DEFINITION OF TRANSLATION
PROCESS OF TRANSLATING
DEFINITION AND PROCESS
DEFINITION
Translation is the replacement of textual material in one
language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another
language (TL). (Catford, 1965)
Translation is rendering the meaning of a text into another
language in the way that the author intended the text.
(Newmark, 1988: 5)
DEFINITION AND PROCESS
Translation is studying the lexicon, grammatical structure,
communication situation, and cultural context of the
source language text, analyzing it in order to determine its
meaning, and then reconstructing this same meaning
using lexicon and grammatical structure which are
appropriate in the receptor language and its cultural
context. (Larson, 1984: 3)
DEFINITION AND PROCESS
PROCESS OF TRANSLATING
ORIGINAL TEXT
(source language)
REVISING
ANALYZING
FINALIZING
DRAFTING
TRANSLATION TEXT
(target language)
DEFINITION AND PROCESS
MAIN PURPOSES OF ANALYZING
Understanding
what it is about
(by reading)
Learning
the readership
(age, education, gender)
Learning
the stylistic scale
(degree of language)
DEFINITION AND PROCESS
Stylistic Scale
(Degree of Formality)
Official
Formal
Neutral
Informal
Colloquialism
Slang
Taboo
(Newmark, 1988)
DEFINITION AND PROCESS
Official
The consumption of any nutriment is categorically prohibited
in this establishment
Formal
You are requested not to consume food in this establishment
Neutral
Eating is not allowed here
DEFINITION AND PROCESS
Informal
Please don’t eat here
Colloquialism
You can’t feed your face here
Slang
Lay off the nosh
Taboo
Lay off the fucking nosh
DEFINITION AND PROCESS
STYLISTIC SCALE and TRANSLATION
Degree of Formality
source language
target language
(original text)
(translation text)
Official
Official
Formal
Formal
Neutral
Neutral
Informal
Informal
Colloquialism
Colloquialism
Slang
Slang
Taboo
Taboo
DEFINITION AND PROCESS
THE APPROACHES TO ANALYZING
(how do we start translating)
(Newmark, 1988: 21)
You start translating sentence by sentence, for say the first paragraph or
chapter, to get the feel and the tone of the text, and then you
deliberately sit back, review the position, and read the rest of the SL
text. (when you trust your intuition)
You read the whole text two or three times, and find the intention, register,
tone, mark the difficult words and passages and start translating only
when you have taken your bearings. (when you trust your power of analysis)
DEFINITION AND PROCESS
Time Management
ANALYZING
DRAFTING
REVISING
FINALIZING
10 PERCENT
40 PERCENTS
40 PERCENTS
10 PERCENT
Understanding
& identifying
general reproduction
accuracy
naturalness