Matakuliah
Tahun
Versi
: F0662/ Web Based Accounting
: 2005
: 1/0
Pertemuan 7
eBusiness Models and Sectors
1
Learning Outcomes
Pada akhir pertemuan ini, diharapkan mahasiswa
akan mampu :
• Menjelaskan tentang Model e-Business (TIK-8)
• Mnjelaskan tentang e-Business Sectors (TIK-8)
2
Outline Materi
• Materi 1 Model e-Business
• Materi 2 e-Business Sectors
3
Session 12
E-business models
4
Business Models
• Is a method of doing business by which a
company can sustain itself.
• Describes how a company makes money by
specifying where it is positioned in the value
chain.
• E- business has given rise to several new kinds
of business models.
• No simple comprehensive definition/list of
business models at present.
5
Business Models
Bizmodel Institute, (2000)6
Generic Forms of Business Models
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Brokerage
Advertising
Infomediary
Merchant
Manufacturer
Affiliate
Community
Subscription
Utility
7
E-business Models
• Transplanted real
world business
models
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Mail order
Advertising
Subscription
Free trial
Direct marketing
Real estate
Incentive scheme
Business to business
• Native Internet
Business Models
–
–
–
–
–
–
Library model
Freeware
Information barter
Digital Products
Access Provision
Web site hosting and
other Internet Services
Banbury P (2000)
8
Business Models
• Timmers (1999, 31) defines a business
model as “the organisation or architecture
of products, services and information
flows”.
• According to this author’s research (case
studies), there are presently 11 business
models.
9
Types of Business Models
•
Brochure ware:
– poster/billboard
•
Virtual shops:
– pay on delivery
•
•
Auction and reverse auction sites:
Portals:
10
Virtual shops
•
E-Shops:
–
–
•
E-Procurement:
–
•
Firms initially attempt to obtain a web presence
with “brochureware”.
Increased patronage will lead to the
development of two way interaction facilities.
These sites purchase all goods and services via
their sites, eg. www.works.com
E-Malls:
–
Are a collection of e-shops with a common
payment method/interface.
•
•
www.wishlist.com.au or
www.dstore.com.au
11
E-Auctions are increasing at a
rapid rate
• E-Bay
– has over 10 million bidders per month (Mollman, 2000).
• Tradeout
– charge sellers a 5% commission, plus a $10 listing fee.
They also use email to promote new merchandise.
• ComAuction
– has banned anonymous buyers and sellers but allows
buyers & sellers to communicate directly (this is not
encouraged by competitors).
– Provide software which allows users to convert photos
into 3d images. 3d images reduce buyer anxiety as they
can see the product from any angle.
12
Australia’s top auction sites
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
www.ebay.com.
www.sold.com.au.
www.ebay.com.au.
www.gofish.com.au.
www.ubid.com.au.
13
Australia’s top auction sites 2
6. www.evansclarke.com.au.
7. www.fowles.com.au.
8. www.stuff.com.au.
9. Davinciauctions.com.au.
10.www.jobnet.com.au.
14
Reverse Auctions
• Buyers display a request for goods or a
service.
• Ariba and Commerce One are adding
“reverse auction” modules to their
software (Mollman, 2000).
15
Reverse Auctions
16
How Quaker Oats Uses
freemarkets.com
• Quaker chooses contracts that will be put out to bid.
• Evaluates suppliers and decides which ones will be
allowed to bid.
• Freemarkets also provides list of suppliers.
• RFQ is written up and sent out by email to suppliers
together with information as to when bidding will take
place.
• Quaker then uses web browser to watch bidding at
freemarkets.com
• Auctions generally take place in about 20 – 30 minutes.
• Quaker then determines who won the bid and awards the
contract
17
Reverse auctions - 2
• Imandi.com and respond.com make
buyers list goods or service requests with
a price range.
– Buyers are anonymous.
– No charge presently for buyers (imandi.com).
– Respond.com charges merchants $5-50 to
notify merchants of a relevant request.
18
Reverse Auctions –
imandi.com
19
Reverse auctions - 3
• Imandi.com also charge merchants a
small fee to respond to requests.
• Reverse auctions allows buyers to
“compare”.
• Ewanted.com is the only site which allows
suppliers and visitors see all bids.
– Visible bids generate more competition.
