=·�=�----�-=��-�-��·�··�-���-�----,...,....-�----··-�-�-·-�--------���-���·-·<�������=��-��-�-....�-���,�-����·�---�--�-�-��
J
A
Stu_cly· of an I�rnplo:_'ree-o:��i_ented
ll
E11gineers t l!11io11
A thesis subnrltt��rl in p::1..-:·t:Lal satisfactio11 of'
Sc.:te.nc.e in.
I
I
I
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.
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I
...."···�-�-----..-·�······------·-"·-------------------·--------------------------------·----·---·-··-
1968
ii
«,,.,_,, ________________________�------------------.,---�-------------------------,--,---------------,--,--1
TABLE OF CON'l'ENTS
Title
�napter
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
Page
INTRODUCTION
l
SECURITY AND THE ENGil\TEER
6
FFOFESSIONALISM
18
QUALITY OF THE ENGINEER
23
SECOND!-\.:E\Y EFFECTS
29
CCNCL1J8IONS AND LESSONS
35
APP:E;ITDlX A.
-
DATA AND CALCULATIONS
i.:t i
37
LIST OF FIGURES
PAGE
II-l
"Union Membership by Age
10
II-2
Union Membershi:p for Low
12
Seniority Engineers by A_ge
II-3
II·-l+
union Membershi:p 1)y Seniority
Seniority of Union Members
13
Upon Joining tbe Union for
Il:-5
III--1
III-·2
T\f l
...
IV·�2
the 10-15 Year Seniority Group
Sa,l.ary Comparisons
for
Degreed
16
Engineers
Sec:uri t;I--Eclucation
Interrelationship
Level of College Ed_ucation of Union
:r'�e.mhe:rs and Non l'.1embers
19
20
:P:;•:rformance Ratings of Unton ll;:embers
25
lfn :i.or�.
28
a.j
'
b)
c)
a.x10_ �No11 T.Jnicrl �Er.gi11eer s
Jn:Lt:Lo.l popul_a.tion ·before refinement
FiLa1 population ussd in all char ts
l�u.!l1�Jer of er1girleers
32
32
33
A STU"TIY OF
ABSTRACT
El{PLOl'EE-ORIENTED
AN"
ENGINEERS' UNION
BY
DOI�ALD EDVL\ED TUTTLE
union
A.�."l En:q.!loyee Orien".:.ed. Engi ne e r s 1 Union is a professional
t.hat :r.·esemb1 es >
in !i1<:my ".·mys,
It bargEdns for blanke�.; 1·:age
ls.yoff by seniority,
engineE'r
s.n.d
.•
from management.
This
study
L-H.:reases,
in general,
labor m-;.ion.
job security
-tb2·oug:h
attempts to "protect"
the
b.JT•othesizes th at the security orientation
r;.nion a:i.:;t::::·acts
great21· sen:�m:·:i:t:r,
sig11ifica.I1t anC�
a traditional
B. mc-::mbe.rship that is significa.ntly older,
does not perform as well
as non-·membe.l's
c:a.-l1.sed. o�'r -'�b.E na·G,_ire of tb.e 11r1:1 or;_
test is estabJ3_shE:cl.
l''i:r:-st the :p3.rametu'
h�is
a. tl;..ree
point.
to have a statistL::ally signif:Lc:&.ut.
2.
3.
4.
task. as the number of degreed engineers increa.ses.
Management does not need to fear this type of union
for it does not
impede performance.
The union can increase its memter[;hi:p througl1 con­
tin11ed recruitment.
Harmonious
company-union relations may brea:K: dovm in
tlle f·e-lture as the union faces the tas:-<.: of nv:dnta.ir:i.ng
1.1� s membership under
chcmging conditions.
