Contents
Foreword by Maurice Godelier
ix
Preface
xi
Acknowledgements
xv
List of Analyses
xvii
List of Figures
xviii
List of Tables
xx
List of Photos
xxi
List of Hypotheses
xxii
List of Analyses
xxiii
Chapter 1 Introduction: Networks, Ethnography and Emergence 1
Chapter 2 Problems of Analysis
59
Chapter 3 Ethnographic Setting
97
Chapter 4 Theory, Rules and Exceptions
111
Chapter 5 Network Models and Complexity:
Measures, Graphs, and Context
Chapter 6 Clan Structures and Dynamics
125
161
Chapter 7 Marriage, Rank and Migration:
Fractality in Social Structure
221
Chapter 8 Demography, Structure, and Social Change
285
Chapter 9 Decentralized Leadership and Network Cohesion
307
Chapter 10 Graphic Approaches to Nomad Solidarity:
The Endo-Conical Clan
359
Chapter 11 Conclusions
389
Selected Bibliography
421
About the Authors
437
Appendix: The Nomad Genealogical Data and the WWW
439
Glossary
443
End 459
ii
Glossary
Contents by Chapter
Foreword by Maurice Godelier
Preface
XXI
Organization of the Chapters
Acknowledgements
Further Reading
XXIII
XXIX
XXX
Chapter 1: Introduction
1
Networks and Ethnography
Why Networks? The Path of Network Analysis in the 1960s
A Network Paradigm Developed in Long-term Field Studies
What is different now?
Ethnography and Complex Interactive Processes
Network Theory and Emergence: Four Propositions
2
3
4
5
7
8
Structural Properties
The probabilistic theory of network topology and dynamics
Generalizing the theory of network topology and dynamics
Micro-macro Linkages as Explanatory Principles
Configurational Effects
Emergents
Ethnography and Emergence
Unexpected Change: Emergence and Ethnography
When does Network Analysis Matter?
Sidedness: An Example where Propositions B through E Apply 1
Emergence and Network Analysis in Ethnography
Social Organization and Structure
Organization and Groups
Emergent Rules and Emergent Groups
Cohesion and Emergent Groups
Structural Cohesion as a Non-local Emergent
Bounded and Overlapping Multiconnectivity Groups
Edges and Boundaries
Further Reading
Notes to Chapter 1
Chapter 2: Problems of Analysis in a Network Approach
Kinship and Marriage in Genealogical Networks
Emergent Patterns from Behavioral Choices
Key Analytic Terms for Social Network Groupings
A Representation for Kinship Networks
9
11
22
24
27
27
29
33
34
36
37
38
38
39
41
45
46
48
49
49
59
8
10
10
15
Glossary
P-graph
From Genealogies to Genealogical Networks
Method: Preparation of Data
The P-graph Genealogies
Computer Analysis
Coding of Data
Spreadsheeting and Transforming the Network Data
Computer Assisted Analysis
Providing Data and Analytic Tools for Analysis
Summary
Further Reading
Notes to Chapter 2
Chapter 3: Ethnographic Setting
Historical Background
Fieldwork Conditions
Population
Group Names and Multiple Levels of Membership
Economic Basis and Inheritance Rules
Lineages, Islam and FBD Marriage
Leadership
Summary
Further Reading
Notes to Chapter 3
Chapter 4: Theories, Rules, Exceptions and Models
Recurring Groups, Linking Alliances: A Critique
Rules for Generating Recurrence in Social Structure
Main Sequence Theory of Clustering in Social Structure
Elementary Structure Theory of Exchange in Social Structure
Bourdieu: Ethnography Confronts Descent and Alliance Theory
Diachronics and Diversity
Rules for Generating Diversity: FBD Marriage
Summary
Further Reading
Notes to Chapter 4
Chapter 5: Network Models and Complexity: Measures,
Graphs, and Sensitivity to Context
iii
15
17
17
18
26
26
28
28
30
32
35
35
37
37
38
39
42
42
43
45
45
47
47
49
53
55
56
68
71
71
77
Models for Large Networks, Small Worlds
77
Small Worlds with Navigability
78
Realistic Social Network Models for Complex Small Worlds
79
Models for the Aydınlı: Lineage Fractals and Complex Small World Networks
Aydınlı Marriage Networks as Complex Small Worlds of a Generalized `Arab´ Type
with Segmented Lineages
80
81
iv
Glossary
Simulation Models