20
Open market Place ewanted.com
21
Group buying
• Many SMEs lack the purchasing power of
their large competitors.
• Group buying sites “pool” the purchasing
power of individuals.
www.accompany.com,
www.mercate.com,
www.pointspeed.com and
www.shop2gether.com
22
www.accompany.com
23
Demand Aggregation
• Enterprise buyer benefits
– Reduce product costs by leveraging purchasing
– Reduce transaction,shipping and accounting costs
– Reduce maintenance costs by standardizing
orders
• Suppliers Benefits
– Enhance revenues with a high volume sales
channel
– Reduce sales costs by reaching fragmented
buyers.
– Improve manufacturing efficiency by standardising
product requests
24
Group Buying - 2
• Shop2gether.com – the merchant dictates
how many units the purchaser must buy.
– Buyers join a group & hope other people also
join.
– Cycle ends when the seller’s criteria is met
(Mollman, 2000).
– Buyers charged a fee (most sites don’t charge
buying fees).
25
Group buying - 3
• Pointspeed negotiates prices with vendors
and collects a fee on transactions
(Mollman, 2000).
– Provides e-procurement software that allows
you to download order details into your
accounting package.
• Mercata.com purchases goods in
advanced.
– Idea is to anticipate and attract buyers.
26
Portals
Offer a variety of information, services and
sometimes goods from one central
location
– intended to become the potential
customer’s start-up page, eg.:
• major search engines
• http://www.ninemsn.com.au
27
Portals
• First portal emerged in 1996.
• Also called :
–
–
–
–
–
a horizontal portals,
gateways,
megaportals or
electronic marketplaces.
Revisit http://www.ws.com.au/acs/
• “Are the first point of contact (or gateway) which
allows users to click to other links from this site”
(Sophocleous, 2000; 45).
28
General Purpose Portals
• Such as Yahoo.com or Excite.com.
• Generate revenue via advertising.
• Yahoo is considered the largest portal site
(Reisman, 1999; 63).
• Aim is to attract as much traffic as
possible.
29
Types of portals - 1
• Yahoo is considered a consumer portal.
• Mysap.com is a business portal. Attempting to
link buyers, sellers, suppliers & catalogue
owners (Clark Dickson, 2000).
• Specific market niche or industry portals – called
Vortals eg. e-Steel
30
Types of portals - 2
• Enterprise Portals
– Can be internal or external focused.
– Attempting to streamline business processes.
– Personalised interface.
– Increase productivity.
– Need enterprise application integration (EAI).
– Intranets, extranets
31
Types of Portals - 3
• Gartner Group further classifies portals into global &
local categories. Global portals would be
–
–
–
–
Excite,
Infoseek,
Lycos or
Yahoo.
• Local portals would be
– ninemsn.com.au and
– telstra.com.au.
• In Asia-pacific region, tendency for portals to align
themselves with an ISP/telco.
32
How do portals start?
• Yahoo & Excite started as search engines. No
bricks & mortar. Others such as ninemsn.com.au
started as telcos, isp or media players.
• Ninemsn.com.au attracts 2million visitors/month
(Sophocleous, 2000).Most portals have copied
the Yahoo style. Eg. they use content categories
& text-pages (speed).
• Amazon is neither of the above examples. Also
has no bricks & mortar presence. Started in one
niche (books), now expanding into other areas.
33
Vortals
• Is a web site that provides access to information relating
to a particular industry, such as health care, insurance,
automobiles, or food manufacturing” (Vortal, 2000).
• Target a specific market niche or industry e.g.
– itsource.com.au – IT suppliers.
– sydneytribe.com.au – 20/30 years olds with an entertainment
lifestyle.
• Seen as B2B communities. e.g. SMEs with home offices
might be attracted to a vortal that provides information
about setting up the home office (Vortal, 2000).
34
Types of Business Models (Continued)
• Virtual Communities:
– Companies use one site to provide or add
their information.
•
eg. www.amazon.com
• Collaboration Platforms:
– Provide tools (project management,
engineering services etc) or an information
environment to facilitate collaboration
between firms eg. IMCO (Real Estate
Integrated Solutions)
35
Types of Business Models (Continued)
• Third Party Market Places:
– Leave marketing of your product to another
party who provides a common interface to a
range of products.
•
eg. http://www.tradezone.com.
