Matakuliah : S0782 - Teknik Lingkungan
Tahun
: 2009
WASTE & WASTE MANAGEMENT
CHAPTER 10
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Case
History:
Modern
E-Waste
Hundreds of millions of computers and other electronic
Rapid life cycle, 3–5 years
U.S. generated the most e-wastes, no official process for
E-wastes containing small amount of toxic heavy metals: Au,
Most e-wastes exported to Nigeria and China as recycling
The government has not taken a forward-thinking proactive
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Overview
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The U.S. and the rest of the world face a tremendous solid
Urban waste disposal running out of space, half the cities in
Cost for landfill disposal skyrocketing, $20 billion+ industry
Too much and too many kinds of waste produced in modern
Issues about social justice and environmental justice
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Waste Disposal: Problem and Promise
• Social justice: Location of waste disposal facilities,
ethnic/racial status
• Environmental justice: Decision-making role in site selection
facilities
• New trend: Integrated waste management (IWM) from 1980s
waste disposal problem
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Earlier Views on Waste Management
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Small amount of waste during the early stage of industrial
Initial approach: Dilute and disperse
Later plan: Concentrate and contain, and resource recovery
Today’s reality: Too much waste to be converted into
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Modern Trends: IWM
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IWM emerged in 1980s
Including reduction, recycling, reuse, composting, landfill,
Three Rs approach (reduction, recycle, reuse): Reducing
More notable success with recycling, but less successful with
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Materials Management
• New goal: Zero production of waste
• Combining sustainable use of materials with resources
• Industrial ecosystem: Producing natural urban and industrial
management, waste from one part of the system as a
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Materials Management: Extension of IWM
• Eliminating subsidies for extraction of virgin materials, timber,
• Establishing “green building” incentives
• Financial incentives or penalties for certain industrial
principles of materials management
• Financial incentives for the 3 “R” practices
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Solid Waste Disposal (1)
Solid waste (SW)
• Primarily an urban problem
• Paper by far the most abundant solid waste
• Plastics: 60% increase since 1986
• Much toxic and infectious wastes disposed of in large urban
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Solid Waste Disposal (2)
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SW: On-Site Disposal
• Garbage disposal device: Grinding of food waste
• Advantage: Reducing the amount of solid waste to landfills
• Problem: Illegal dumping of hazardous liquid waste into
recognized
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SW: Composting
Biochemical process: Organic waste decomposed to humusGenerally carried out in controlled environment of mechanical
Popular in Europe and Asia for intense farming
Challenge: Requires sorting of organic waste from other
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SW: Incineration
• Reduction of combustible waste to inert residue by high temp
• With 50% reduction of waste, converted to ash and
• Advantage: Significant reduction of waste, saving landfill
power
• Problem: Risk of air pollution
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SW: Open Dumps
• The oldest and the most common method in many parts of
• Wherever the land is available, often no careful scientific
• Creating hazardous sites: Pest breeding, air and water
countries
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SW: Sanitary Landfills (1)
• Defined by the American Society of Civil Engineering
• Confining waste to the smallest practical area
• Covered with a layer of compacted soil at the end of each
creating nuisance or hazard to public health or safety
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SW: Sanitary Landfills (2)
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Emerged in 1930s
Potential hazards: Leachate entering water system
The concentration of pollutants in leachate much higher than
Uncontrolled production and release of methane gas,
selling methane as a resource
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Solid Waste Disposal (3)
Site selection factors
• Topographic relief
• Location of the groundwater table: Above water table
low hydraulic conductivity
• Amount of precipitation: Best sites in arid regions
• Type of soil and rock materials at the site
• Location: Away from surface and GW flow system
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Solid Waste Disposal (4)
Modern design of landfills
• Complex system: Multiple-barrier approach
• Components: Compacted clay liner or synthetic liner,
system, and a compacted clay cap
• A system of monitoring wells and other devices to ensure
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SW: Sanitary Landfills (5)
Figure 17.5
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SW: Sanitary Landfills (6)
Monitoring hazardous pollutants from landfill
• Gas in the soil and fill
• Heavy metals such as Pb, Cr, Fe, etc.
• Soluble substances such as chloride, nitrate, sulfate entering
• Surface runoff
• Monitoring crops and plants near the disposal site
• Light wastes transported off-site by winds
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Hazardous Waste Management (1)
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Hazardous Waste Management
• About 150 million tons of hazardous waste (HW) generated
• Uncontrolled dumping in the past
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Case:
Love
Canal
1940s and 1950s: It was used as a dump site (80 different
tons of chemical waste was disposed in the canal
• 1953: The chemical plant, Hooker Chemical, donated the
subsequently hundreds of homes and an elementary school
• 1976–78: Chemicals found surfaced in the residential
• 1980s: $175 million used for cleanup and relocation
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HW: Responsible Management (1)
• Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) of 1976
 Identify hazardous waste and their life cycles
 Cradle-to-grave control
• HW: Toxic, inflammable, corrosive, chemically unstable
• Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation,
1980
 Superfund for cleanup of abandoned hazardous disposal sites
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HW: Responsible Management (2)
• 1986: Superfund amendment and reauthorization act
present prior to purchase of properties for development
• Toxic 500 list: Report of industries that release hazardous
• Many hazardous chemical waste management
options such as recycling, on-site processing, high temp
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HW Land Disposal
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Land application: Restricted to the top 15–20 cm of the soil
Surface Impoundment: Monitor risk of air and water pollution
Deep well disposal: Consider earthquake risks
Incineration of hazardous chemical waste
Secure landfill
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HW: Secure Landfill
Figure 17.10
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HW: Alternative to Land Disposal
• Source reduction: Reduce the amount or the toxicity of the
• Recycling and resource recovery: To be used in the future for
• Treatment: Neutralizing acids, precipitation of heavy metals,
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Applied and Critical Thinking Topics
• What is the most serious environmental threat to your
hazardous waste? Why?
• Give examples of the activities that generate SW or HW in
• Do modern technologies make the environment more toxic?
• Where does the e-waste from your university or college go?
answer?
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