Investigating Fractal Marriage Networks through Simulations: Agent-based Models
Hammel’s Principle of Demographic Network Biases: The Example of Status Bias
Feynman Simulation
Deepening the Foundation for a Network Theory of Kinship
The Axiom of Choice
Baselines of Measurement of Particular Types of Marriage
Prevalence
Interactive Rate
Relative rate
Distributional Measures for Marriage Types
Exponential Distribution
Power law Distribution
Truncation and Testing Distribution
Temporal Distribution
Using Graph Theory in the Study of Kinship Networks
Summary
Further Reading
Notes to Chapter 5
Chapter 6: Clan Structures and Dynamics
112
The Oral Tradition: Reconstructing the Past
Taking the Genealogies
Oral Traditions of the Lineage Founders
The Genealogy and Relinking Marriage
Written Historical Data about the Development of the Clan
Clan Amalgamation
Social Ranking of the Lineages
Intermarriages and Descent as Bases of Clan Cohesion
Sedentarization and Genealogical Memory
Social Terminology and Social Change
Introduction to the Computer Analyses, 1 – 20
A Note on Software
Analysis 1: Finding Generation, Counting Marriages
Tabulation by Generations
Computing Generational Depth
Keying the Dates
Generational Statistics
Tabulation of Marriages
Tabulation of Children
Analysis 2: The Structural Endogamy Hypothesis
Bicomponents and Giant Bicomponents
Distance
Analysis 3: Structural Endogamy with Outside Tribes
A Single Tribal Origin
Analysis 4: Clan Roots – Singularity and Multiplicity
85
85
87
89
92
92
93
93
95
96
96
97
97
98
98
99
104
109
110
112
113
115
121
121
122
123
125
126
126
127
127
128
13 3
134
134
135
137
138
139
142
144
147
153
155
Glossary
v
Analysis 5: Relinking as Attractor for Further Marriage Affecting Size of Groups 159
Analysis 6: Dispersal of Marriages in Clan Integration and the Exponential
Distribution of Ancestors
162
Summary
166
Further Reading
168
Notes to Chapter 6
168
Chapter 7: Marriage, Rank and Seasonal Migration: Fractality in
Social Structure
Equality and Rank
Competition for Social Rank and Feuding
Barth’s Model of Nomad Dynamics
Negotiations and Choice at Marriage
Bride Payments and the FBD
Marriage and the Extended Family
Meeting a Potential Spouse in the Circle of Families, Enlarged through Close Ties
of Reciprocal Exchange
Analysis 7: Local Curvature and Network Structure
185
186
186
187
188
194
195
195b
Analysis 7 begins to deal with the scaling and fractality of social organization and because of the level
of technicality the average reader may want to skip to the next major heading dealing with Equality in
Generation between Husband and Wife followed by Analysis 8. For others, especially those with an interest in how complexity theory applies to social organization, this will be one of the most interesting
sections of the book.
Local Clustering Density
The Lowland-Highland Continuum
Local Clustering Density and Continuum Scaling
The Cascade of Lineage Segments and their Fractal Relations
Structural Properties of the Sublineage Marriage Network
A Small-World Network of Strong Ties: local clustering and short distances
among reciprocating sublineages
Equality in Generation between Husband and Wife
Ambiguities of Individual and Marriage “Generation”
Individual and Marriage Generation as Mutually Informative
Analysis 8: Same Generation Marriage and the Qur’an
The Problem with Counting Generations for Individuals
Rank, Seniority and Lineage
The Distance between Norms and Behavior
Difference between Marriage Frequencies and Preferences
Analysis 9: Fractality in a Marriage System
195i
199
200
202
203
204
206
207
208
208
Analysis 9 continues with fractality and issues of complexity in social organization that are evaluated by examining
the entire distribution of different forms of marriage within a genealogical network. The reader may want to skip to
the summary of this chapter. A summary in the complexity theory appears in White and Houseman (2002).