·
L.OcOcOOO��-·-·-·--··
·----·------�--·
·
·---'---�----·---·
vi
----��---·······-··---·-·····--·-····-···-·---·-··-·J
1
I
------------------·-»··---------
--------�-------------�------
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IN'l'RODUC'riON
I
In the field .;yf labor relations, cne a:cea that has received
consicL�:c·able s;!:.tention in :r.eeent. yec:.rs is the unionization of pro-
fessioTial pe:r.sonnel.
m:unber
'l'h5.;::;
lS
botb
:i.E the
in industry
IJJJ.e rlt;_rnl.Jer· ()t' 1)�c;Jf.. E::��siona1 ernplcyees, especiall-;;r in
of t:t-le: labor:- force ger.!.e�raJ..l�f
vi.h:t e:b. tl1 r-:::;of
du.e :tJrirnarily to the grmvch
�'te�c��
"
I)�
�.. rt:I.t1_E�.ll:y· fo:rrneO.(>
J:"'or the
u:o:lfo.cra:Lt;{ ir1 ti�eir
p.;rJ:.:�.J.r�
in.ability to
·'
grow has
been a la.ek
cc'upled. Hi th d.:i.fficu.1ties :in r.:cruitcelf-sttff'icient enginec:rs.
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L"�� -�-"--- ��-:�_: ��!:�.;��:��?l:·:: _t)��.,;,�E� t, ?�+.�:::: !:?�: �2:!��;�-�-=���Y: �����-��� el�--- ����:� j
H�Lt1r:·: Cor.��:· .L.Lct Ih�tvre(�r�.
,.
.,
�
tb.<.;
3c:Lr:ntific J.,11n.d.
..
_
,
.t-,
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,:
.'-,_,�
-:.. __::-�
- ,•.::: .-- ;··,,_�-_ :_ · n'
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-. ·--· , ;:-- 't,__'_·-....·.--·. -�--:--��-"'-"
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The
lack
of uniformity is evidenced by the fo:cma.t:i.on of ·bw
one
distinct types of engineering ·unions:
be ing professionally orie�1ted and
advancem0.nt
is characterized as
vievlS as its principal goal the
of profe:3sional standards; the other i2 chs,racterized
as its principal goal the
?
management.The latter goe.l is
a.s l.:;c�ing emplcyee.-or:i.ente(l an.d. �v·ie�1S
----·-·-'"·�··-.-..,.......... •·•"""'''······
prote(�ti0n oi' the
employee
more in line -vdth those of
in
from
labor unicns ln general.
Th.is difference
the two types of unions resulted, in 1957, in a division of' the
1110.\TE.!Inent.
:proferJsiollB l e11gineerir1g
..
of America
formed
(ESJl_),
The Engineers
a.nd Scier:.tists
the National :F'ederation of Engineeri:r,g Thlions
:Ln 1952 by r:,ir:e separate engineering ·tmions, s:plit
and rela:ted.
1Il1e
problerns
this
over
a�d f'inall;r dissolved. 3
t."'vro t:y.,..pe s of 1.rnio11S b.a.ve se.,reral di stingui shir:g
I
e2.L1ire s
T1�e e.rnplo�yl7.e·-�o:cie'Cnted. l::..:n�l.or.!.S, for i11StP. l1Ce, represent n.ot onJJr pro.
4
fessiona.ls b1.:�t also hom�l;y tec·11nicians and clraftsmen.
The
�
..
:pro:fe:ss:i.on:? l
..
·
assoc:ie.tion st:r;::ss:?s hc�lpie1g the professiona.J in Rd-
en.ginee:r·s. /
<=;
G+�-orge St:cu.ciS.(-:}� TIF)Tcf�e2-0lor�Et.l
C'r
}�nlplo·�ree:;� QrierLted:
�;:�� n��:' ���n���4; "p���"�}§�-§h:'"d-
P�
·nEr1.gi�1eers
�-.
246�
7
lin. ion. :£i,i{-£11t s for J,ife, n
D�lJ_e;:r;.n�a fer
!,��oE_X'"'�',:,:_.�i o.:r�b: � :-.�,'�i-·. :"e�. !
..
o
-�
-��:?.::�2£1e,
\
......
_
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1·'�.
..
