EECS-194
The Internet of Everyday Things
David E. Culler
Jonathan Hui
EECS
University of California Berkeley
6/27/2016
1
Introductions – EECS194 Staff
David E. Culler - Instructor
culler@cs.berkeley.edu
http://www.eecs.berkeley.edu/~culler
627 Soda Hall, 643-7572
Office hours: W 1-3, Th 1-3
Jonathan Hui - TA
jwhui@cs.berkeley.edu
http://www.eecs.berkeley.edu/~jwhui/
Prabal Dutta – development TA
prabal@eecs.berkeley.edu
6/27/2016
2
Plan for Today
• 11-~12
–
–
–
–
Introduction to the Course
Broad concepts and Technology Trends
Term plan
Logistics
Discussion
• ~1-4 Interactive Embedded Internet Lab
–
–
–
–
Break for lunch about 12:30
1-1 Interviews wrt Survey
Scheduling
Launch “between lab” study
• 3-4
Repeat parts of Intro for those not here yet
6/27/2016
3
1997 - The Internet of Every Computer
6/27/2016
4
2007 - The Internet of Every Body
6/27/2016
5
2017 - The Internet of Everyday Things
Low resolution Sensor, Test4, Increasing frequency
1
Acceleration (g)
0.5
0
-0.5
-1
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
Time (sec)
6/27/2016
6
Why “Real” Information is so Important
Save Resources
Improve Productivity
Enable New Knowledge
Increase
Comfort
Enhance Safety & Security
Preventing Failures
High-Confidence Transport
Improve Food & H20
Protect Health
6/27/2016
7
Everyday Things
• Appliance
• Stand-alone electrical, mechanical, informational
system integrated for a particular function
• Why stand-alone?
• Why so particular?
6/27/2016
8
Universality of Information Technology
• Computing
• Communication
• What is it used for?
6/27/2016
9
Example “Every Day Thing”
User Control Loop
UI Sensors:
- Knob position
- Timer
UI Display:
- Temp
- Time
- Status
Inner Control Loop
Sensors:
- thermocouples
- gas flow
- door open
Actuators:
-relay / valve
-relay / light
Set Point
Controller
6/27/2016
10
A Programmable Networked “Thing”
UI Display:
- Temp
- Time
- Status
UI Sensors:
- Knob position
- Timer
Sensors:
- thermocouples
- gas flow
- door open
Actuators:
-relay / valve
-relay / light
Set Point
Controller
6/27/2016
11
Broad Technology Trends
Moore’s Law: # transistors on
Bell’s Law: a new computer
cost-effective chip doubles every
18 months
class emerges every 10 years
Computers
Per Person
1:106
1:103
Mainframe
Mini
Workstation
PC
Laptop
1:1
Today: 1 million transistors per $
PDA
Cell
103:1
years
Mote!
Same fabrication technology provides CMOS radios
for communication and micro-sensors
6/27/2016
12
‘Low-Tech’ Enabling Technology
Network
Microcontroller
Flash
Storage
Radio
Communication
IEEE 802.15.4
Sensors
6/27/2016
13
The Systems Challenge
Monitoring & Managing Spaces and Things
applications
data
mgmt
service
network
system
architecture
Comm.