Competition and Fractality; Fractality Defined and Tested
The Fractality of Two-family Relinking
Fractally Segmented Lineages of Self Organizing Systems
Summary
Further Readings
209
213
214
216
219
vi
Glossary
Notes to Chapter 7
Chapter 8: Demographic Choice and Constraint:
Historical Structure and Change
Demographic Opportunity and Constraint as influences on Social
Cohesion, Resilience and Change
Analysis 10: Co-selection Bias among Siblings
Marriage Choice and Constraint
Spatial and Network Constraints in Finding a Spouse
Demographic Constraints in Choice of a Spouse
Analysis 11: Cousin Marriage Demography
FBD and the Agnatic Line
FBD Marriage: Index of Tradition, or Generator of Diversity
MBD Marriage: The Effects of Spatiality and Demography
Analysis 12: FBD and MZD Demography Compared
Theory and Measurement: FBD and MZD Demographics
MZD-FBD Inverse Correlation: Residence as a Third Factor
Findings from Controlled Simulation
Marriage and Social Change
Stayers and Leavers Revisited
Summary
Further Readings
Chapter 9: Decentralized Leadership and Network Cohesion
Decentralized Leadership and the Aydınlı Case
Aydınlı Leadership and Network Cohesion
Network Cohesion Created by Marriage as a Predictor of Emergent Leadership:
Hypotheses and Measures
Measuring Network Cohesion created by Marriage
The Logical Construction of Social Cohesion
Reliance on Dependant Nodes for Cohesion in Kinship Networks
Direct versus Mediated Forms of Cohesion
Analysis 13: Hierarchical Embedding of Cohesion
Concentric Rings of Decreasing Pairwise Connectivity
Leadership and Levels of Exocohesion
The Erosion of Exocohesion over Time
Growth of Size as a Dilution of the Exocohesive Groups
Tanıdık Kişi and cohesion
Analysis 14: Exclusion Principles, Cohesion versus Adhesion
Adhesion versus Cohesion (Maxflow versus Point Connectivity)
Marriage Behavior that Avoids Enhancement of the Centrality of Others
Analysis 15: Distributed Cohesion in Kinship Networks
Analysis 16: Network and Attribute Leadership Predictors
Entrepreneurship and Parents’ Status as Predictors of Emergent Leadership
Leadership, Marriage, and Social Change
219
221
222
227
228
229
231
233
233
236
242
242
243
245
247
247
250
251a
2251b
252
254
257
258
264
266
269
274
282
Glossary
vii
Analysis 17: Overall Cohesion, Lineage and Leaders
Summary
Further Readings
Notes to Chapter 9
283
289
290
291
Chapter 10: Graphic Approaches to Nomad Solidarity:
Possibilities and Problems of Graphic Analysis
The Endo-conical Clan
Analysis 18: Age Ranking and the Endo-conical Clan
Analysis 19: Levels of Relinking
Maximal Chains
Chain-reduced Graphs
Demographic Change in the Stayer Bias for Larger Families
Analysis 20: Time Slice Graphs of Network Change
Recent Breaks in the Cohesive Relinking of the Clan
Summary
Further Reading
Notes to Chapter 10
Chapter 11: Overview and Conclusions
293
297
304
304
305
307
309
313
316
317
318
325
Overview
Dynamics: The Long-term Findings
Long-term Ethnography versus Longitudinal Analysis
325
The Tractability of Longitudinal Analysis
Ethnogenesis of the Clan: Understanding Dynamic Complexity
Clan Cohesion, Segmentation, Expulsion and Transformation
Enlarging the Concepts concerning Clans
Decline: Demographic Changes through Outmigration and Continued Viability of
The Anthropology of Relations
Norms and Behavior: the Fit of Analysis and Informant Reports
Structural Endogamy as Extra-cohesive Connectivity Reproduced in the Practice
of Marital Relinking: Social Inclusion and Exclusion
Subgroup Analysis
Leadership and the Political System
Measuring Relinking Density and the Porousness of Structural Endogamy
Identification of Emergent Forms
Intra-lineage and Blood Marriages as Extra-cohesive Relinking
Graphic Approaches
General Methodological Conclusions
Complexity Theory
Looking to the Future of Longitudinal Studies
Summary
Looking to the Future of Longitudinal Studies
Complexity Theory
Further Readings
327
329
330
332
336
336
337
338
341
344
344
345
348
349
351
352
352a
viii
Glossary
Notes to Chapter 11
352b
Selected Bibliography
352e
Glossary
Further Reading
Notes to the Glossary
373
373
List of Photos
Frontispiece: June 14, 1957, the funeral of patriarch Fındıklı Abbas
(840, lineage #2), after 14 days, attended by most of the family heads.
Some of those in competition with the brother of the deceased who became tanıdık kişi that same year, like some of the Kırbaşı lineage (#4),
and Haci Molla (99, #1), did not attend.