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cj<o
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.:.?R.�--�.2:�.:. ' p. 526, state:3 none lSS']e abo>.re all
seerrred to d.1"�3.ruo.:t�:_ze tl1e eoJJ:fl iet l;etvn::el1 �prcfessi.onal ar!d. en1plo- 1
Jree orle:ntEtion
TlrLs \l{a.s tl]e (ll__::�es-tion. ot� vTJ:-Letb.er nonprofess1
ioYlEt.ls-t.�:.cS·i11�-·::.it7�rts -�·rho ��.rorked. closely ":r.L·tl1 engineers
sl1ou.l6 be
i-·nc l:nded :ln. t11�: 1)E� ·1� t;,::t. ::.:n.ing 1.1.111 i� s r.�.rvl sd1n.i tt :e.d tt:, tl1e 1Jr1:tun.s
It lt?fJ. Ll.1f.: uri:L·'):n. a-0 �·Je.3tc.:;rn I�lectric to st:trrer1cler i.t.s c>1d.
�NI.1RB c:ertif:Leatio11 e.11:.l :.:�eek a. nsvr: pllre.l.y· J-YC"ofessi�.)YH?J_ (JC.l.,gain­
rr
iri!-5 1.u1it and. 1.ed. tv JXJ. e]_Eet.ioil ·w11icl1 tl1:Ls u:r1.i.on. lost.
George Str.'1U8S;
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5-�
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tJ1cYcoug11 d_jHc:Jssion. o:e liifferen.t 1Jerlt::£'i-i.:f3 S<:>2 Gecrg(:;
St�r:).fU}S, S:����----�?.��:����:.' p )2.7: or Itle11o 1�d. 'E \\ia l·torl, }�}:-�- ����12�I�����-���!:
.
F:r.-c.ss
'J;:>rcidJ2
-��;:��' . :Bo:3tc'n: n:;
Fo�.r a
}§_ Gi··-�£f.f_��1�. :::=:E�
Q
�--" �n§2:E��::::��;:::i�- -�I::�
..
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-
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differences in
the employee·-oriented union favors
general increases 1vhile the professionally-oriented union
favors large merit pools for inc:ce8ses. The final
ficar...t difference to
potential member,
in the
nature of job security provisions.
employee-oriented union
negotiates strong ecu i y provisions
prima:cily on length of
service. In contrast, the professional association often does not
participate he establishment of layoff procedures; leaving
their determination up to the company.
Cne key :i.tem of infc:enJat.ion that has not been ccvere.d i11
' studies of' engineering
i.s the characteristics of the
them.
p
si l unions need aml desire
I
t
r
:::]Je::::: :nt:h:a��:;�:s�::�� :::s:0:::":�u:e::;:8 �:�: =��:er\ re;3ult. from association. The emplo:ree-oriented un:i_ons desire large
I \ menibersbi:ps� since by increasing mem:be sbip they- increase ::o}lectiv�
r c men:;bershi:p drives on
I \bargr-d.ni:n.g
thus
thei:
tl-1e ge:ne�ca.,l ben.t�fi..}�n col.lect5_-v-c:; bc:.rga.i.ni:ng and. rnon.etary·
I . be.nefi.
ts,.
application;
large
and mvst
an engin;:;er anrl
lies
The
s
r t
signi-
based
in t
unions
(
:i_nd_ivid_uals that join
strength,
The
'_I'h,:::s
1;aTgaj_n5.ng �:t�(·�r:g+;h_�
tlJ.e negotiation
011
of
grie'v-o.ness
the oolic:Les ot
centeT
of
the
E'.
vhen
these
l.e.bor nnion,
la·bur
·ocr�e�t"lits for th.e
of the employee-·; ;:;,r..d the
violatt:d are
other respects} the
of lnaxiJ1IL:Lm
employee� the prote�::ti.o:o o:L th'"" rJglcts
filing
j
o na
be.se
of
I
r of e s
righcs are
Trt tJ:ese 0nt'i
movement. About all -that
H.J:tho1.1gh not .recenl�-�Ly; si11ce the
occurred, vrere unsa.tis:faetory-. 6
u11ion ancl "'(i""Je chs.racteristics
typically·
.J.."es·ults
oil
is missing is the
tJ:1e
st.rik_es �
cf' the engineers that
w·he.n tb.c:y
Joine:i it.
i
I-�� ,�-:;;.::�---;,-t.d e
s
u
in recent years.
f - o
n -
r
These
vrith fa ct .
c
studies have point·:=d out some generally­
vrere
-
·
-
e..ttempt
to
h
as to the -\wrt� or t e accomplishments
7
company.·
d
intro uced into a
unsupported traditional •rie1vs
sttHiJ' is net an
·
urd.ons and the :�.·esults that could
be expected if engineel'ing unions
Btucly- revie\•Ts these
-
�
__
a·v -r_s ·--hee
e
held objections to engineering
This
� � :�: -::�:� :��
� : � c-r� -�) �-�-:; e-:-t-e-�, - �:�:
- -
foT
- - -1!