sensing
Store
Proc
actuate
technology
Power
Miniature, low-power connections to the physical world
6/27/2016
14
UCB => A worldwide community
Wireless Sensor Networks
SmartDust
Wireless
NEST
Sensors
Storage
Processing
6/27/2016
15
The Berkeley Mote
WINS
(UCLA/ROckwell)
Intel
rene’
LWIM-III
(UCLA)
SmartDust
WeC
zeevo BT
Intel/UCB
dot
Rene
BTNodeEyes
Intel
cf-mica
trio
Mica
Telos
XBOW
mica
XBOW
rene2
Intel
MOTE2
Intel
iMOTE
XBOW
cc-dot
Bosch
cc-mica
XBOW
mica2
XBOW
micaZ
digital sun
rain-mica
Dust Inc
blue cc-TI
04
05
06
07
CyberPhysical
03
NETS/
NOSS
02
CENS
STC
01
NSF
00
NEST
Expedition
99
SENSIT
LWIM
DARPA
97 98
6/27/2016
16
Example for today: TelosB
jtag
user button
reset button
TSR photodiode
PAR photodiode
SHT11 humidity / temp
6 pin expansion
LEDs
USB-serial
reset support
(bottom)
TI MSP430 F1611
ST M25P80 flash
serial ID
10 pin expansion
PIFA Antenna
CC2420
IEEE 802.15.4 radio
6/27/2016
17
Mote the Next Generation - EPIC
• http://www.eecs.berkeley.edu/~prabal/projects/epic/
6/27/2016
18
TinyOS 2.0
TinyOS
Over-the-air
Programming
Network
Protocols
Link
Radio
Serial
Applications and Services
Blocks,
Logs, Files
Flash
Scheduling,
Management
Streaming
drivers
MCU, Timers,
Bus,…
ADC,
Sensor I/F
WSN mote platform
Wireless
Storage
Processing
Communication Centric
Resource-Constrained
Event-driven Execution
Sensors
6/27/2016
19
Self-Organized Mesh Routing
2
2
2
2
1
1
2
0
6/27/2016
20
Why Multihop Routing
• Power!
140
– to transmit D grows as D3 or worse
– to route distance D grows linearly
120
• Bandwidth (spatial multiplexing)
100
– With n nodes in a single cell, each
gets at most 1/n bandwidth
– Many small cells => many
simultaneous transmissions.
80
60
• Reliability (spatial diversity)
40
20
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
– Individual links experience
interference, obstacles, and multipath
effects
– Even short-range “wireless wires”
require human nurturing
» IRDA, Bluetooth, WiFi, Cell
– Provides spatial diversity and receiver
diversity
» rather than antenna diversity
– Protocol level reliability
6/27/2016
21
What we mean by “Low Power”
• 2 AA => 1.5 amp hours (~4 watt hours)
• Cell => 1 amp hour
(3.5 watt hours)
Cell: 500 -1000 mW
WiFi: 300 - 500 mW
GPS: 50 – 100 mW
=> few hours active
=> several hours
=> couple days
WSN: 50 mW active, 20 uW passive
450 uW => one year
45 uW => ~10 years
* System design
* Leakage (~RAM)
* Nobody fools
mother nature
Ave Power = fact * Pact + fsleep * Psleep + fwaking * Pwaking
6/27/2016
22
Routing Mechanism
• Upon each transmission, one of the recipients
retransmits.
• Which one?
• What determines a link?
6/27/2016
23
Question
If Wireless Sensor Networks represent a future of
“billions of information devices embedded in the
physical world,… why don’t they run THE standard
internetworking protocol?
Web Services
XML / RPC / REST / SOAP / OSGI
HTTP / FTP / SNMP
TCP / UDP
IP
Ethernet Sonet
Enet
10M
Enet
100M
Enet
1G10G
Enet
GPRS
Serial
Plugs and People
802.11
802.11a
802.11b
802.11g
RFM,CC10k,…,802.15.4
Self-Contained
6/27/2016
24
The Answer
They should
• Substantially advances the state-of-the-art in both domains.
• Implementing IP requires tackling the general case, not just a
specific operational slice
– Interoperability with all other potential IP network links
– Potential to name and route to any IP-enabled device within security domain
– Robust operation despite external factors
» Coexistence, interference, errant devices, ...
• While meeting the critical embedded wireless requirements
–
–
–
–
High reliability and adaptability
Long lifetime on limited energy
Manageability of many devices
Within highly constrained resources
6/27/2016
25
Web Services
XML / RPC / REST / SOAP / OSGI
HTTP / FTP / SNMP
Proxy / Gateway
Emerging Standards
LoWPAN – 802.15.4
• 1% of 802.11 power, easier to
embed, as easy to use.
• 8-16 bit MCUs with KBs, not MBs.