Ethnographic and Leadership:
Patriarchs:
Chapter 3
Chapter 6
List of Analyses by Chapter
page
6 Clan Structures and Dynamics
Analysis 1: Finding Generations, Counting Marriages
Analysis 2: The Structural Endogamy Hypothesis
Analysis 3: Structural Endogamy with Outside Tribes
Analysis 4: Clan Roots—Singularity and Multiplicity
Analysis 5: Relinking as an Attractor for Further Marriage and
Migration Affecting Size of Groups
143
154
162
169
174
7 Marriage, Rank and Migration: Fractality in Social Structure
Analysis 6: Dispersal of Marriages in Clan Integration and
Exponential Distribution of Ancestors
Analysis 7: Network Neighborhood Local Clustering and
Curvature
Analysis 8: Same-generation Marriage and the Qur’an
Analysis 9: Fractality in a Marriage System
177
183
203
208
8 Demography, Structure and Social Change
Analysis 10: Co-selection Bias among Siblings
Analysis 11: Cousin Marriage Demography
Analysis 12: FBD and MZD Demography Compared
234
222
277
9 Decentralized Leadership and Network Cohesion
Analysis 13: Hierarchical Embedding of Cohesion
Analysis 14: Exclusion Principles, Cohesion vs. Adhesion
Analysis 15: Distributed Cohesion in Kinship Networks
257
264
269
Glossary
ix
Analysis 16: Network and Attribute Leadership Predictors
274
Analysis 17: Overall Cohesion, Lineage and Leaders
283
10 Graphic Approaches to Nomad Solidarity: The Endo-Conical Clan
Analysis 18: Age Ranking and the Endo-Conical Clan
297
Analysis 19: Levels of Relinking
304
Analysis 20: Time Slice Graphs of Network Change
309
List of Maps
Map 6.1: Pasturelands near Aydın (early), Antalya and Adana (late)
List of Figures
1.1: Network Analysis as Controlled Simulation
1.2: Some feedback processes in networks
1.3: Power law micro-macro links for phone calls
1.3: Power law micro-macro links for phone calls
1.4: Power-Law alphas
1.5. Lower α in power-law distributions increases local inequality,
adding searchability while lowering global inequality
1.6: Covariation between power-law coefficients and size for scale-free
networks, showing the ranges on network topologies
1.7: Signed Graphs with (0), (1), (2) and (3) Clusters
1.8: A Cohesive Group that excludes a clique
1.9: A 4-Cohesive Group
2.1: Ordinary Genealogy Converted to a P-graph
2.2: Core Genealogy, Lineages 1, 4 and 6
2.3: Core Genealogy, Lineages 2 and 3
2.4: Core Genealogy, Lineages 5, 7, 9 and 10
2.5: Another Segment of Lineage 1, and Lineage 8
2.6: Changes in the Genealogy, 2003
2.7: A More Conventional Genealogical Graph
4.1 Murdock’s main sequence* rules for kinship groups
4.2: Moiety self-replication as an elementary structure
4.3: MBD self-replication as elementary marriage structure
4.4: FZD self-replication as elementary marriage structure
4.5: FBD—Father’s Brother’s Daughter—marriage
4.6: FBD and FFBSD marriage as replicators of diversity
x
Glossary
5.1: Hammel’s Principle Applied to Cross-Cousin Marriages
6.1: Male Lineages among the 253 Structurally Endogamous Marriages
(arcs: 234)
6.2: Female Lineages among the 253 Structurally Endogamous Marriages (arcs: 187)
6.3: Remembered Children
6.4: P-graphs of selected types of 1-, 2- and 3- family relinking
6.5: Relinked Bicomponents in the Most Recent Generation
6.6: Egocentric Distances from the Clan Leader (597 “Dede,” node 23)
in the Bicomponents of the Most Recent Generation
6.7: Clan Structure of the temporal amalgamation of tribal identities and
lineage assimilation
6.8: The Clan ‘Root,’ Koca Mustan
6.9: The Apical Ancestor of the 90% of those down to Contemporary
Nomad Clan Members, drawn with Pajek
6.10: Percent membership of men (upper chart) and women (lower chart)
in lineages 1-10 over 8 generations, showing also turn taking in clan
leadership.
6.11: Descendants of Aydınlı and Austrian Village Ancestors
6.12: Mustan’s lineage (black nodes), sizes show Centralities
7.1: Barth’s Tribal Dynamics (family and lineage level)
7.2: Moral Exchange Spheres for Lineage, Clan, Outside
7.3: Reciprocal and Directed Bride-Giving between Lineages
7.4: Reciprocal and Directed Bride-Giving, Lineages Scaled
7.5: Lineage Alignment and Ties along the Migration Route
7.6: Reciprocal and One-way Marriages among Sublineages: Height in
the vertical axis shows ‘fractal’ departure from the more general
alignments of marriages among lineages shown in Figure 7.4 that
replicate for a majority of sublineages at the bottom
7.7: The Sixteen Possible Triads for a Triad Census
7.8: Reciprocal and Directed Bride-Giving among Subineages
7.9: Marriage Alliances of a Referent Lineage with two other Lineages
and the Local Clustering Density (transitivity) of Triples
7.10: Bride Exchanges between Lineages and Transitivity of Triples,
correlated with Number of Alliances with other Lineages
7.11: Cousin Marriage Probabilities Fit to Small World Searchability
Power law 1/distanceα, α=1.6 is the scaling coefficient
7.12: Power Law Fractality of Marriage Frequencies
7.13: The Fractality of Consanguineal Marriage Frequencies
Glossary
xi
7.14: The Fractality of Marriage Relinking Frequencies
7.15: Fractal Expansion for a Patrilineage Branching of 3
8.1: Stayer-Leaver Brothers by same Father
8.2: Stayer-Leaver Brothers by same Parents
8.3: Comparison of Changes in Cousin Marriage Rates using Absolute,
Percent Married of those Available, and Relative numbers
8.4: Changes in Marriage Rates in Agnatic Lines
