Matakuliah
Tahun
: M0594 / Enterprise System
: 2007
Chorafas Identification (1)
Pertemuan 19-20
Chorafas Identification (1)
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Chorafas Classification/Identification
• The concept of Underpinning a Classification Code
• Benefits Resulting from Architecturing an Identification
Code
• Developing the Classification Part of a Parallel Code
System
• Example of Classification
• Coding for Organized complexity
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Introduction
• Down to its fundamentals, an identification code, such as
EPC, is a composition of numbers (binary, octal,
decimal, hexadecimal, or other), letters or other symbols
used to identify a physical or logical entity (for example,
a motor vehicle, a book, a razor, or an information
element (IE))
• A classification code is prerequisite to identification
because it enables an item to express its relationship to
other items of the same or similar nature
• Identification (ID) should be a short number designed for
cost-effectiveness and error-free data transcription and
transmission.
• The classification code (CC) is a semantic and
taxonomical. It should be a databased descriptiove
structure, the goal of which is to provide detail and
remove ambiguity
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Introduction
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Introduction
• The rationalization of identification and definition of all
materials, as well as of the internal structure of a
database, is at the very heart of every classification
system
• A flexible and effective organization can be instrumental
in putting into application the opportunities presented by
rapid developments in technology
• As discussed in the previous chapter, one of these
developments is very low-cost chips able to serve as ID
elements.
• This has important implications on the nature of input
and output: where transactions happen, how they are
recorded, and when the database is updated
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Introduction
• Years of practical experience with development and
implementation of identification codes and classification
codes have demonstrated that one single number
cannot perform both functions.
• Efficient coding is a problem of specialization.
• To develop a cost-effective coding system, it is
necessary to select the most compact, complete, and
methodological solution, and to implement this solution
in the population of physical items, or information
elements, that will be stored in mass storage media and
retrieved interactively online.
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The concept of Underpinning a Classification
Code
• A code can consist of characters such as letters, punctuation marks,
or numerals.
• Identification through characters such as punctuation marks is the
least suitable for data communication and data processing.
• The use of letters has a greater coding capacity per character
position than decimal numbers because alphabes consist of more
than ten different characters. The radix, or base, for a numbering
system based on the English alphabet would be twenty-six.
• Code composed of letters alone can thus be shorter than purely
decimal numerical codes: but even better, one can develop a radix
32 code that is expressed in binary form and is used on a strictly
numerical basis.
• With this coding, the pseudo-alphabetic characters A, B, C ... X, Y, Z
serve as an extention of numerical signs to reach 32 positions.
• This solution has been adopted by the Dimitris Chorafas System
(DCS) and it helps shorten the field size in terms of transcription,
storage, and transmission
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The concept of Underpinning a
Classification Code
• The classification code is a different ballgame. In its background is
organization and semantics.
• In a classification system, items of similar type must be grouped into
homogeneous categories using their similarities and the
relationships developing therefrom.
• This is primarily a taxonomical approach, and it has been chosen to
underpin the classification part of DCS.
• Taxonomy is an important organizational principle, but is not
everything in terms of a rational classification
• Left to its own devices, a collection of sources such as machines,
books, drawings, reports or other entities will not contribute original
research or invent anything.
• However, if these entities are efficiently classified, this will save
that managers, engineers, designers, and other professionals would
otherwise waste in seeking buried or widely scattered information
• This is where the economies of classification system come in.
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The concept of Underpinning a
Classification Code
• The key to a valid classification system-design lies in a
few basic rules:
– Observed the logical structure and general
requirements of the population under study.
– Establish and observe classification rules and the
process of ordering that these imply
– Properly define entity characteristics so that the
resulting codification can be tailored to a user’s needs
– Assure the right place (and only one place) for each
physical item (or data) in the population being ordered
– Provide for further expansion of the system being
developed as the applications domain itself enlarges.
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The concept of Underpinning a
Classification Code
• There are also identification rules that must be followed.
• First and foremost the identification code must be short
for economical transcription and transmission purposes.
• It must be linked to the classification code in a way that
allows one to distinguish between user requirements
(technical, commercial other) concerning the same item.
In addition, it must feature a parity check for error control
(something both UPC and EPC are, thus far, lacking)
• In conclusion, once properly developed, a
classification/identification system becomes a pivot point
in technical information, management information, and
internal control.
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The concept of Underpinning a Classification
Code
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Benefits Resulting from
Architecturing an Identification Code
•
•
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•
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With DCS, each classification number has a dedicated
identification code in one-to-one correspondence, and that an ideal
ID code must be short and unique.
