Lecture 14
OUTLINE
• pn Junction Diodes (cont’d)
– Transient response: turn-on
– Summary of important concepts
– Diode applications
• Varactor diodes
• Tunnel diodes
• Optoelectronic diodes
Reading: Pierret 9; Hu 4.12-4.15
Turn-On Transient
Consider a p+n diode (Qp >> Qn):
i(t)
Dpn(x)
t
x
vA(t)
xn
dpn
For t > 0:
dx
x  xn
EE130/230M Spring 2013
i

0
qAD p
Lecture 14, Slide 2
t
dQ p
dt
i
Qp
τp
 IF 
Qp
τp
for t  0 
• By separation of variables and integration, we have

Q p (t )  I F τ p 1  e
t / τ p

• If we assume that the build-up of stored charge
occurs quasi-statically so that


Qp (t )  I diffusionτ p  I 0 eqvA / kT  1 τ p


kT  I F
t / τ p 
then v A (t ) 
ln 1 
1 e

q  I0

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Lecture 14, Slide 3
• If tp is large, then the time required to turn on the
diode is approximately DQ/IF
where DQ  DQ p  DQ j
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Lecture 14, Slide 4
Summary of Important Concepts
• Under forward bias, minority carriers are injected into
the quasi-neutral regions of the diode.
• The current flowing across the junction is comprised of
hole and electron components.
– If the junction is asymmetrically doped (i.e. it is “one-sided”)
then one of these components will be dominant.
• In a long-base diode, the injected minority carriers
recombine with majority carriers within the quasineutral regions.
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Lecture 14, Slide 5
• The ideal diode equation stipulates the relationship
between JN(-xp) and JP(xn):
Dn L p N D  ni 2 p  side 
 2


J P ( xn )
D p Ln N A  ni n  side 
J N ( x p )
 For example, if holes are forced to flow across a
forward-biased junction, then electrons must also be
injected across the junction.
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Lecture 14, Slide 6
• Under reverse bias, minority carriers are collected
into the quasi-neutral regions of the diode.
– Minority carriers generated within a diffusion length of the
depletion region diffuse into the depletion region and then
are swept across the junction by the electric field.
The negative current flowing in a reverse-biased
diode depends on the rate at which minority carriers
are supplied from the quasi-neutral regions.
• Electron-hole pair generation within the depletion
region also contributes negative diode current.
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Lecture 14, Slide 7
pn Junction as a Temperature Sensor
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Lecture 14, Slide 8
Varactor Diode
• Voltage-controlled capacitance
– Used in oscillators and detectors
(e.g. FM demodulation circuits in your radios)
– Response changes by tailoring doping profile:
C j  Vr
n
for
Vr  Vbi
EE130/230M Spring 2013
n
1
m 2
Lecture 14, Slide 9
Tunnel Diode
• Degenerately doped such that EFp < Ev and EFn > Ec
• Exhibits negative differential resistance
– useful in high-speed
circuits
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Lecture 14, Slide 10
Tunnel Diode (cont’d)
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Lecture 14, Slide 11
Optoelectronic Diodes
I  I 0 (e
qVA kT
 1)  I L
I L  qA( LP  W  LN )GL
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Lecture 14, Slide 12
Open Circuit Voltage, VOC
Voc  VA
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I 0


L

W

L
 kTq ln   L p p  L n  GL  1
  t p  pn  n t n  n p

Lecture 14, Slide 13
Solar Cell Structure
Cyferz at en.wikipedia
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Lecture 14, Slide 14
Textured Si surface for reduced reflectance
• Achieved by anisotropic wet etching (e.g. in KOH)
P. Papet et al., Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, Vol. 90, p. 2319, 2006
EE130/230M Spring 2013
Lecture 14, Slide 15
p-i-n Photodiodes
• W  Wi-region, so most carriers are generated in the
depletion region
 faster response time (~10 GHz operation)
• Operate near avalanche to amplify signal
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Lecture 14, Slide 16
Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs)
• LEDs are typically made of compound semiconductors
(direct bandgap)
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Lecture 14, Slide 17
Organic LEDs
• Some organic materials exhibit
semiconducting properties
– OLEDs are attractive for low-cost,
high-quality flexible displays
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Lecture 14, Slide 18