2,greemerlt
:forn1ulatc=: a value j"t1dge1nent
of the union involved.
It
4
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1
is in.ten.c1ed to find and 1neas:1re sigr1ificant feat1.1res cf' tl1e lTilion
:GcT:berel;i:p: a�d to see if these featu:ces affect the pexforma.n,.;e of
the rnE:�r.l�ership,
J.or:;1c.e.1 COJ.1.seq_1.JJ�rlces and. its accord "Nith .faets:
d.i.f:feren.(�C.
AYJ. enginee:cs
Ghe..I t�ct 21:·:. s.t.t
e;s �
..
±�a.c�tor::!
...�"'""'"'"'"'.,..._,.._,_.,..,.,.._,.,...,..._,,,... ,..,......""'"""'"_".�
c--:�..n.d.
.LI1
l1J'}?Otl'1e::3:�z.eci to
E�
�·la.1tcr:t,
-�;JJ:.i�i�.i�c:;;,_s..�-- -1}TI�i�:.· e;::S':Ct�:;-....�;f:' -f�ffchj_ gex1 ,
�· ��
l;e
;ra::c·iable l>e-Gl.,.ree11 the
ecluc at i. 011,
a:n.d
����;_ ���i: (:{£·H��H·�-�;r�;I{:�f-7�:}�I�·�:-��;1:r;*�flf�\fr=��������l�¥�1��I���t�"I�1�?.1
g
I
un:Lon that
T1ts i'ollmdng cha:cact.s::;:·:i.Dtics are signifi-
See :��o:r e:x:e..r{t.r;:Le 1\-Lc}_J.e,J:"'d.
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op
f
1 � :� 9
.
cit�, p... 7, o.r �fol111 W.
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P.
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lt. 2 •
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Professional employees vrhose job is the
of
In this study, these are employees of a company that
designs.
and classified as enginee:cs by job title and func-
are repn=sented
tion.
a.
creation
'111e hypothesis :i.s tested by using e:Jtpirice,l dc�ta g::;,nerated byI
research
primary
from two
c:lplcye:>o:ri.:::nted union.
study of an
records and
sources.
The f:i_rst
D ata used com.es
8
I
source is corrrpany personnel
is un.:ion r e c ord s of membership.
the second
Cha:racteri.stics that are hypothesized to be significant
variables
are
measured :for u:pproximately
of r,h.;:; compcmy.
branch
aspects of
The qua]_i!�ative
a stati:ot:L'3al
ra-tlng: estsJ)lisl1e\i
dif:fe:�enee
-lJy· e�)XJ.t�cac·(.
80118
Tb.e �fii'st, cl�.:�rr:::c.�:- :ts
con.::�eC::llenc-�P-�
rneiD1)e:!."PSbip�.
of'
.
t\ i
-Jll
n�:�t..�l:�rit.y·
n
·- ·'-·--�
-l-1
1P
t ;._.
....
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v
(:
2
sec1;.:::·it;:=;c"l:·J.sr::c
=-��=-:��:,·:·:"
T:t:,.e spe.cL:'ic.
;:a
0�c.el1 Jrec'1..r to:r each engineer.
112ecis
.
of Elli
_,..,.,;.,.;_.,.;;,.;..,.,.;;;.,
;;,
·t 1 '1 c.
o.P
,.t, ___.;
;; .l- .:)·
on -pro:fessi onalism
TIPPY }
-...- l0·
e .l.
Qi------·�
d
-��econ.da:rv ef'f'eets
on
•
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�r1gi.ru�£L�IlQ.-=-£S;������----!-���� �
'l'he 2eeond is
-.."'en·n-r-·�
u:;-.