8.5: Comparison of Changes in Patrilateral Marriage Rates using Absolute numbers and Percent Married of those Available
8.6: Changes in Matri-Cross and Similar Cousin Marriages
8.7: Changes in Percent Emigration of Men and Women, from generations 3 (1875) to 7 (1990)
8.8: Changes in Marriage Rates in Uterine Lines
8.9: Bipolar Continuum between FBD and MZD marriages
8.10: The Effects of Environment, Fertility and Sibship Size on Stayers'
Sublineage Sizes
9.1: p-graph with pairwise connectivity beyond a bicomponent
9.2: a k-block that is not a k-component for k=3
9.3: Hierarchical clustering of Pairwise Connectivity Values
9.4: Erosion of cohesion over time in tanıdık kişi groups
9.5: The Six Leadership and Exocohesive Kin Groups—
Atemporal Cohesion (V=253, A=431, index of relinking=.74)
9.6: The Six Leadership and Exocohesive Kin Groups—Temporal Perspective
9.7: The Six Leadership and Exocohesive Kin Groups minus peripherals—Atemporal Cohesion
9.8: The Six Leadership and Exocohesive Kin Groups minus peripherals—Temporal Perspective
9.9: Logged Plot of Variables used in Predicting Leadership
9.10: Scaling of Marriage Networks for Overall Cohesion
10.1: 3-D Graphic of the Entire Nomad Genealogy
10.2: 3-D Graphic—Relinking Marriages among Nomad Kin
10.3: Depth First Search (left) and Aydınlı Partial DFS Reckoning
10.4: Comparison of Bicomponents (Structural Endogamy) formed by
Birth Order Sets
10.5: Comparison of Birth Orders within Bicomponents
10.6: Egocentered Graph a and Labeled Reduction b
10.7: Maximal Chains (non-branching) of Length 5, 4 and 3
xii
Glossary
10.8.1: Small Families Dispose to Emigration (p=.02, generations a-h)
10.8.2: Small Families Dispose to Emigration (absolute numbers in latest
generation as computed by p-graph; p<.001, tau b=.32)
10.9: Continuity, Migration, and Fragmentation in Four Time Periods
(those marked in bold in Table 10.1.1)
10.10: Kinship Disconnection and Migration in the most recent (green,
yellow) Generations of Period 7
11.1: Embedding of Successive Exocohesive Groups in Clan Structure
and Support for Exocohesively Embedded Leadership
11.2: Dynamics of Clan Reproduction involving Cohesion, Social Embeddedness and Leadership
List of Tables
1.1: Small-world networks, ordered by scaling characteristics for power
law, size, degree, degree correlation, and clustering
1.2: Classification of Some Structural Principles
2.1: Format for Nomad Genealogical Data in Table 2.2
2.2: Sample Individual Records for the Genealogical Data
5.1: Measures of Behavior for Types of Marriage
5.2: Key Definitions and Useful Theorems
6.1.1: Keying the two estimates of birth cohorts for men
6.1.2: Keying the two estimates of birth cohorts for women
6.2: Statistics for Generations
6.3: Distribution of Successive Marriages for those Married
6.4: Test of Hypothesis 6.4—Relinking and Cohesion
Pearson’s coefficient r = .95 without middle cells
6.5: Intertribal Marriages
6.6: Relinking and Relinking by Lineage (Consanguineal Marriage) as a
Function of Lineage Size
6.7: Lineage Intermarriages and Leadership Roles
7.1 Local Clustering Density and Lineage Attributes
7.2: Exogamous marriages ordered from lowlands to highlands in more
recent times correlated with scaling order of lineage according to
endogamous marriages
7.3: Results of the Triad Census among Sublineages
Glossary
xiii
7.4: Relative generations of individual marriages using Johansen’s classification of husbands and wives
7.5: Generational Depth in Blood Marriages
8.1: Number of Males by Number of Brothers by Generation
8.2: Male Demographics by Generation
8.3: Parallel Cousin Marriage through Time by (a) Relative Rates (relative to all cousin marriages) and (b) Selective Rates (by available
cousins of each type)
8.4: Parallel Second Cousin Marriage through Time by (a) Relative
Rates (relative to all cousin marriages) and (b) Selective Rates (by
available cousins of each type)
8.5: Comparison of Actual with Simulated Parallel Cousin Marriage
Frequencies
9.1: Crosstab of Nodal Degree for Couples by Cohesion Group
9.2: Exocohesive Groups by Dates of Leaders, Size and Pairwise connectivity
9.3: Membership of tanıdık kişi couples by Cohesion Groups
9.4: Adhesion compared with Cohesion
9.5: Factor Analysis of Geodesic Distances
9.6 Leaders and their Wives and Daughters-in Law
9.7: Summary of Data Relevant to Lineages, their Exocohesive Integration in the Clan, and Emergent Leadership (Hypothesis 9.11), for the
Cohesive Structure in Figure 9.10
10.1: Defining Features of Clan Types
10.2: Analysis of Kinship Cohesion in Bicomponents for Successive
Historical Periods of two-four generations
10.3: Analysis of Kinship Cohesion (with no migrants, if different) in
Bicomponents for Successive Historical Periods of two-four generations
10.4: Analysis of Kinship Cohesion in Simulated Bicomponents for Successive Historical Periods with comparable data as in 10.2 and 10.3
(all results here are Feynman-simulated data)
10.5: Simulation Analysis of Kinship Cohesion (Bicomponents) in Successive Historical Periods of three-four generations
List of Hypotheses
1.1: Scale-free phenomena in social networks that veer toward an alpha
power of 3 or greater have fewer organizational constraints on the
xiv
Glossary
individual actor or node while those that are closer to an α ~ 1 have
more imposed organizational constraints.
