading network with wide spread agents reaching Deshima (Nagasaki) in
Japan, Surate in Persia and Capetown in South Africa. Inter-trade among Asia was more
profitable than inter-trade between Asia and Europe. And the Pasar Ikan (Market Fish)
once was the pulse. Here, the site where the origin of the capital of Indonesia, Jakarta,
came from.
Fatahilah Museum
Gudang
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Kali Besar
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Wayang Museum
Arsip Nasional
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Around Indonesia Hotel
JAKARTA, from Village to Metropolis
A. READING & UNDERSTANDING
Please read the article above and re-tell with your own words.
B. ASSIGNMENT
Please working within your group and find the Historical Buildings in Jakarta, at least 10
buildings. Write the name of the building and the address.
Further, takes some photographs of the Old buildings that your group have been chosen
and try find the information about :
1. When it has been built ?
2. Who built the building or who is the architect of that building ?
3. What is the function of that building in the past ?
4. What is the function at this moment ?
5. What kind ( types ) of architecture ?
6. Tell more about that building.
Do not forget write the name of the sources and the date that the information has been
taken.
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C. ANTONYMS
1. I ate lunch with a most convivial group of my friends.
a. lively
b. large
c. unsociable
d. old
2. I prefer muted colors in my living room.
a. Changeable
b. Bright
c. Dull
d. Mauve
3. She came for Christmas laden with gifts for everyone.
a. Later
b. Provided
c. Unloaded
d. lifted
4. She had a cozy little apartment in Boston.
a. Uncomfortable
b. Dirty
c. Lazy
d. Warm
5. She was a very superficial person with a large group of frivolous friends
a. Superior
b. Deep
c. Attractive
d. Horrible
6. The convicted robber hoped the judge would give him a lenient sentence.
a. Easy
b. Unmerciful
c. Acute
d. Frightening
7. Hector takes his dates to intimate restaurants where there is candlelight.
a. Public
b. Quiet
c. Noisy
d. Dark.
8. As he lay dying, his speech was incoherent.
a. Inaudible
b. Organized
c. Interesting
d. Indecent
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9. If you want to make a good impression on my father, you will have to be less
unkempt then you are now :
a. Discreet
b. Uncanny
c. Literate
d. Neat
10. His career in the illicit drug trade ended with the police raid this morning.
a. Irregular
b. Legal
c. Elicited
d. secret
D. GRAMMAR : TIME & TENSES
Untuk menyatakan perbuatan yang tidak berubah-ubah atau senantiasa, atau biasa
dilakukan, kita memakai bentuk Simple Present ( atau infinitive atau kata kerja asal,
dengan hanya satu perubahan yaitu ‘s atau es’ untuk orang ketiga )
Example :
We always get up at 6 o’clock.
Kita selalu bangun pukul 6.00.
He goes to the movies once a month.
Dia pergi ke bioskop sekali sebulan.
A housewife cooks and cleans and washes up.
Seorang ibu rumah tangga memasak, membersihkan rumah dan mencuci piring.
Untuk menyatakan perbuatan yang sedang berlaku sekarang, kita menggunakan bentuk
Present Continuous ( dibentuk dengan am, is atau are + kata kerja asal + ing ) :
Example :
It is 6 o’clock and the children are getting up.
Sudah jam 6.00 dan anak-anak sedang bangun.
Where are they going now ? They are going to the movies.
Mau kemana mereka sekarang ? Mereka sedang pergi ke bioskop.
My mother is cooking breakfast now.
Ibu sedang masak sarapan.
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Untuk menyatakan perbuatan yang telah terjadi pada suatu waktu tertentu dalam waktu
lampau, kita pakai bentuk Simple Past ( untuk kata kerja beraturan, asal kata kerja + d
atau ed; dan untuk kata kerja tak beraturan, harus dihafalkan ).
I usually get up at 6 o’clock, but yesterday morning I got up at 7.00
Biasanya saya bangun pada jam 6.00, tetapi kemarin pagi saya bangun pada jam 7.00
Last night they went to the movies.
Semalam mereka pergi ke bioskop.
Last Friday I helped my mother. I cooked and cleaned and washed up.
Hari Jumat yang lalu saya menolong ibu saya. Saya memasak, membersihkan rumah, dan
mencuci piring.
Untuk menyatakan perbuatan yang sedang berlaku pada suatu waktu dalam waktu
lampau kita pakai Past Continuous ( dibentuk dengan was atau were + kata kerja asal +
ing ) :
When we were getting up this morning we looked out of the window and saw that it was
raining.
Waktu kami ( sedang ) bangun tadi pagi, kami menengok ke luar jandela, dan terlihat
sedang hujan.
When we were going to the movies last night, we met two of our friends.
Waktu kami ( sedang ) pergi ke bioskop semalam, kami bertemu dengan dua orang teman.
While Mother was cooking and cleaning and washing up, the doorbell rang three times.
Waktu ibu ( sedang ) masak dan membersihkan rumah serta mencuci piring, bel
berdering tiga kali.
E. EXERCISE
Please make some simple sentences as the example above by your own.
F. ASSIGNMENT
Every student has to find some information about some old and or historical buildings
around Jakarta. Please find the history of those buildings ( the architect, the style of the
architecture, the owner, the garden etc ). Take the picture and analyze it from your point
of view and than presented to your friends in the class.