.... .__..,.·
. .;... +·u
....:� .._v
l
c�.'-'f-: HJ28��;;1_l:CEd. "b:r u.si11.g a rrLuh.erical
p.�;-,,z;:t�l y'J,_·TiljJ.cs�
- -
estal1lis'.1ed for the
a:::e
is d.ivi rlcd
The lle-xt cl1eJYtr:.r eo··-.,rers
.....
_..,_.
,.
.
111112 ;nea.stJ.red_ \Tariables are tlJ2I'l tested t,or
It�:::lativ2 t.(=:;cllni-:.::cJ..1 s};.i.J.i. t.:. :::-s
8
.
tl1e rneaz3u.rccl e}laracte1"'.istics &.re analyzed 1�rii_:.h respect
difference c_nd
:_J.I'lil its
500 e.:aglr1eers �n one
:-lr.Jii
.
t:-.·
..L
I�
1
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uni
on
-- --'-!
.
.,.. _:_
oY thG urt.ion--1
--�----,..,..,...._._..__,._..-��--
Th: r�:;:1r:�,��-�-:;Jl --II
..
..
this stu�y.
co:<1:p:o;,I�;y �:::tucl.Led 'trill D<':: l.m-ns}!'ed.
Tt::;
c:11.:-lrojcte1"':L;Tt:Lr::t3 f.:.i-�-- LL.ose: cL��scribed b:r Geo:c[;,e fJtrctlJ..se- i�cr i1J.e
.;:�nlplo;Iee" . orter.;.tf:;-1 1D.lio·rl,_ ��!.le c,r)n.p�tn_y is aeJ'OB.�:.&.(��:!-,.·::)_�·i:-:;1-.!.7�,.;"1 P"'rd
h&s had Et un:l.on 2:Lnr_:2. caT1:y in trw }jistcn·_;1· o��--t,Le_p_c··�J='·-�s-�-i(1r;�,:�
-�-------_:QJ6It_J.JJ1.L!:��lt..3.-.-�
U!l.J.Dll c:;_nd
.
___
-�-<�"-�------�--_
--
-----
----�-··
___
- - - -.-------
---------------------�---------
----------- -- ----
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1
C!IA.PIER II
S.2�CURITY Ai\iil THE ENGINEER
of
Secu.ri�:.y of the engi:riee:>:· is of :prime interest in the study
a:n eirl];.Jloyee-o:ri.ented e:t:1gineeri11g uxtion..
of such
the
a
unioD is ·�:;;tc;.bl:Lshing
cyclical hiring
developed decreases.
of
This is due
a contn1.ct providing
engineers.
to the
fact
secu.r:i. ty.
t.s each
'7
with geographical hiring a.re periods of h5_gh defense
T'ied in
aeti vity, su c h as �vorlrl \!Jar
peri.or1s.
1
5ClE:
II
and the Korea.n viar,
the end. of the
.<\J1othe:r :period of high a c tivity vias at
e,s -::,allistic missile systeras were rushed into developl:lt::nt
prod.uct io11.
Cyclical
a
hir:l.n.g resuJ.ts in
r:ractice
E::�c b
t-::.t:irrs ·':1 _perma.�ner1t
.staff
of
period:::
i nch1de
,jo-b--"'sl:.'-JP�9�::rs,
major defense
company m<J.in-
e:ngi:nee.rs to w ork cr1 CllY'I'eP.t jo'bs Et-l1d.
.
or poor work histories.
sc�ed.·L�lles.,
t��ri:f'ters an.d ex�perts re2.ocating
for personal reasons.
college g:raduates
of
s
d.eRl:ce
off tb.ose
can ce
security:
supervision,
�
.fTom other ccrrlps.n.ies
i'1a-n.age.merrC.'
en
tirne i_s
in these
Engineers hired
a considerable nu_;:rib<�T of recent
en.gin e<:::z· s as
and
referred to in engineer-
�job or contre.ct they innnediatel�{ ad·i e11gir11::;ers to meet
LJuali.ficatior:s
lm.;r
foll01v2d by
:ple,e�ed.
sect.�I�ity fror11 a,z·t;itrary...
..
and. wage security.
.most irn1Jcrtant is job secur·ity.
s:pend.s a con�3iderable amount
B.::.eh incEvidua.1
of e:':'fort and
ssnie:rjty wh5.le helping che e:omgany mc:et its
pcr:.itior:
l1is pa.st 1)er:forn1a.r,!.ce r:�:ucb.