• Off 99% of the time
TCP / UDP
IP
Ethernet
Sonet
802.11
802.15.4, …
IETF 6lowpan
6/27/2016
26
6LoWPAN: IPv6 over IEEE 802.15.4
IEEE 802.15.4 Frame Format
D pan
S pan
Dst EUID 64
Src EUID 64
Dst16 Src16
Fchk
dsp
FCF
DSN
Len
preamble
SFD
127 bytes
Network Header
Application Data
IETF 6LoWPAN Format
01 0 0 0 0 0 1
01 0 0 0 0 1 0
Uncompressed IPv6 address [RFC2460]
HC1
40 bytes
Fully compressed: 1 byte
Source address
Destination address
Traffic Class & Flow Label
Next header
: derived from link address
: derived from link address
: zero
: UDP, TCP, or ICMP
• Deep compression by breaking the layering
abstraction and putting it all back together again.
6/27/2016
27
Extending the Internet to the Real World
LoWPAN-Extended IP Network
IP Network
(powered)
IP/LoWPAN Router
IP Device
IP/LoWPAN Sensor Router
6/27/2016
28
Embedded Web Services
Web Services
< get temp …
set sample_rate
set alarm … >
<request www.weather.com
service>
Service
Description
<value>
<value>
source=library
source=library
time=12:53
time=12:31
temp=26.7
temp=25.1
<\value>
<\value>
XML information
Wireless Packets
Sampled Value
int temp;
802.15.4
11 010110111
010010001
010010001
Low resolution Sensor, Test4, Increasing frequency
1
Physical Signal
Acceleration (g)
0.5
0
-0.5
-1
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
Time (sec)
6/27/2016
29
Real World – “Signals” and “Information”
• What is the bandwidth
of the weather?
• What is the nyquist of
the soil?
• What is the placement
noise?
• What is the sampling
jitter error?
• How do you classify it?
• How do you search it?
6/27/2016
30
The Macroscope - Keck HydroWatch
Sagehen
wireless
data
infrastructure
Colored digital vegetation and topography from
6/27/2016
31
a lidar survey
Networking the Physical World
Bi-directional
Patch Antenna
Mote + Accelerometer Board)
Battery
6/27/2016
32
Ambient Vibration
SF
(south)
500 ft
1125 ft
4200 ft
246 ft
8 nodes
Sausalito
(north)
51 nodes
300
Time (sec)
400
500
600
5
0
PSD (mg/Hz)
2
PSD (mg/Hz)
-5
45
2
50
55
Time (sec)
60
65
1
0
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
frequency (HZ)
35
40
45
50
1
0
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
frequency (HZ)
Vertical Sensor at Quarter-span
365m North of the South Tower
Accel (mg)
200
0
-50
0
100
200
300
Time (sec)
400
500
600
10
0
-10
45
PSD (mg/Hz)
100
50
4
PSD (mg/Hz)
0
Accel (mg)
Time and Frequency plots, Vertical sensors, s284n45
0
-20
Accel (mg)
Accel (mg)
Time and Frequency plots, Vertical sensors, s284n62
20
4
50
55
Time (sec)
60
65
2
0
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
frequency (HZ)
35
40
45
50
2
0
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
frequency (HZ)
Vertical Sensor at Quarter-span
6/27/2016
335m South of the North
Tower
33
Bonus – Spectacular Views
6/27/2016
34
Real World …
6/27/2016
35
Networking Every Day Things
6/27/2016
36
Kitchen
6/27/2016
37
Bath / Health / Clinic
6/27/2016
38
Fitness
6/27/2016
39
Typical Week
• Meet on Monday
• 1st Hour: student presentations on results of
previous week’s Team Activity Assignment
• Brief Presentation providing technical
background for Lab
• Interactive Lab with 1-1 and whole class
discussion
• Team Activity Assignment
• Office and lab hours during the week
6/27/2016
40
Plan for the Term
• http://www.eecs.berkeley.edu/~culler/eecs194/
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
W1: Embedded Internet
W2: Embedded Applications / MCUs / PCB design
W3: Sensing
W4: Networking and Web Services
W5: Actuation / HW Fab
W7-9: Class Starter Project
W10-15: Team Projects
6/27/2016
41
Discussion
6/27/2016
42