Using SPSS: Analysis and Comparison
in the Social Sciences
with the Standard Cross-Cultural Sample Database CD-ROM
Douglas R. White, Andrey Korotayev and Daria Khaltourina
2003 ms. In preparation
Table of Contents
Acknowledgements
1 Cross-Cultural Research: An Introduction
2 Cross-Cultural Research with the Standard Sample
Database: Starting up
3 How To Do Scatterplots and Maps in SPSS 10.0/11.0
4 How To Do Cross-Tabs in Spss 10.0/11.0
5 Statistical Analysis of Cross-Tabs
6 Reading Cross-Tabs
7 Reliability and Validity:
One Factor and Third Factor Tests
8 Galton’s Problem
9 Conclusion
10 Bibliography
11 Appendix: A Course in Cross-Cultural Research
Detailed Table of Contents
Acknowledgements
1 Cross-Cultural Research: An Introduction
What is Cross-Cultural Research?
Cross-Cultural Research: A Short History
The SCCS and Standard Sample Spss Database
Problems of Cross-Cultural Research
Cultural Coherence or Decoherence within and between Communies:
Human Behavior, Beliefs and Institutions
Avoiding Pet Theories
Test the Alternatives
The Standard Sample and a Cumulative but Eclectic Science
2 Cross-Cultural Research with the Standard Sample Database: Starting up
Section 1: Finding Variables
Section 2: Working with the database
3 How To Do Scatterplots and Maps in SPSS 10.0/11.0
Section 1: Making Scatterplots to Test Relationships between Variables
Section 2:Making Maps
4 How To Do Cross-Tabs in Spss 10.0/11.0
Getting variables from a spss file
Asking for percentages
Asking for statistics
Getting your table
Exporting your table to word or html
A better way to export your table to word or html
5 Statistical Analysis of Cross-Tabs
Introduction
Section 1: Measurement and Correlation
Measurement
Nominal, Ordinal, Interval and Ratio Scale Variables
Correlation
Functional and Correlational Relationships
What do Correlations Mean?
Functional Coefficients (interval or ordinal variables or 2 x 2 tables)
Relational Correlation Coefficients: Order- and Category-Based
Order-Based Correlation Coefficients (Ordinal variables and 2 x 2 tables)
Categorical Correlation Coefficients (Nominal variables and 2 x 2 tables)
What does the Strength of a Correlation Mean?
Section 2: Using the Analytic Power of Statistics
Probabilistic Inference
Law of independent events
Law of sample spaces
Law of exclusive events
Expected Frequency and the Null Hypothesis
Expected Probability
The Chi-square (χ²) statistic for measuring departure from the Null Hypothesis of Statistical Independence
Converting Chi-square into a Test of Significance
Degrees of Freedom
Significance Tests: The Chi-square approximation and alternatives
Building on Chi-square: The all-purpose Phi Coefficient
The Phi-square correlation coefficient Φ² and adjusted Φ΄²
Assigning a Positive or Negative sign to the Phi΄ correlation coefficient Φ΄
Evaluating Cross Tabulations of Nominal Variables
Evaluating Cross Tabulations of Ordinal Variables
Evaluating Cross Tabulations of Categorical Variables
Fisher Exact Significance Test
Fisher Exact Test for 2 x 2 Cross Tabulations
Fisher Exact Test for up to 6 x 6 Cross Tabulations
Fisher Exact one- and two-tailed Test and Data-Mining Errors
Section 3: Evaluating Correlations and Models
Significance
Sample Size
Conclusion
Review
Summary
References
Appendix 1: Interpreting Gamma Coefficients
6 Reading Cross-Tabs
7 One Factor and Third Factor Tests
8 Galton’s Problem
9 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
Our thanks go to Patrick Gray for helpful commentary on earlier drafts, to William Fitzgerald who went
over Chapter 5 in great detail, and to Birgit Paukzstat for suggestions on Chapters 2-5. Thanks are also due
to the students in Anthropology 174AW, World Cultural Comparisons, fall 2002, University of California,
Irvine who provided useful feedback at the end of the class on what would be useful as an additional
orientation package for this class, for which all the teaching materials are now available on-line at URL
http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/undergrad.html. The fall 2003 World Cultural Comparisons students will
be the first to use this text and we will appreciate any and all feedback received from them.