Matakuliah
Tahun
: V0052
: 2008
CULTURE IN SOCIAL CONTEXT
Week 2
Learning Outcomes
On completion of this unit, the students should be able to
explain the impact and roles of culture in the social contexts
and they will be able to give examples of culture shock,
multiculturalism, asimilation, cultural identity, imigration and
acculturation.
Mahasiswa dapat menjelaskan pengaruh dan peran budaya
dalam konteks sosial serta dapat memberikan contoh dari
kejutan budaya (culture shock), multikulturisme
(multiculturalism), asimilasi, identitas budaya, imigrasi dan
akulturasi
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Subjects
• Cultural Iceberg
• Imigration and Acculturation (Imigrasi dan
Akulturasi)
• Assimilation (Asimilasi)
• Cultural Identity (Identitas Budaya)
• Multiculturalism (Multikulturalisme)
• Culture Shock (Gegar Budaya)
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Week 2
Cultural Iceberg
Visible Culture
Hidden Culture
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Week 2
Weaver’s Iceberg
Analogy of Culture
(Modified from Gary R. Weaver,
"Understanding and Coping with Crosscultural Adjustment Stress" in Gary R.
Weaver, editor, Culture, Communication
and Conflict: Readings in Intercultural
Relations, second edition (Simon &
Schuster Publishing, 1998)
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Week 2
Immigration
• Immigration: the movement of people of one
country to another country
– Why people migrate?
• to survive
• to enhance the quality of life
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Migration from Japan to Brazil and Peru
• Brazil is home to the largest Japanese community
outside Japan. Some 1.5 million people of Japanese
origin now live in Brazil
• Most Japanese arrive in Brazil work on coffee
plantations
• Japanese migration to Peru began in 1899 when
contract workers began to arrive to work on large
haciendas
• Half of the Japanese-Peruvians are of mixed origin
and most do not speak Japanese.
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Acculturation
• Acculturation or Culture adaptation refers to an
immigrant learning and adopting the norms and
values of the new host culture.
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Week 2
Acculturation
• Young Yun Kim (1986, 1988) identified background
characteristics that are accurate predictors of an immigrant’s
success on acculturation:
– Similarity of culture
Similarity of the origin culture to the new culture is one of the most
important factors in successful acculturation.
E..g. Immigrant from Canada to the US finds acculturation easier than
an Indonesian immigrant from Southeast Asia
– Personal characteristics and experience
Younger immigrants adapt more easily than older ones. Educational
background and contact with overseas friends or family also play a part.
– Effect of media and transportation advance
Today’s immigrants are able to visit their family and friends and contact
them easier than those immigrants of the 1900s (airplane, telephone,
internet, etc)
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Week 2
Assimilation
• Results from giving up one’s original cultural
identity and moving into full participation in the
new culture
• Assimilation is a long-term and sometimes
multigenerational process
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Cultural Identity
• The identification with and perceived acceptance
into a group that has shared system of symbols,
meanings and norms for conduct (Collier and
Thomas, 1988)
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Multiculturalism
• Multiculturalism is simply the term which describe
the culture and ethnic diversity in a country
• Multiculturalism is the state in which one has
mastered the knowledge and developed the skills
necessary to feel comfortable and communicate
effectively with people of any culture and in any
situation involving a group of people of diverse
cultural background
• The multicultural person is one who has acquired
skills which will enable them to learn culture rapidly
and effectively
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What is Culture Shock?
• A problem due to a lack of necessary cultural
knowledge about the host culture
• The reaction people have to being suddenly
immersed in an environment which is radically
different or new
• The term Culture Shock was originally coined by Dr.
Oberg (1960)
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What are the Causes of Culture Shock?
• The abrupt loss of the familiar signs and symbols
of social interaction such as customs, gestures,
facial expressions, words
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Types of Culture Shock
• ROLE SHOCK (Byrnes, 1966)
– Occurs due to lack of knowledge about the rules of behavior
• LANGUAGE SHOCK (Smalley, 1963)
– Occurs due to problems with an unfamiliar language and an
inability to communicate properly
• CULTURE FATIGUE (Guthrie, 1975 and Taft, 1977)
– Occurs due to constant adjustment to a new culture
environment
• TRANSITION SHOCK (Bennett, 1977)
– Negative reaction to change and adjustment to a new cultural
environment
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Recognition of Culture Shock
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Confusion
Feeling overwhelmed by overload information
Feeling anger and hostility towards people in host culture
Over-reaction to minor irritation with excessive anger or tears
Lack of concentration
Faulty decision-making and bad judgments
Excessive tiredness
Disorientation, nervousness, insomnia, apathy, depression or
withdrawal
Over dependence on others from their home country
Failure to act or immobilization
Wish to return home
Phobic behavior
Inability to make decisions
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Patterns of Culture Shock and Adjustment
1 stage
2 stage
3 stage
4 stage
Oberg
Honey-
Hostility
Recovery
Adjust-
Gullahorn &
Gullahorn
Honey-
Hostility
Humour
At Home
Brein &
(1971)
Optimism
Experience
difficulties,
frustration
Learning
to cope
Feeling
at home
Hofstede
Euphoria
Culture
Accultura
Stable
Jandt
Initial
Euphoria
Irritation
Hostility
Gradual
Adjustment
Adaptati
5 stage
Reverse
Culture
6 stage
Readjust
Source: Reisinger, 2003, p. 62
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Culture Shock Stages
Excitement
Adaptation
Resistance
Rapid Learning
Withdrawal
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Culture Shock Stages
Enjoyment
High
Optimism
Honeymoon
Medium
Recovery
At Home
Adaptation
Humour
Readjustment
Low
Dissappointment
Hostility
Reverse Shock
During Trip
Back Home
Time
Source: Reisinger (2003, p. 60)
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Culture Shock Stages
• Excitement and Optimism
• Resistance and frustration -- Often angry or
complaining
• Withdrawal -- Illness, reluctance to join in
• Rapid learning -- Going native, loss of own culture
• Adaptation -- Return of confidence, balance of own
culture and new culture
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Week 2
What Should You Do When It Happens to You?
• Don’t think you’re strange or abnormal
• Don’t sit around being negative and critical; try
to keep busy and arrange something pleasant
• Try not to be judgmental
• Force yourself to look for the best, not the worst
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Week 2
Culture Shock in Tourism
• Many tourists experience culture shock when
they travel to a foreign culture
• Tourists do not know what to expect from their
hosts and hosts often behave in ways that are
strange to tourists
• Tourists might experience a situation that is
confusing and make the trip difficult
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QUESTIONS?
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Review Questions 2
1. State 6 important symptoms which may be recognized
in a colleague or guest who suffers from culture shock
2. State 6 ways in which you could help a hotel guest who
suffers from culture shock
3. What is multiculturalism?
4. Explain cultural iceberg.
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