Matakuliah : G0332/English Phonology
Tahun
: 2007
PRODUCTION OF SPEECH SOUND
Pertemuan 1
ARTICULATORS
• Pharynx: a tube (7-8 cm) above the larynx, its top end
is divided into two : one part is the back of the mouth
and the other part is the way through the nasal cavity.
• Velum or Soft Palate: the position allows air to pass
through the nose and through the mouth.
• Hard Palate or “the roof of the mouth”
• Alveolar ridge is between the top front teeth and the
hard palate.
• Tongue can be moved to many different places and
different shapes. Tongue has several parts: tip, blade,
front, back and root.
3
Bina Nusantara
ARTICULATORS
• Teeth (upper and lower)
• Lips (upper and lower)
The seven articulators are the main ones used in
speech, but there are three other things to remember:
• Larynx or ‘Adam’s apple’ where the vocal cords locate
• Jaws
• Nose and nasal cavity
These three are different because they don’t make
contact with other articulators.
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Bina Nusantara
SPELLING AND PRONUNCIATION
• 3 kinds of writing systems:
1. One symbol for each syllable
ex. Cherokee, Japanese
2. One symbol for each morpheme
ex. Chinese
3. Letters stand for phoneme (phonemic system)
ex. English, Indonesian
Bina Nusantara
Relation between Spelling and Pronunciation
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A single letter represent different sounds:
Dame – dad – father – call – village – many
Different letters may represent a single sounds:
To – too – two – through – threw – clue – shoe
A combination of letters may represent a single sound:
Shoot – either – character – deal – Thomas
Some letters may have no sound at all:
Mnemonic – whole – resign – ghost – psychology
Some sound are not represented in spelling
Cute – futile – utility
One letter may represent two sounds: xerox
Bina Nusantara
Spelling and Pronunciation
• Since we can’t depend on spelling to describe the
sounds of English, a phonetic alphabet should be made.
• International Phonetics Association (IPA) develop a
phonetic alphabet that can be used to symbolize the
sounds found in all languages. IPA phonetic symbols
are based on the Roman letters like that used in English
writing system
Bina Nusantara
Phonetic Alphabet
• Consonant (p, b, m, f, v, ɵ, ð, ʃ, ʒ, t, d, n, s, z, ʧ, ʤ, ʍ, k,
g, ŋ, h, l, r, j, w)
• Pill, bill, mill, feel, veal, thigh, thy, shill, azure, till, dill, nil,
seal, zeal, chill, Jill, which, kill, gill, ring, heal, leaf, reef,
you, witch.
• Vowels (I, e, u, o, æ, ʌ, ai, oi, I, ɛ, u, ɔ, a, ǝ )
• Beet, bait, boot, boat, but, butt, bite, boy, bit, bet, foot,
bore, pot, sofa, bout.
Bina Nusantara