OtJ::.er .fact.ors
I
l:.
su.ch
as
s..;:
uf
f.m engin.eer
tr·ust an.d. lee.C.ers�bi·p
fi. Ina.1�.agcr
bu .iJ._d.s
c cntmu.r1i ty· id.E:rJ.t i t:y,
.
eJ;ou.t ch2.nging :=m.rJ_ 5.G.en:t1.fica:tion �,Jit.f.1 the
:p-9rBor1 r s
�Ls
�-------··---�----··--·c.·--------·
b.Grn.e ovrner s11:.f1 $1
is reJ9.ted.
&.ct :::. on_s
1)e-.s:�d. on
,_1r1 his po::;i tiort #-
liesire fo�c ,jo1J I"eterrtion.
grc(:::.�:l_::c�;�.:rcct:�-�i:�:s.�;cur:i.ty
1
i
'by .supervi.si�.m..
G\(JCl to
d.cf�J.bt
a
to tb;� n.rst J
'The: S'o...l.:p;:;:t'-
___________________________�··----------------·- ..
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visor in non-protected situations can arbitrarily dismiss anyone
who disagrees with him toe o:f't.en or raises the boss 1 s ir e in some
other
way.
wh:i.ch
Some companies have annual "dead1vood11 layof'fo in
marginal performers are let go ;just before new gradua.tes are
Another type of arbitra:cy action re�;orted
l;rougbt into the company.
to by engineering supervision,
vihich can be very effective,
assign an engineer to work that is not to his liking,
his engineering specialty,
ratings.
'l'he third
is to
outside
or
T8sul ting in dissatisfacticn and lovr
I
t;ype of security needed by an engineer is
I
One of the prominent influences in e::Jgineering employment,
security.
as already noted,
is the amount of 1/la,ges an engineer receives.
Hiring rates of coJJ.ege graduates steadily increase each year,
&s
do rates for all engin:::ers.
coxilpet:l t�Jor1..
eeo:J.cnn:Lc in
A�.lso,
tl1ere .:Ls ar1
:rlB,t·u.re b;.:;_t cr1e
of
adclitional need fol" t�bc
statu.. s
a.nd. professional
feesional positio.t1.
In an employee-oriented union specific ans>·reTs
:secu:ci ty needs of
over the yeexs.
en..gj_r1eer
:pos=i:tion
the
the Union 1 s cont:.r'3.et ..
cE-:O>e
II
to the
-Gi1e eJlfSineer he:·;re 1)ee:n develop2d -:md bnilt
In
e-
1Jeing st.1.:.died these are 'tix·itten
into
I
I
Jub s(::c·u.:ci t:y is pr·ovid,.::d by ine:ludinu; :l.n the contntet. clauses
a.x1d
XG.od.. :L1:'ieC:
sen.io�ci ty
�
vrL1l be {i7_scussed. 1.nc:ce fv.lly in. C:bapi:.er IV�
lYJt tJ1e cornpa11y
being acld.ecl
to det:::>rmine tb e
to
fj 1:a.l J..3.yoff
J?erf()�c.m.nnce po:LTtt r
e.. poir:t fo:r
d.et e:cinirled.
eG.r::h month of service
Along
,
I
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nc.:el� can.
11ot be O.i 1::11n:Lssed PXcept -Por ca·llSe
"' "'" fl,-�
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annu�tl raise. s
including in eac.l1
for the
The
amount of inc:r.ease vaTies
·with classificat:ton ar1d �LS lJ.igb.est f'or tl1t:. se11ior er1gin.eers
less for jrmior and a.Bsociate
and.
eD.gir1eers and tl1e represented hourly
employees ..
One group of e:ngineers -whose security needs should. be b.igh
is the older employee.
years and. has
a.