1.2: Starting from a model of pure preferential attachment where α ~ 3
(micro-macro linkage 1), there is local navigability in scale-free
networks with clustering and use of local hubs for searches for α < 3
that would allow an evolutionary pathway driven by local search behavior (micro-macro linkage 2) for increased use of local hubs and
reduction in the alpha parameter as local inequality increases. It may
be out of this emergent process that organizational structures and
constraints emerge. [Reciprocity, structural cohesion and small
worlds are also good examples where Hypothesis 1.2 will apply.]
1.3: Further, with greater global equality paradoxically concomitant with
the rise in local inequality as alpha moves from 3 towards 1, there
may be (1) macro benefits in the distribution of resources with global equality, and (2) the evolution from diffusive rates of distribution
to directed velocities of resources flows that are concomitant with
the evolution of organizations.
1.4: The transition from α ~ 3 to α → 1 is also density driven.
4.1.1: In the historical mercantile-religious context and the Arabized
tribal context—that of the Seljuk ancestors of the Aydınlı—resulting
from seventh and eighth century Islamic conquest, FBD and other
lineage-endogamous marriages involve a cascade of different types
of marriages of different frequencies at varying kinship distances
which decay in their frequency as distance is increased, but also decay in distance from clusters of lineage segments that are linked.
4.1.2: The ensemble of marriages associated with the spread of the preference for FBD marriage constitutes a system for diversifying marriages as a means of distance-decay integration that centers on deep
patrilineages, and the alliances between them.
4.1.3: Variability within the ensemble of marriages associated with the
spread of the preference for FBD daughter marriage reflects adaptations of this complex to local conditions.
4.2.1 (production): Cattle nomads tend toward much larger production
units than the small-animal and/or camel nomads. Consistent with
this inference is the observation that while camel and/or small animal nomads have wealth differences or elites differentiated by their
Glossary
xv
control of scarce resources, cattle nomads may have even higher political stratification concomitant with larger scale and density.
4.2.2 (lineages): Lineages, camel and/or small animal nomads have a
greater likelihood of small production units than cattle nomads and a
stronger tendency toward lineage fission or segmentation at the lowest level, such as lineage-mate cousins.
4.2.3 (exchange): Differential risk of herd depletion among pastoralists
puts a premium on shared risk reduction and wealth transfers at marriage such as bride payments that provide means of social exchange
(where stock circulates against brides) and that provision a husband’s group at the time of his marriage, thereby redistributing
stock.
4.2.4 (networks linking lineages): Pastoral nomad networks of social exchange—with brides moving against stock—are usually of much
larger scale among cattle nomads than among small animal and camel nomads. Rights over cattle and bride payment distribution are entailed in wealth-holding corporations based on kinship. These corporations are usually patrilineages, compatible in Murdock’s theory
with patrilocality and the male-biased division of labor. Patrilineages
with members in multiple communities—sibs—are common among
pastoral nomads.
4.2.5 (marriage): A crucial difference in rules of marriage is the tendency toward lineage exogamy among cattle nomads, while small animal and cattle nomads tend to have non-exogamous lineages—with
FBD marriage allowed.
4.2.6 (exogamy): Small-scale exchange networks can be constituted by
kinship and marriage links without large or exogamous corporate
groups. Large-scale kinship and marriage networks, in contrast, require exogamy to extend the density of the network at a wider range,
while adding to the depth at which members are linked through
common ancestors may enlarge the exogamous corporate group.
5.1: Aydınlı genealogical network has the structural properties of a
searchable or complex small world (CSW).
5.2: The Aydınlı genealogical network has properties of a searchable or
complex small world (CSW) that are shared with many Arabized societies of the Middle East.
5.2: Not only does the Aydınlı marriage network have the characteristics
of a searchable or complex small world, but this is a common characteristic of those Middle Eastern Arab or Arabized societies with
segmented patrilineages.
xvi
Glossary
6.1: Relinking marriages knit together the entire nomad clan as a cohesive alliance network.