36
Tradezone.com
37
Types of Business Models
(Continued)
• Value Chain Integrators:
• Focus on integrating steps of the supply chain.
–They are usually on-selling information to firms.
•
Eg. Telstra.
–Can be an example of re-intermediation.
• Value Chain Service Providers:
• Specialise in a specific functions of the value
chain.
–eg. online payments, sourcing of goods, insurance.
Eg. Payment Service.
38
Types of Business Models
(Continued)
• Information Brokerage:
– Provide a range of information to users.
– eg. yahoo.com, excite.com generates
75% of their income from advertising.
• Trust Services:
– Ensure users are dealing with legitimate
sites eg. CareMart.
(Timmers, 1999; 38-41)
39
Classification of Business Models
Timmers, 1998
40
Business Models
41
Martinez P IBM Corporation (2000)
Bibliography
• Business models for electronic Commerce – Paul Timmers,
European Commission
• A taxanomy of Internet Commerce – Paul banbury
• http://www.firstmonday.dk/issues/issue3_10/bambury/index.html
• Models made “e”: What business are you in?, Pete Martinez IBM
corporation (2000)
• http://www.ibm.com/services/innovation/gsee510160000f.pdf
• Forms and Models of Electronic Commerce, Kaj Hoglund. Dept of
computer Science Helsinki University of Technology
• http://www.tml.hut.fi/Opinnot/Tik110.501/1996/seminars/works/forms.html
• What the Internet brings to Purchasing. March 2000
• http://www.manufacturing.net/magazine/purchasing/archives/2000/p
ur0323.00/032isupp.htm
42
Chapter 16
Sectors of the e-Business
e
b u si n e ss
e
43
Introduction
• The important differences between eCommerce applications are:
– How they fit into the consumer market,
– How they are supported by the supply chain
– Their potential to alter the role of players in
that supply chain.
Supply Chain
Infrastructure
e-Vendor
Consumer
Market
44
Introduction
• The sectors examined in the book are:
1. Bookshops;
2. Grocery Supplies;
3. Software Supplies and Support;
4. Electronic Newspapers;
5. Banking;
6. Auctions;
7. Share Dealing;
8. Gambling.
45
Introduction
• These sectors exemplify the range of
consumer e-Commerce services that are
available.
• Sectors 1, 2, 5 and 7 are discussed in the
lecture – the other four areas are for self
study.
46
Internet Bookshops
General
• One of the first applications of e-Commerce
• Books have 4 advantages for online retailer:
– They can be adequately described online.
– They are moderately priced.
– Many customers will wait for delivery.
– Delivery is manageable/affordable.
– Reactions of other players have included:
– Large existing players that set up their own
e-Bookstores;
– New operators have entered the online market;
– Conventional bookshop have been up-rated. 47
Internet Bookshops
Supply Chain
• e-Commerce has not altered the supply chain.
• All bookshops have 2main sources of supply:
– Book wholesalers.
– Direct supply from the publisher.
(some e-fulfilment is direct from the wholesalers)
Publisher
Wholesaler
Bookshop
Customer
48
Internet Bookshops
Requirements/Facilities
• Warehouse (as opposed to retail) premises
• Packaging and despatch
• IT infrastructure / Web site:
– A large database of books.
– A search engine for author, title, subject, etc.;
– Online access to details of stock
– Record of the readers’ interest
– Integration into the supply chain
49
Internet Bookshops
Examples
Amazon
•
•
•
•
www.amazon.com,
www.amazon.co.uk
Barnes and Noble www.barnsandnoble.com
Bertelsmann AG www.bol.com
Blackwell
www.bookshop.blackwell.co.uk
Chapters
www.chapters.ca
50
Internet Bookshops
amazon.com
• Amazon opened for business in July ’95
• By 1999 Amazon had:
TM
– Four despatch bases in the US
– Operations in Germany and the UK
• As of 1998, turnover was US$610 million
(a growth of 313% over the previous year).
• Amazon has never made a profit:
– The loss for the third quarter of 1999 was US$79 million on sales of
US$356 million.
• Amazon has diversified into selling:
–
–
–
–
Recorded music
Videos
Electronic equipment
and several other product areas
51
Grocery Supplies
General
• Going to the supermarket can be just a
chore - how much easier if, with just a few
clicks of the mouse, the weekly shop could
done.
