Early Adulthood
Personality & Sociocultural Development
• Love
• Marriage
• Work
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The Personal Self
1- Abraham Maslow
2- Carl Rogers
3- EriK Erikson
4- Three basic Identity Styles
5- Lois Hoffman
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1- Abraham Maslow
• Emphasized needs
• The goal is self actualization
• The hierarchy of needs
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Abraham Maslow
• Hierarchy of Needs
1- Safety & Physiological Needs
2- Emotional & Psychological Needs
3- Self-acctualization
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What Are Self-Acctualizers Like?
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Tend to be realistic
Have sense of humor
Creative
Have a positive self-concept
Are not necessarily perfect
Aren’t necessarily happy all the time
It is a lifelong quest that can never be
fully satisfied
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2- Carl Rogers
• Conditions of Worth
An individual who internalizes such
conditions develops low self-esteem, a
sense of failure, and recurrent anxiety and
despair.
• Unconditional Positive Regard
Being warmly accepting without reservations
or conditions
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3- Erik Erikson’s
Psychosocial Stage of Development
Intimacy-versus
Isolation
Stage
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4- Three Basic Identity Styles
1- Those who unrealistically prefer to see
themselves as unchanging.
2- Those who are predominantly
accommodative and too changeable as
a result of experiences.
3- Those who are balanced and
realistically “integrate’ both positive
and negative experiences into their
identities.
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5- Lois Hoffman (1984)
Transition from the Family Adults Grow
in, to the Family they May Create
1- Emotional Independence
2- Attitudinal Independence
3- Functional Independence
4- Conflictual Independence
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Love and Relationships
• Maybe God wants us to meet a
few wrong people before
meeting the right one so that
when we finally meet the right
person, we will know how to be
grateful for that gift.
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Aspects of Intimacy
Erik Erikson
• Selflessness
• Sexuality
• Devotion
Sacrifice of one’s own
needs for others
Joint pleasure for the
gratification of one’s self
and one’s partner
Fusing one’s identity
with one’s partner
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Separation Anxiety
Mary Ainsworth
• The Strange Situation Experiment
Three Categories of Children
1-Securely attached
2-Avoidant
3-Anxious-ambivalent
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Causes for Insecure Attachment
• 1-The Child’s temperament and genetic
disposition
• 2-The child’s family circumstances
• 3-Later stressful events in childhood
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Attachment Styles in Adults
Philip Shaver
• Securely Attachment Style
• Avoidant Attachment Style
• Anxious-ambivalent Style
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• Which comes first,
cognition or emotion?
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How Thoughts Create Emotions
Gregorio Maranon
• 1924
• Generating emotions by injecting subjects
with epinephrine
• 30% of subjects reported feeling genuine
emotions
• More than 70% reported physical
changes.
(My heart is beating fast, my throat feels
tight.)
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How Thoughts Create Emotions
Gregorio Maranon
• Emotion involves:
• 1- Physical component – bodily
changes accompanying the state of
arousal
• 2- Psychological or mental component
– consisting of the interpretation the
individual gives to the physical
changes.
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The Story of Emotion
Sensory Information
Amygdala makes a decision to react
Sends alarm signals to adrenal gland
Sends epinephrine & norepinephrine
Activate sympathetic nervous system
Produces a state of arousal
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The Six Styles of Love
John Alan Lee
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1-Eros (romantic, passionate love)
2-Ludus (game-playing love)
3-Storge (affectionate, friendly love)
4-Pragma (logical, pragmatic love)
5-Mania (possessive, dependent,
“crazy” love)
• 6-Agape (unselfish love)
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Sternberg’s Triangular Theory of
Love
• The Intimacy Component
• The Passion Component
• The Decision/Commitment
Component
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Sternberg’s Triangular Theory
(8 Components of Love)
Intimacy Passion
Nonlove
Liking
Infatuated
Empty
Romantic
Companionate
Fatuous
Consommate
Commitment
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Marriage
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Marriage
• “Be subject to one another out of
reverence for Christ. Wives be subject to
your husbands, as to the Lord. For the
husband is the head of the wife as Christ
is the head of the church, His body, and is
Himself its Savior”
(Ephesians 5:21-23)
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Marriage
• “Husbands, love your wives, as Christ
loved the church and gave Himself up for
her, that he might sanctify her, having
cleansed her by the washing of water with
the word, that He might present the church
to Himself in splendor, without spot or
wrinkle or any such thing, that she might
be holy without blemish.”
