Matakuliah : L0014 / PSIKOLOGI UMUM
Tahun
: 2007
THERAPIES
Pertemuan 23
Therapies
Psychotherapy
• Specialized process where trained professional uses
psychological methods
• Differing forms of psychotherapy have differing methods
– Psychoanalytic: focuses on gaining insight
– Humanistic: focuses on gaining insight
– Social learning or behavior therapy: uses forms of teaching
Therapies
Psychotherapy (2)
• Relationship involves power of therapist, emotional patient
divulging personal data
• Ethical Standards
– Goals of treatment understood/agreed to by client; in best interest of
client and society
– Careful consideration given to alternatives
– Therapist treats only within limits of expertise
Therapies
Psychotherapy (3)
• Ethical Standards
– Effectiveness of treatment must be evaluated
– Rules and laws of confidentiality followed
– No abuse of therapist-client relationship
– Therapist must treat all humans with dignity; respecting all genders,
races, sexual orientation, and other sociocultural factors
Therapies
Therapies (1)
• Psychoanalysis – founded by Freud
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Root of all problems is in unconscious conflicts
Imbalance in id, ego, and superego
Conscious insight can resolve conflicts
Special therapy techniques may be used
• Free association
• Dream interpretation
• Interpretation of resistance (from vague forms to specific resistance)
Therapies
Therapies (2)
• Psychoanalysis
– Transference – therapist-client relationship takes form of client’s
relationships with own parents and other authority figures
– Catharsis – emotional experience or temporary relief from discomfort
(some insight gained)
– Interpersonal psychotherapy for depression
• Emerged from psychoanalytic tradition
• Identifies sources of depression and goals for therapy process; very
successful outcomes
Therapies
Therapies (3)
• Humanistic psychology – Carl Rogers
– People not born with unconscious mind
– Client-centered therapy or person-centered
• Emphasis on client’s ability to help self – feels emotionally safe enough to
explore own hidden emotions
• Therapist creates unconditional atmosphere (warmth, genuine positive
regard, empathy)
– Reflection – therapist makes statements to clarify client’s feelings and
emotions
Therapies
Therapies (4)
• Gestalt therapy – founded by F. Perls
– Humanistic psychotherapy approach
– Meanings of sensations organized into whole perceptions
– Goal: create therapeutic experience helping client achieve greater
self-awareness
– Emotional atmosphere: therapists often deal in confrontive,
challenging manner necessary to loosen denied feelings
Therapies
Therapies (5)
• Cognitive-Behavior Therapy (CBT)
– Abnormal behavior learned from inappropriate experiences through
• Classical conditioning
• Operant conditioning
• Modeling
– Learning is central goal of therapy; therapist is teacher and client learns
adaptive behaviors
– Cognitions less important
Therapies
• Cognitive-Behavior Therapy (CBT)
– Fear reduction methods using
• Graded exposure - series of increasingly fearful situations experienced for
gradual mastery
• Use of modern technology - computer-generated virtual reality
• Treats obsessive-compulsive disorders when used with other methods
– Social skills training
• Shaping and positive reinforcement used in role playing
• Teach use of adaptive skills enough to handle real-life situations
• Focus on social skill problem of unassertiveness
Therapies
• Cognitive-Behavior Therapy (CBT)
– Cognitive restructuring
• Assumes faulty cognitions – maladaptive beliefs, expectations, and
thinking
• Effective for treating anxiety, depression
• Cannot modify clients’ existing behaviors because of inaccurate ways of
thinking about themselves
• Patterns of cognition contributing to emotional distress
– Selective
abstraction
– Overgeneralization
– Arbitrary
interference
–Magnification and
minimization
–Personalization
–Absolutistic thinking
Therapies
Group and Family Therapy (1)
• Group therapy
– Carried out with groups of 4 to 8 clients; sees experience more effective
than individual therapy techniques
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Receives encouragement from others
Sees problem experienced by others
Learn from others’ advice
Learn new ways to interact with others
Format of group therapy varies widely
Therapies
Group and Family Therapy (2)
• Family therapy
– Group composed of family members
– Therapist trained in psychoanalytic, humanistic, and behavioral
approaches
– Beliefs
• Family issues at root of problem
• Dynamics of family system need analysis – function of each need to be
understood
– Therapists’ goals to resolve problems by improving functioning of family
system
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Give family members insights and correct family dysfunctions
Increase warmth and intimacy in family
Improve family member communication
Help members establish reasonable set of rules for family regulation
Therapies
Human Diversity
• Ethnic, gender, and sexual issues in mental health
– U.S. has one of most advanced mental health system in world – does not
cover all citizens
• Hispanics - less outpatient care than whites
• African Americans – more likely than whites to be committed to psychiatric
hospitals (often involuntarily)
– U.S. mental health system
• Fewer women receive mental health services than men
• Gender of therapist does not appear to influence outcomes
– Feminist psychotherapy – radical approach
• Women treated as second-class citizens and Barbie dolls
Therapies
Human Diversity
• Goals of Feminist Psychotherapy
– Advocates equal relationship in therapy
– Encourage women to see how society limited them to dependent roles
– Encourage women to become aware of their anger; find constructive
ways of expressing
– Have women define selves as independent
– Women encouraged to consider own needs
– Women should develop nontraditional skills
Therapies
• Drug therapy
– Widely used to treat abnormal behavior
– Commonly used psychiatric drugs
• Effexor
• Paxil
• Prozac
• Zorloft
• Haldol
• Zyprexa
• Xanax
• Navane
• Depakote
• Geodon • Risperdal • Epilim
– Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
– Transcranial stimulation
• Magnetic field used on frontal cortex
Therapies
Medical Therapies
• Psychosurgery
– Trephining
– Prefrontal labotomy
– Modern names for labotomy surgeries conducted today
• Capuslotomy
• Cingulotomy
Trephining
operations were
apparently
performed in
the Middle Ages
to treat
abnormal
behavior