6.1.1: Marriages that do not relink are the couples that leave the group to
settle into village life; or, alternately:
6.1.2: Marriages that do not relink are those of affines or ancestors originating outside the clan.
6.2: The clan is not the largest unit of structural endogamy: structural
endogamy extends to maritally allied nomadic tribes as well. A
probable correlate of the ambiguous meaning of kabile —for clan,
lineage and sometimes tribe or larger unit— is the units of structural
endogamy that occur at maximal levels of social cohesion.
6.3: In a small closely-knit society—specifically, with high endogamy
through relinking and high rates of consanguineal kin marriages—
there will tend to emerge over 6-8 generations the actuality and the
perception that most members of the society are descended from a
common ancestor or ancestral root.
6.4: The position of a lineage such as #2 that has more blood kin in other
lineages due to a dominant common ancestor ought to be an attractor
to continued residence in the clan and an attractor to further consanguineal marriages with lineage #2.
6.5: Our theory of clan integration through relinking, if correct, would
predict a high dispersion of marriages between different lineages.
We would further expect claims for clan leadership to be more concentrated in the larger lineages and so to predict (1) a tendency for
larger lineages to reinforce their claims to leadership by higher proportions of intra-lineage endogamy, and (2) a tendency for smaller
lineages to concentrate their marriage alliances with the larger lineages, proportionally more than the size of the larger lineage would
predict.
7.1: Aydınlı marriages are characterized by the network neighborhood
model.
7.2: The topology of Aydınlı nomad marriage alliance networks tends to
have one major dimension of variation, along a national integrationremoteness (town to country) continuum.
7.3: The scaling of relative cohesion in marriage alliances among Aydınlı lineages, which reflects a remoteness-integration continuum,
also corresponds to differences in their rates of marriage to external
groups such as other tribes, remote villages, and more central villages, towns and cities
Glossary
xvii
7.4: High local clustering densities apply not just to lineages (Hypothesis
7.1) but fractally, to overlapping sublineages.
7.5: A topology of clustering and transitivity in the Aydınlı sublineage
marriage alliance network will show up in a triad census or reciprocal and nonreciprocal marriage alliances.
7.6: The triad census of the Aydınlı sublineage marriage alliance network supports a topological model of a small world (clustering, transitivity, and short chains).
7.7: Strong ties (that is, reciprocated marriage alliances) act as the primary bridges reducing network distances in the links between sublineages.
7.8: It is the strong and not the weak ties that create local clustering densities.
7.9: Weak-tie directed marriage exchanges that constitute directed flows
of bride payments in exchange for brides are facilitated by the existence of strong-tie connectivities throughout the network and, more
specifically, tend to have fractal “self-similarity” with local clustering and the more global cohesion created by strong ties in the network.
7.10: Marriages, consistent with the Qur’an, are mostly of the same generation in the kinship network.
7.11: Given the possibilities of disruptive feuding in fraternal interest
groups such as agnatic lineages with co-residential sublineage segments, and especially lineages with a right to marry lineage mates,
same-generation marriage is an important functional element that reduces the competition between generations over wives.
7.12: The diversity of types of consanguineal marriage among Aydınlı
nomads fits the small world model with searchability discussed in
Chapter 5.
7.13: Given the possibilities of disruptive feuding in agnatic lineages
with a right to marry lineage mates, and with co-residential sublineage segments, where marriage operates to create cohesion within as
well as between lineages, same-generation marriage is an element
that operates to reduce the competition between generations over
wives.
8.1 (Co-Selection Bias among Brothers): Because cooperation among
co-resident siblings and lineage mates is crucial to the local production units of a pastoral economy, we expected that males with more
brothers would be more likely to continue to reside with the clan,
while those with fewer brothers would be more likely to emigrate.
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Glossary
Hypothesis 8.2.1: The agnatic principle in marriage is not diminishing in
importance.
8.2.2: There is a general preference for closer patrilateral parallel cousins than for more distant ones.
8.2.3. The tendency of FBD marriage to decline in absolute numbers in
this century is a result of demographic factors. These might include
greater numbers of nomads shifting to village life, or a decline in
size of sibling sets due to a demographic
8.3: The increase in MZD selective marriage rates is a result of greater
sedentary contact in which visiting patterns entail a greater likelihood of meeting relatives linked through females.
8.4: FBD marriages tend to increase in frequency as MZD marriages decrease, according to a third factor that influences them: Greater patrilocality and lesser visiting of female relatives who have emigrated
from the home community augment the likelihood of FZD marriage
and diminishes that of marriage with MZD.
8.5: Cousin marriage preferences for the Turkish nomads are not extended through lineage principles. That is, the only parallel cousin marriages that occur with a frequency greater than expected by chance,
in comparison with a controlled simulation of clan marriages (with
siblings proscribed), are those of first cousins and not those of more
distant cousins.
