Matakuliah : G0332/English Phonology
Tahun
: 2007
CONSONANT 1
Pertemuan 3
LARYNX
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Formed of two cartilages: thyroid cartilage and cricoid cartilage.
Attached to the top of trachea
The front of the larynx comes to a point called Adam’s apple.
Inside the box made by these 2 cartilages are the vocal folds.
At the front vocal folds are joined and fixed to the inside of thyroid
cartilage.
• At the back they are attached to a pair of small cartilage called
arythenoid cartilage.
• The opening between focal folds are called glottis
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Position of Glottis
• Wide apart : for normal breathing and voiceless
consonants like /p/, /f/, /s/.
• Narrow : for fricative sound /h/ and whisper.
• Slightly open/vibrate : for voiced sound
• Tightly closed : for glottal stop /?/
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Air Pressure
The presure of air below the focal folds are varied in :
• Intensity : high for shouting
low for speaking quietly
• Frequency : high for vibrate rapidly
low for vibrating slowly
• Quality : harsh , breathy, murmured, creaky
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Classification of Consonants
1. The position of the vocal cords:
- voiced /lenis
- voiceless/fortis
2. The place of articulation : the location where obstruction
of the air stream occurs.
- Bilabial
- palatal
- Labio dental
- velar
- dental
- glottal
- alveolar
- post alveolar/palato alveolar
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Classification of Consonants
3. Manner of articulation : what kind of obstruction occurs
- Plosives/stops
- Fricatives
- Affricates
- Nasals
- Liquids: lateral and retroflex
- Glides/Semi vowels
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Plosives: p, b, t, d, k, g
Four phases in in production of plosive consonants
1. Closing phase: the articulator moves to form the
stricture for the plosive.
2. Compresion phase: the compresed air is stopped frrom
escaping.
3. Release phase : the articulators are moved to allow air
to escape.
4. Post release phase: what happen immediately after
phase 3.
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Fricatives:
• Characteristics: when they are produced, air escapes
through a small passage and makes a hissing sound.
• Labiodental fricatives (f,v) : the lower lip is in contact with
the upper teeth. Example words: fan, van, safer, half,
halve.
• Dental fricative (ө, ð): the tongue is placed between the
teeth. Example words: thumb, thus, ether, father, breath,
breathe.
• Alveolar fricative (s, z) : the air escape through a narrow
passage along the centre of the tongue. Example words:
sip, zim, facing, phasing, rise, rice.
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Fricative
• Post alveolar fricative (ʃ,ʒ) : the tongue is in contact with
an area slightly further back than for s or z. Example
words : ship, Russia, measure, garage, Irish.
• Glottal fricative: the narrowing that produced the focal
folds is between the vocal folds. Example words: head,
ahead, playhouse.
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Affricate
• Characteristics: begin as plosive and end as fricatives.
• Post alveolar affricate: (ʧ, ʤ) : the tongue is slightly
further back the alveolar. Example words: choice, nature,
joy, Georgia, judge, church
• Affricate sounds are homorganic, that is two sounds as
one phoneme.
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