Matakuliah
Tahun
: S0753 – Teknik Jalan Raya
: 2009
Introduction
Session 01
Contents
•Introduction
•Classification
•Definition
•Functional
•Element
•Characteristic
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Introduction
Highway engineering is the branch of civil engineering

concerned with
design of
and road.
design of pavement structure,
geometric alingment for safe highways
Highway engineering became popular after the World
War in 20th Century
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Introduction
Scope of Work
•Pavement Engineering Design
•Asphalt Testing Material
•Geometric for Alignment Design
•Road Construction
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Definition
Highway is a term
commonly used is to
designate major roads
intended for travel by the
public between important
destinations, such as cities.
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wikipedia
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Classification
The term highway can also be varied countryto-country, and can be referred to a road,
freeway, superhighway, autoroute,
autobahn, parkway, expressway,
autostrasse, autostrada, byway, autoestrada or motorway
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wikipedia
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Functional Classification
Is the process by which streets
and highways are grouped into
classes, or systems, according
to the character of traffic
service that they are intended
to provide
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Functional Classification
• Streets and highways classification
– Orderly grouping roads based on service
– Assist in geometric design features
– In accordance with operational needs
– Establishes hierarchy of roads
– Efficient and safe if road serve their purpose
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Functional Classification
Three functional classifications:
–arterials
–Collector
–local roads
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Functional Classification
• Arterial: highest level of service, high mobility,
low access, long trips, fast speeds
• Collector: less highly developed level of
service, lower speed for shorter trips, collects
traffic from local roads and connecting them with
arterials
• Local: all roads not defined as arterials or
collectors, provides access to land with littler or
not through traffic, low speed
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Characteristics
Determined by
characteristics:
–
–
–
–
–
function
access density
traffic demands
trip length
expected speed
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http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/flex/ch01.htm
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Functional Classification in the Design Process
•
•
•
The first step in the design process is to define the function that the facility is
to serve.
The level of service required to fulfill this function provides the basis for
design speed and geometric criteria within the range of values available to
the designer
Functional classification decisions are made before the design phase, but
there is flexibility in the major controlling factor of design speed
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Design Classification System
• Classification system (differences in)
–
–
–
–
Traffic and land service
Design features
Operational needs (adjacent land use)
For all areas in Canada
• Rural (R)
Local (L)
Collector (C)
Arterial (A)
Freeway (F)
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Urban (U)
Lane
Local (L)
Collector (C)
Arterial (A)
Expressway (E)
Freeway (F)
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Design Classification (contd.)
• Ten primary divisions
• Design subdivisions
– Divided (D) or undivided (U)
– Design speed (value)
• Example (See Table 1.3.2.1, next slide)
– RAD (90)
– UCU (80)
Comments
• Number of classes: 63
• Design speed increases from local to freeways
• All locals street are undivided
• All freeways are divided
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Factors considered in Classification
• Adjacent Land Use:
– Urban vs. rural classification
• Service Function:
– Access to land. Ex: local
– Service to traffic. Ex: freeways
– both
• Traffic Volume:
– Freeways: high volume
– Collectors and locals: low volume
• Flow Characteristics:
– Freeways: uninterrupted facility
– Locals; interrupted facility
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Factors considered in Classification
• Running Speed:
– Generally increase from locals to collectors to arterials to freeways
• Vehicle Type:
– Proportion of passenger cars, buses, large trucks
• Connections:
– Normal for roads to connect to the same classification or one higher or
one lower
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Road Connections
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Highway Development Process
• Highway design is only one element of the
overall development process
• Five stages of highway development process:
planning, project development, final design,
right-of-way, and construction
• Different activities with overlap in terms of
coordination
• Flexibility available for highway design during
the detailed design phase is limited by decisions
on early stages
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Overview of the Highway Development Process
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http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/flex/ch01.htm
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http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/flex/ch01.htm
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Planning
•
•
Initial definition of the need for any highway or bridge
improvement project takes place in this phase
Problems identified fall into these categories:
– Existing physical structure needs major
repair/replacement
– Existing or projected future travel demands exceed
available capacity, and access to transportation and
mobility need to be increased (capacity).
– The route is experiencing an inordinate number of
safety and accident problems that can only be
resolved through physical, geometric changes
(safety).
– Developmental pressures along the route make a
reexamination of the number, location, and physical 22
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Planning
•
Once problem is identified, it is important that all
parties agree that the problem exists and that it should
be fixed
Consider potential impacts of project:
•
–
–
–
•
How will the proposed transportation improvement affect the
general physical character of the area surrounding the project?
Does the area to be affected have unique historic or scenic
characteristics?
What are the safety, capacity, and cost concerns of the
community?
Answers on this phase
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Factors in Planning
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http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/flex/ch01.htm
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Project Development
•
•
•
•
Environmental analysis intensifies
Includes a description of the location and
major design features of the recommended
project
Try to avoid, minimize and mitigate
environmental impacts
Basic steps:
–
–
–
–
Refinement of purpose and need
Development of a range of alternatives (including
the "no-build" and traffic management system)
Evaluation of alternatives and their impact on the
natural and built environments
Development of appropriate mitigation
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Project Development (contd.)
•
Assess area
–
–
–
•
Consider context and physical location
Data collection effort
Identify constraints
Consider factors and select preferred alternative
http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/flex/ch01.htm
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Final Design
•
•
•
After a preferred alternative is selected and the
project description agreed on upon as stated in
the environmental document, the final design
occurs
The product of this phase is a complete set of
plans, specifications, and estimates (PS&Es)
of required quantities of materials ready for the
solicitation of construction bids and
subsequent construction
Depending on the scale and complexity, this
phase may take from a few months to several
years
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