Matakuliah : L0074/Psikologi Industri dan Organisasi 2
Tahun
: 2008
Internal Factor : Physical Attributes & External
Factor : Resources / Tangibles
Pertemuan 5
INTERNAL FACTOR : PHYSICAL ATTRIBUTES
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Fatigue & the energetic of performance
Lifestyle (health, nutrition, Stimulant)
Ageing
Sex
Fatigue and the energetic of performance
• Fatigue refers to feelings of tiredness and bodily discomfort
associated with prolonged activity.
• Fatigue may cause errors and accidents.
• It may be important to distinguish different sources of fatigue 
prolonged concentration, sleep deprivation, and working at night 
differ in the effects on performance.
THE TERM OF FATIQUE
1. Fatigue may be task-specific : the person is tired of
performing a particular task  doing some different
activity.
2. Fatigue may be generalised; the person is in a state of
tiredness.
•
Fatigue can cause “burnout” syndrome  tiredness
accompanied by feelings of anger, anxiety and tension.
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Subjective fatigue can cause
Visual fatigue
Boredom
Malaise
Muscular fatigue
Eye strain
Task monotonous
Nausea
Physical tiredness
Blurred vision
Apathy
Headache
Limb tremors
Flickering
sensations
Task aversion
Auditory problems
Stiffness
LIFESTYLE (Health, Nutrition & Stimulant )
• Nobody feels at their best when ill. So people need to take a good
care of their health.
• Illness is associated with a variety of active attempts to manage
and cope with the illness which may have implications for
performance.
• Medications like antihistamine and tranquilizers may have sideeffects which include performance impairment.
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NUTRITION
• Eating has both positive and negative connotations for
subsequent performance.
• The food may influence performance, because :
1.
Some nutrients found in food are precursors of brain
neurotransmitters.
2. The energy content of food may influence blood glucose levels.
3. There may be psychological mechanism for food effects, such as
the expectancies encouraged by advertising.
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DRUGS, ALCOHOL, & STIMULANT
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There are not many research about drugs and alcohol especially in
Indonesian culture.
Stimulant are : caffeine and nicotine
Stimulant caffeine : coffee, tea, soft drinks, chocolate, and
medications for colds
Caffeine  increases activity in neurotransmitters which related
to arousal, enhances overnight work performance and reduces
sleepiness.
Nicotine  increase alertness and arousal, and to improve mood
generally.
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AGEING
• Growing older is typically associated with declines in both
physical and mental abilities  most declines in the late
50s or early 60s.
• The research :
- age and sensory performance (visual & auditory)
- age and response speed
- age and attention
- age and memory
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SEX AND PERFORMANCE
• There is a consensus that men and women do not differ in
performance on general intelligence tests, but there may be sex
differences on primary ability measures  men perform better on
spatial abilities & women perform better on verbal tests.
• Male  hunting performance, Female  foraging and social
bonding.
• Influencing by culture.
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EXTERNAL FACTOR : RESOUCES /
TANGIBLES
• Physical Environment : Noise, Thermal & other
physical stressors.
• Cognitive support
• Tools - Human Machine Interface
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PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT : NOISE
• Noise may be detrimental to performance for several reasons :
– It disrupts auditory perception  high noise levels can impair hearing and
make spoken communication difficult.
– The irrelevant information delivered by noisy environments may affect postperceptual processing  reducing attentional resource availability or forcing
greater selectivity of attention.
– Noise may have stress-related effects that are distinct from the more direct
effects of noise on auditory information processing  produce feelings of
irritation and annoyance.
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THERMAL & OTHER PHYSICAL STRESSOR
• Our physiology actively regulates temperature, aiming for thermal
equilibrium at a temperature of around 37 degree C.
• Glare and visual discomfort
• Vibration
• Chemical & electromagnetic factors
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COGNITIVE SUPPORT
• Job aids  memo, post-it, pda, organizer.
• Documentation  books, portal, lotus notes  (knowledge
management version 1).
• Cognitive support  Information Capital (Strategic Map)
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TOOLS – HUMAN MACHINE INTERFACE
• Tools  computers, software, VCRs, Calculators, Automobiles, etc.
• Tools  ergonomics  machine to human.
• Tools  skill  human to machine  human error.
THE HUMAN-MACHINE INTERFACE
• Design of human-machine systems is to make optimal use of the
abilities and skills of the individuals who are expected to operate
them.
• Human system component :
- speed
- power
- consistency of operation
- flexibility
DISPLAY-CONTROL LOOP
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AUTOMATION
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SITUATION AWARENESS
• Situation awareness defined as the perception of the elements in
the environment within a volume of time and space, the
comprehension of their meaning, and the projection of their status
in the future.
• Levels of situation awareness :
Level 1  the operator’s attention to and perception of current situational events.
Level 2  the operator’s integration of information concerning the current process state
into an overall understanding of the current situation and its relation to systems goals.
Level 3  the operator’s extrapolation of information from levels 1 & 2 to project the
current process state into the near future, or compare it with the desired process state.
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HUMAN ERROR
• Human error not only the error is from the human operator of a
system, it’s also can be a result from poor system design,
inadequate system maintenance, and inappropriate system
management practices.
• Errors  result from discrepancy between a planned and an
executed action  operators didn’t do what they intended to do or
failure to response execution (slip) or failure of memory (lapse) or
error of planning or judgement (mistake).
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Information processing context for representing
human error.
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Errors divided into five categories
1. Errors of omission  action that should have been performed is
not carried out.
2. Errors of commission  action that should not have been
performed is executed.
3. Extraneous acts  action is performed to hinder or prevent the
attainment of system goals.
4. Sequential errors  particular task element is performed out of
sequence.
5. Time errors  correct action is performed too early, too late, or
not within the permitted time.
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ACCIDENT
• Accident are generally unplanned  defined as an error with sad
consequences.
• Accident can happen when no error has been made.
• Organizational accidents can arise from “active failures” or from
“latent failures”.
• Unsafe acts  skill-based, ruled-based, knowledge-based errors,
and violations.
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UNSAFE ACTS MODEL
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THE END
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