9.1.1: Differences in the extent to which individuals or couples are cohesively linked in the kinship network of the broad social group of the
nomad clan are predictive of broad-based social and political support
for potential leaders, and thus of the emergence of particular individuals as tanıdık kişi, the emergent leaders of the clan.
9.1.2: Measures of cohesion will be better predictors of tanıdık kişi
emergent leadership than measures of degree, closeness, betweenness or eigen centrality (see Glossary).
9.2: The nomad clan is integrated not by mutually exclusive exocohesive
clusters with some overlay but by a single hierarchical order of successively embedded exocohesive blocks.
9.3: Positions of clan leadership are associated with differential exocohesiveness levels within the clan bicomponent.
9.4: Members of more central groups will tend to avoid alliances such
that the centrality or dominance of others is enhanced.
9.5: Tanıdık kişi group leaders are differentiated by relatively long genealogical distances among themselves, without diminishing the over-
Glossary
xix
all cohesion of their multiple connections, which may vary in distance.
9.6: Nomad cohesion is not organized in tightly clustered factions, each
having short-distance connections, but through distributed connectivities.
9.7: Rotating leadership in the clan, which occurs among men with the
attributes and qualifications for emergent leadership, also depends
on networks of kinship support through distributed cohesion
throughout the clan.
9.8.1: Status may just vary by numbers of supporters from one’s lineage.
(Predictor: Size of husband’s or wife’s lineage.)
9.8.2: The broader the overall span of a potential leader’s links to others
in the clan, the greater their support from others and the higher the
support for their rank. (Predictor: Network closeness centrality.)
9.8.3: The more prominent males occupy positions of maximum betweenness centrality as between different segments of the clan. Their
genealogical links put them in the best positions to mediate between
various factions and thereby to gain support through conflict resolution. (Predictor: Network betweenness centrality.)
9.8.4: As between patriarchs of two contending groups, vying for leadership, the boundary in the network where removal of the minimum
number of nodes would cleave into two opposing factions would
predict the division into two clusters of supporters. (Predictor: Exocohesive embedding. This is the similar to Hypothesis 9.8.1, restated
for pairwise connectivity (which applies to k-blocks).
9.8.5: The variables involved in the ranking of prominent men (and affecting the status of their lineages) involve not only the size of their
group, the alliances of their family and lineage, and influence exerted through the kinship network, but qualitative variables such as
personal influence, character and charisma.
9.9: In most periods of succession, a son of one of the wealthiest families in that period that has not already held leadership tends to
emerge as leader. Because of the father’s wealth, that man can get
several wives even before taking leadership, and the wealth, wives,
married sons and well-connected daughters-in-law already presuppose that this man’s family will already have the large type of tent
this is a sign of leadership status and of a size in which others can
gather for discussions.
9.10: The fathers of tanıdık kişi can be predicted from the same type of
network and other variables specified in hypotheses 9.7.1 through
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Glossary
9.7.5, as applied to the fathers rather than the son as a candidate for
tanıdık kişi.
9.11: In temporal sequence, the lineage with the greatest distributive cohesion within the clan is the one in which a leader emerges (the causality here is one of recursion, or mutual influence, rather than unidirectional). During the tenure of leadership, competitors emerge and
the next lineage to emerge with the greatest distributive cohesion in
the clan is the one that takes over clan leadership. As time goes on,
the distributive cohesion of lineages of earlier leaders decays. In
considering the cohesion of a lineage, the role of allies and marriage
alliances need also be considered as contributing to cohesion of a
leadership factional core that is larger than that of a single leader.
9.12: To use terms from the alliance theory of Lévi-Strauss, it might be
inferred from the preceding analysis that, historically, the lineages of
clan leaders occupied positions of clan cohesion corresponding to
generalized exchange (in our terms: distributed alliances). In contrast, lineages marginal to clan leadership have more restricted exchanges.
9.13: The basis of leadership is changing, after the 1980s, from distributed cohesion in which a leader’s extended marital ties through lineage-mates is of central importance, to cohesion based on personal
networks that are narrower and limited in ability to integrate broad
support within the clan.
10.1: First and second sons are more important in marital relinking within the clan than are younger sons.
10.2: In the traditional system of leadership, emergent leaders and their
fathers are likely to be first or second sons (or to segment to form a
new lineage in a different clan).
10.3: The kinship network of Aydınlı clan members is not only highly
cohesive, but compactly cohesive: It has short maximal chains (almost never longer than two), and the removal of longer maximal
chains has little effect on the boundaries of structural endogamy or
on the relinking index.
10.4: Without adult siblings as a source of a coresidential and cooperative group, individuals are more likely to emigrate.
10.5: There is a breakup of cohesion in the generation born after 1960
(Table 10.1.1 Period 6, Figure 10.9 graph 4).
10.6: There is a breakup of cohesion in the generation born after 1985
(Period 8).
Glossary
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