Matakuliah
Tahun
: M0264/Manajemen Basis Data
: 2008
Manajemen Basis Data
Pertemuan 11
Objectives
• Introduction to Parallel Databases (Pengenalan Basis
Data Paralel)
• Introduction to Distributed Databases (Pengenalan Basis
Data Terdistribusi)
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Introduction to Parallel Databases
• Why Parallel Access To Data?
1 Terabyte
1 Terabyte
10 MB/s Parallelism:
At 10 MB/s 1.2 days
to scan
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1,000 x parallel
divide a big problem
into many smaller ones 1.5 minute to scan.
to be solved in parallel.
Introduction to Parallel Databases
• Parallelism is natural to DBMS processing
– Pipeline parallelism: many machines each doing one step in a
multi-step process.
– Partition parallelism: many machines doing the same thing to
different pieces of data.
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Introduction to Parallel Databases
• Increased Availability
• Distributed Access To Data
• Analysis of Distributed Data
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Introduction to Parallel Databases
• Shared Nothing
• Shared Memory
• Shared Disk
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Introduction to Parallel Databases
• DBMSs are the most (only?) successful application of
parallelism.
– Teradata, Tandem vs. Thinking Machines, KSR..
– Every major DBMS vendor has some || server
– Workstation manufacturers now depend on || DB server sales.
• Reasons for success:
–
–
–
–
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Bulk-processing (= partition ||-ism).
Natural pipelining.
Inexpensive hardware can do the trick!
Users/app-programmers don’t need to think in ||
Introduction to Distributed Databases
• Data is stored at several sites, each managed by a
DBMS that can run independently.
• Distributed Data Independence: Users should not have
to know where data is located (extends Physical and
Logical Data Independence principles).
• Distributed Transaction Atomicity: Users should be able
to write Xacts accessing multiple sites just like local
Xacts.
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Introduction to Distributed Databases
• Users have to be aware of where data is located, i.e.,
Distributed Data Independence and Distributed
Transaction Atomicity are not supported.
• These properties are hard to support efficiently.
• For globally distributed sites, these properties may not
even be desirable due to administrative overheads of
making location of data transparent.
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Introduction to Distributed Databases
Types of Distributed Databases
• Homogeneous: Every site runs same type of DBMS.
• Heterogeneous: Different sites run different DBMSs
(different RDBMSs or even non-relational DBMSs).
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Introduction to Parallel Databases and Distributed
Databases
• Parallel DBMSs designed for scalable performance.
Relational operators very well-suited for parallel
execution.
– Pipeline and partitioned parallelism.
• Distributed DBMSs offer site autonomy and distributed
administration. Must revisit storage and catalog
techniques, concurrency control, and recovery issues.
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