Matakuliah : S0372 – Kimia Teknik Sipil
Tahun
: Ganjil 2007/2008
ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING
PERTEMUAN 02
ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING
1.Contamination of Environment.
2.Contamination of water.
3.Contamination of Air
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ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY
Environmental chemistry of science studying source, reaction of, transport, impact,
chemical type fact in water , land; ground, and environmental air.
1. Aquatic chemistry.
2. Atmosphere chemistry.
1. Contamination of Air
Occurence of Contamination of previous air : : London, England 1873, 1880, 1892
and December 1930.
Dale of Meuse, Belgium 63 dying and 6000 pain of Okt.1948.
Donora Pensylvania, 17 dying and 6000 pain.
5-9 Des. 1952 London, England 4000 dying.
3-6 January 1956 London, England 1000 dying.
2-5 Des. 1957 London, England 700-800 dying.
9 Jan-12 Feb 1963 New York, US 200-400 dying, and others.
Example of and other occurence effect of usage of gasoline have lead (Pb) in
improving octane number cause to health of adult and children
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Ozone (O3)
•Ozone there are in atmosfir can be dangerous or to the
advantage of health and life, depended to its height.
•Ozone at height up to 15 km (low altitude) is conceived of
ozone of troposfir is dangerous. This matter because ozone
can form line reaction of difficult chemistry between nitrogen
oxides and hydrocarbon with existence of day sun.
•Ozone represent mains compound of fog chemistry, and in
one or two hour with fog on the air can yield to cough,
respiration pain and heart function loss whereas,
•Repetition of ozone presentation can cause at heart
permanently or development of heart sickness of koronis like
pulmonary fibrosis.
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Water Resources.
– Quality
– Quantity
– Chemical
Chemical Parameter
Water represent very good pelarut so that a lot of dissolve
which can materialss in water.
Chemical parameter quality of water :
– pH.
– Total Dissolve Essence
– Alkalinitas
– Metals, organic materials, nutrisi, and pesticide.
Measurement of pH executed directly with equipments of
conducted metre pH with measuring – logarithm [ H+]
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• Total dissolve essence can know with measuring
conductivity of sampel irrigate or with quantifying of especial
ions content in water in set of mg / L.
• Alkalinitas can be determined with volumetric use acid
(H2SO4) as pentiter.
• Metals in water determined its concentration with AAS
(Atomic Absorption Spectrometry) or photometry flame for
the K+ and Na+.
• Organic Materials can be measured with GC (gas
chromatography) or GC-MS.
• Water nutrition sampel estimated with measurement of N, P
& K in water of sampel.
• Pesticide usually determined with GC (Chromatographi
Gas).
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2.
Contamination of water.
– Effect of the happening of contamination of water by industry and
its impact start to be felt by effect of events that happened for
example disease of Minamata, Itai-Itai in Japan between year 1953
– 1960
– Contamination of thermal (water temperature)
– Representing the make-up of temperature at water so that dissolve
oxygen content in downhill water.
– 0o content of O2 dissolve 15 ppm, 10o content of O2 dissolve 13
ppm, 20o content of O2 dissolve 9 ppm, and 30o content of O2
dissolve 7,5 ppm.
– If content of O2 dissolve less than 3 ppm in water will cause fish in
water cannot live. Obstetrical relation of Dissolve O2 in irrigate with
BOD is 3 O2 ekivalen ppm by 1 BOD ppm. BOD relate to liquid
waste able to come from housing, factory, office, shop and others.
3. Contamination of land;ground.
– Example of effect of location and dismissal of waste, garbage, and
poisonous and dangerous materials (B3) which disagree with
environmental criterion and hidrologi and also usage of pesticide,
herbicide, fungicide for agriculture.
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Cycle of Hidrologi.
Stratification Lake.
Aquatic of ekosistem.
• Autotropik
• Heterotropik
Khlorofill+enzym
12 H2O + 6 CO2 + 709 kcal --------------------- C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 6 H2O
Enzim metabolik
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 ----------------------- CO2 + H2O +energi
Eutrofikasi
Dissolve Dxygen (DO)
Requirement of Biological oxygen (BOD)
Cycle Carbon
Cycle Nitrogen
Cycle Oxygen
Cycle Phosphorus
Cycle Sulphur.
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CO2 di atmosfir
Proses kimia dan stabilisasi
Biodegrada
si
Karbon anorganik terlarut
terutama (HCO3-)
Fotosintesis
Karbon organic
terikat {CH2O} dan
karbon Xenobiotic
Pabrik Xenobiotic
dengan
petroleum
feedtock
Pelarutan dengan
CO2 terlarut
Proses
biogeokimia
Hidrokarbon fossil organic
terikat, CxH2x dan kerogen
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Pengendapan kimia
dan penggabungan
karbon mineral
keladalm kulit
organisme
Karbon anorganik tidak
larut terutama CaCO3 dan
CaCO3. MgCO3
Atmosfir
N2, N2O
NO, NO2, HNO3, NH4NO3
Antrosfir
NH3 , HNO3 , NO, NO2
Nitrat anorganik
Senyawa Organonitrogen
Biosfir
Nitrogen ikatan biologi
Sebagainitrogen amino (NH2)
dalam protein
Hidrosfir dan Geosfir
NH4+, NO3- terlarut
N Organik dalam biomasa mati dan bahan
baker fossil
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Fosfat anorganik terlarut sebagai
HPO42-, H2PO4-, dan polifosfat
Pelarutan dan
pengendapaan
Assimilasi oleh organisme
Limpasan pupuk, air limbah,
limbah deterjen
Biodegradasi
Xenobiotic
organofosfat
ATP dan ADP
(asam nukleat)
Fosfat yang tidak larut seperti
Ca5(OH)(PO4)3 atau Besi fosfat
Biological, organic dan fosfat
dalam sedimen
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