52
Grocery Supplies
General
• The logistics of an online supermarket are
a bit different from other online stores:
– The supermarket stocks several thousand
lines
– The customer may well select (say) 60 of
them.
– Groceries are both bulky and perishable
– Common practice is to arrange a delivery slot
with the customer.
53
Grocery Supplies
Supply Chain
• The home delivery grocery business
requires local depots and it needs the
same supply chain infrastructure, coordinated by EDI, that the supermarkets
have in place.
• A home delivery operation can use a depot
rather than a retail facility. However many
existing players are using their local retail
facilities for e-fulfilment.
54
Grocery Supplies
Supplier
Regional
Depot
Supermarket
/Local Depot
Customer
55
Grocery Supplies
Examples
Peapod
• Homestore
• Sainsbury
• Tesco
www.peapod.com
www.homestore.com
www.sainsbury.co.uk
www.tesco.net
56
Grocery Supplies
peapod.com
• Peapod started selling groceries in 1989.
TM
• Peapod depots stock a full range of
groceries.
• Items can be found through the
classification / menu system or using a
search.
• Shopping lists can be stored.
57
Grocery Supplies
peapod.com
• Orders have to be put in at least a day in
advance of delivery time.
TM
• Peapod currently operate in six
metropolitan areas in the US.
• Peapod is a software company – the
depots are operated as franchises.
58
Internet Banking
General
• Customer services typically include:
– Online balances and statements.
– Credit transfers so that bills can be paid online.
– Maintenance of standing orders and direct
debits
… but exclude any transactions involving cash
59
Internet Banking
General
• For the bank, online transactions are
cheaper than telephone banking and much
cheaper than branch transactions.
60
Internet Banking
Supply Chain
• Using e-banking reduces usage of the
branch network (although a branch or ATM
machine will still be required).
Supplier
Branch /
ATM
Customer
61
Internet Banking
Examples
• Bank of Scotland
www.rbs.co.uk
• The Co-operative Bank www.smile.co.uk
• First National Bank of the Internet
www.fnbinternet.com
62
Internet Banking
smile.co.uk
• The Co-operative Bank:
TM
– Grew out of the Co-operative movement
– Has about a 5% UK market share.
– Has a very small branch network.
• The bank’s online offering is called ‘smile’ ☺.
(one of the UK’s first operational online banks)
63
Internet Banking
smile.co.uk
TM
• Smile’s banking service include:
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
A full range of accounts;
Online money transfer;
Flexible paying in arrangements;
Online payment of bills;
Standing orders and direct debits;
Use of ATM machines;
Conventional cheques;
A guarantee of reimbursement
64
Online Share Dealing
General
• The Internet can make available to the
private investor:
– Up-to-the-minute information.
– Immediate access to the market.
– Reduced trading costs.
(Allgood, 1999)
65
Online Share Dealing
General
– ‘The investor is able to deal at a price viewed
immediately, whereas using more traditional
dealing services an investor will often have to
wait in a telephone queuing system to get
through to the dealing desk and when trading
may have to wait for the price of the trade to
be confirmed.’
(Allgood, 1999)
66
Online Share Dealing
Supply Chain
The supply chain for share dealing is
unchanged, the use of the net just speeds
up the whole process (and that can be
vital in some share dealing).
Broker
Investor
67
Online Share Dealing
Examples
• E*Trade
www.etrade.com,
www.etrade.co.uk
• Market Eye www.market-eye.co.uk
• Charles Schwab www.schwab.co.uk
68
Online Share Dealing
etrade.com
• E*Trade started online trading in 1983.
• Available on CompuServe and AOL in 1992.
• Net version online in 1996.
• The services they list are:
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Free real-time quotes;
Market news and research;
Choice of order types;
Low commission rates;
Portfolio tracking;
Customer accounts;
Discussion groups.
TM
69
e-Diversity
• The technology for online operation and
the issue of payment security is much the
same whatever the trade sector.
70
e-Diversity
• Differences between products and services:
– How adequately the product can be described
online,
– The ease with which the product can be delivered
to the customer,
– The extent to which the price to the consumer can
be cut by operating online,
– The possibility of offering an enhanced service by
operating electronically.
– The ability of virtual operators to avoid tax and
other regulations.
71
Summary
• Mahasiswa diwajibkan membuat summary
72