One can enrich this reference with the statement that this
uniqueness should respond to functional requirements.
The problem that arises most often is that there are conflicting
functional criteria.
What suit one department is not necessarily what another
department wants to have.
The identification number of DCS has been divided into three parts,
in order of priority:
1. Basic code, <bc>, for engineering characteristics
2. Suffix, <s>, for commercial requirements
3. Origin, <o>, for identification of the factory where the product is
made
Benefits Resulting from
Architecturing an Identification Code
•
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Exhibit 10.3 identifies the nuts and bolts of the adopted
solution:
– The basic code is allocated on the basis of the
technical characteristics of an item (or data) as
outlined in the classification code (taxonomy) and
<bc> oriented further defiens.
– The suffix <s>, which complements the basic code,
identifies commercial or secondary characteristics of
an item (or data), depending on the family in which
the item belongs
– The origin <o> indicates where an item was made
(multiple production sites is a frequent case with
globalization), or where the item is installed (this is
the case with machines)
Benefits Resulting from
Architecturing an Identification Code
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Benefits Resulting from
Architecturing an Identification Code
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Developing the Classification Part of a
Parallel Code System
• Classification can be done either linearly, through a roster, or
in a matrix form permitting two entries to a taxonomical
pigeonhole.
• The linear order of classification has a major weakness: the
difficulty of inserting other items in the list (or deleting them)
without upsetting the order.
• Even if care has been taken to provide spaces for further
growth, no one can foresee the precise number of spaces
needed during, say, the next 10, 20 or 30 years – which is a
reasonable lifetime for a new classification system.
• Therefore, the decision was taken during the design phase of
DCS to use a matrix basis for classification. This matrix,
shown in Exhibit 10.6, observes a taxonomical order
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Developing the Classification Part of a
Parallel Code System
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Developing the Classification Part of a
Parallel Code System
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Developing the Classification Part of a
Parallel Code System
• The example shown in Exhibit 10.6 is the one retained
and applied at Osram, and is further discussed in
subsequent chapter sections.
• Note that everything used by company has been
classified: from products, machines, instruments, and
other assets, to human resources and management
reports.
• In the manner explained in preceding paragraphs, each
family has been divided into 100 classification groups,
and each group into 100 taxonomical subgroups or
classes
• The way to proceed with the classification is shown in
Exhibit 10.7
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Developing the Classification Part of a
Parallel Code System
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Developing the Classification Part of a
Parallel Code System
• Once the outlined preparatory
number is allocated,
associated with this
classification.
• Such an identification number,
is used in transcriptions,
transmissions, accesses,
transfers, and search
procedures.
• As already seen, this is the
running number of the simplest
linear form: the basic code
<bc>
• As shown in Exhibit 10.8, basic
code is the metalayers of suffix
and origin
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•
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A matter of Fact Example of Classification
and Further Definiens
The choice of both a six-digit basic (including parity) code and a six-digit
taxonomical number (two decimal digits per family, group, class) has been
influenced by requirements of economy, dependability and the assurance of
a short dialing system, which comes in handy today in connection with
nomadic computing.
A six-digit to eight-digit number is quite similar to a telephone number in
most cities, a fact giving a good hint as to the possible size of an
identification or classification code, as well as to the user’s ability to retain
either one in memory
If one allocates the digits in the classification system – particularly its
taxonomical part – in this way:
– KL, for family (therefore, the original matrix)
– MN, for group (a subset of the family)
– PR, for class (a subset of the group)
Then one can easily see that KL is a metalayer of MN and that MN is a
metalayer of PR.
The existance of PR is conditioned by the MN to which it belongs, and that
of MN by the KL of which it is part. That is PR and MN have no own
existance.They get meaning only within their metalayer.
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A matter of Fact Example of Classification
and Further Definiens
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Coding for Organized complexity
• A classification and identification structure specifically
designed for usage in conjunction with computer-based
systems must be able to cope with the organized complexity
that characterizes modern business and its any-to-any
network connection. Organized complexity results from the
existance of a large number of information elements that have
a meaningful relationship between themselves, their origins,
their environments, and their users.
• Information elements are, as a rule, distributed unevenly
within the working procedures of an industrial, commercial, or
financial organization. Furthermore, operational
characteristics and their change over time make the process
of data management more complex.
• This suggest the need for a systematic arrangement of similar
items into suitably selected categories that can be
restructured without having to start the classification work
from scratch.
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