(Ephesians 5:25:27)
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Conditional Love
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I want to live for the rest of my life
With you, my dearest lovely wife,
But if you defy me in any way,
I will not be compelled to stay.
You would be testing my reliability,
And it would be your responsibility.
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Forever, you will be
My bride and I’m your bridegroom
As long as, with me, you agree,
But you can certainly be
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Conditional Love
• The architect of your doom
• If, eye to eye, we don’t see.
• I will show goodness ’n kindness
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If, your duties, you don’t forsake,
But I’m not a paragon of forgiveness
When it comes to mistake after mistake.
And last but not least,
I don’t like to be pushed to the max,
But my dearest wife, relax
’Cause if you do everything you should,
I will be a husband, gentle and good.
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Marital Choice
Simulus-Value-Role Theory
Bernard Murstein
The Stimulus Stage
Relationships are built on surface, physical
characteristics. (First encounter)
The Value Stage
Increasing similarity of values and beliefs
The Role Stage
Relationships are built on roles played by
the participants. (boyfriend/girlfriend)
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What Determines
Compatibility
• Homogamy
The tendency to marry someone who is
similar in age, race, education, and other
characteristics.
• The Marriage Gradient
The tendency to marry women who are
slightly younger, smaller and lower in
status, and women to marry men who are
slightly older, larger and higher in status.
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Why Do Couples Choose to
Marry?
• Appropriate culmination of love
• The right thing to do after reaching a
particular age
• Significant emotional, financial, and
health benefits
• Filling a sexual role
• Therapeutic and recreational role
• Offers children
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Early Marital Conflict
• Initial idealization of partner and then
becoming aware of flaws
• Difficulty making the transition from
children to autonomous adults
• Difficulty developing an identity apart from
spouse
• A baggage from the past
• Poor communication skills
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Early Marital Conflict
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Working hard to change the other person
Focusing on one’s own needs
Setting high expectations
Holding a grudge
Mismanaging of time
Roles are not well-defined
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“Unless the Lord builds the house, those
who build it labor in vain.”
(Psalms 127:1)
“Be angry but do not sin; do not let the
sun go down on your anger.”
(Ephesians 4:26)
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Cohabitation
• The census bureau calls people living
together POSSLQs (Persons of the
Opposite Sex Sharing Living Quarters)
• Tend to be young.
• Almost 40% are under 25
• If the couple chooses to get married, their
chances of divorce are higher
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Why Cohabitation and Not
Marriage?
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Not ready to make a lifelong commitment
Provides practice for marriage
Some reject the institution of marriage
Trying to maintain benefits (disability,
welfare, child support)
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Divorce
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The Transition to Parenthood
1- Changes in identity and inner life
2- Shifts in roles and relationships within
the marriage
3- Shifts in generational roles and
relationships
4- Changing roles and relationships
outside the family
5- New parenting roles and relationships
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Galinsky (1980)
Coping with Children’s Developmental
Stages
1- Image-Making Stage (conception to
birth)
2- Nurturing Stage (birth to 2 years)
3- Authority Stage (2 to 5)
4- Interpretive Stage (middle childhood)
5- Interdependence Stage (adolescence)
6- Departure Stage (grown children)
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Work
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Holland’s Personality Types
Theory
Realistic
Farmers, laborers, truck drivers
Intellectual
Careers in math and science
Social
Salesmen, teachers, counselors
Conventional Clerks, secretaries, bank tellers
Enterprising
Managers, politicians,
Artistic
Occupations involving arts
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Motivation to Work
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Satisfaction on the job
The job itself
Variety
Influence over others
Supportive relationships
Useful feedback
Opportunities offered
Clear and consistent rules
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Why Do People Work?
• 1- Extrinsic Rewards
• 2- Intrinsic Rewards
• 3- Personal Identity
• 4- Social Lives
• 5- Status
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The Occupational Cycle
• A variable sequence of periods or
stages in a worker’s life, from
occupational exploration and choice,
through education and training, novice
status, promotions and more
experienced periods.
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Robert Havighurst (1964)
Stages of Vocational Life
1- Identification with the worker (5-10)
2- Acquiring basic habits of industry (10-15)
3- Acquiring an identity as a worker (15-25)
4- Becoming a productive person (25-40)
5- Maintaining a productive society (40-70)
6- Contemplating a productive and responsible
life (70 on)
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