Physical Design
Practical Issues of Data
Placement
Access efficiency
Driven by number of disk reads
Join logic
SELECT * FROM A, B WHERE
A.KEY = B.KEY AND
A.CONDITION = TRUE;
Read Key A IF condition = TRUE
Read All B’s
Match current A
Read Next A
Improving Efficiency
Indexing
Locate specific records quickly
Denormalization
Reduce the number of joins
Partitioning
Reduce the amount of data
INDEXES:
PRIMARY KEY INDEXES
Maintain record integrity by assuring that
no duplicate values exist
CREATE UNIQUE INDEX
PRODUCT (PRODUCT_NO);
PRODINDEX
ON
Indexes:
Nonkey Indexes
Allow efficient access to files using nonkey data.
CREATE INDEX DESCRIP ON PRODUCT
(DESCRIPTION);
Indexes:
Clustering Indexes
Determine the physical storage sequence
for data
CREATE INDEX DESCRIP ON PRODUCT
(DESCRIPTION) CLUSTER;
Denormalization
Selective violations of normalization
principles for access efficiency
Entities with 1:1
relationships. It may be wise
to combine these into a single
table.
Denormalization
M:N relationships with non-key
attributes (gerunds). Extracting
attributes from one entity into
another requires a join that
accesses the link file and the
associated entity. It may be
worth violating 2NF or 3NF rules
to duplicate commonly needed
attribute values in the link file
or even in the "parent" entity.
Denormalization
Reference data.
These are 1:M
relationships in which the 1 side is
a lookup table for indicator keys in
the "many" file.
If these lookups
are not used in many files and there
are not many instances of the "many"
entity for each "one" occurrence, it
may be a good idea to move the
reference attributes to the parent
file and violate 3NF.
Partitioning
Splitting data into groups for improved
performance
Vertical
Select frequently used attributes for a primary
table and transfer others to a sub-class file
that is less frequently accessed
Horizontal
Duplication
Partitioning
Splitting data into groups for improved
performance
Vertical
Horizontal
Select frequently used rows for a small table
and remove others to another table.
Duplication
Partitioning
Splitting data into groups for improved
performance
Vertical
Horizontal
Duplication
Create shadow files and store them at the
location where they will be processed
Distributed Data
(Maintaining Concurrency)
Two Phased Commit
Prepare commit by locking all versions
Execute the commit simultaneously