This g.coup becomes
:Le::-;ser desi:re
more settled ever r,]-;E
to move around and try ne-;r ecmpanies
Cornplicc.ting the ·prcblerr1 for the ol<l.e:c en�ployee iE t11e
i�crasslng s2niority.
an.c1
�f-'�12
... 08S.,�:;cu]?1i.ng
Cl
·tl1e r.:Lr:.Jt a .
cf ··t}l•:: t·\,!C
/A coiG}?S..l�·iDo�1 of tb.e a.gc· d.:Lst:r':Lh\A.tio:n for lev; s;�J.J.iCI"'�_t:-;-
(less
tb.a.a 5
:::ex:.ioJ··it.y
)
:u:;
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n"�e:n(b'?::r"�:�
J.Y!'est:>ritc:d J. r Ltgu:rr:o
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older sn:rployees
�
i-\.rwng the lev;
F-JI"
II-2 rrmst a.t lee3t shm·r the
scu110
tlJ e d EttCJ.. ir1
..
trenC.; whic}]
n.oto
There-
'bers 2J1dw /lorunerc:iJers"'
years, vrLt.1l e:r1gine:e::.-?s �;_f:\ ,ring .1cJ.1ger sel1:io-c:-t.ty :pref�errirlg t,:he 11:n:Lon;
.
..
but, th.::�sr::: d:�:ta aTe net E:::_gn.Lficant at the
9C%level
increases actual security.
..
2
�L'his
;3ec·.iJ..J:·ity·
the union.
Tbe
10--J.5 year group
i.x1itiEtl
I
10-11
I _.�"·�-j����;��--=���-���c�--'��e :ceo�Q �.:.��
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C:ci·tel")ia fo�r S"Gatist1c:"3.1 sj grli:t��:tGa.rtc.e in d.ata o·f the t.·;ype rrlee.,311r..:�cl :Ls ;:;otH?.I"B,l�L�y �;:e·�, a.t- a. 90% cc.�;_ficlence J o•.re:I.�. �r}:e 1::-.-:?.r;J_or:Lt:�r
cl��-JJt.�_:t I•T"c·vr:.�J. tc) 1)C :_�t.!_ffr:-;:r<:'1t y.ritl: 3J.'!. 8;??;·� t:""_·.C'lilf�. d.en.ce t'hat. the d.iff'
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SENIORiTY OF UN!Qf\J MEM8ERS UPON JOINING THE UNION
�,,Ill-uc jP\) - 1!)r.:: vr::t:
R <:n\
l''"')r-'TvI G.ROUP
[
ILI\!.
__,tl\dL,<I
FOR
!l
:::
6l( +12)
=c
'73
50�
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6-7
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n
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e
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Since the elate.. sbmr a rels.ti·v·ely
( al-chongh
hypothesi.:;
results
-·--�
rat e
il: percentage terms tl1e joining :rate inc:::t·eases ) : the
expected. eff'ect
the
uniform joining
--
that
of inc:;::'eo.Ging senJ.orlty is not present.
increased ·�"-nJ_l).L
c< .-::.
•
. .......
l-r;y
\ o..lQ -'-'··�I eas
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...,
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� �
ir:. g:::oeater membersh:'L:r;: ca�1 not be accepted.
3
Therefore,
:::::. �
�L'-
These CLata S1Jggest that as ertglneers become rnore t"'r-...milia.:r
vith the L.mion� a.ncl
to
are
a�ked repeatedly to join,
their obJec:·t.icns
t�hs \:rnj_ol1 are g:rad.t:.aJ_ly overcolne reslllting in. e-ve:atua1
�n.ernl;er-
ship in the union.
te:;t. this hypothesis an approcccl'J outsicle the scope
�:o fully
left
o:r)en
for fu.rther I'esearc11 a-t
Therefore this question wil be
a l ater
tirne.
I�ig·ure JI..u5 is a corr1paris()n of sala.ries
ps.icl at
tf1e study
preceding the collection
i-t
st.nciy is brtsed�
year
This
In ·t.bi�3 ·ce:snect se..la.ry ��q_:�5.-ty has
110�.:,
II··Lf J.s 6�L as COiTc[JCll'ed to
::l��e .Jco �:.llCOD1]?lete 1·,�eo�cds.
I11 1951 a.r:.:l 19_5;� t11e date ;Jf jcJ.nin.g tJH:= l..:_rlicn �·.ra8 r:..ct recorcled
T'he
·v/hJ.. le su.bseq_uer1t i:.o tl1at tlrne the reeord.E:� ,,;·e:te rn<.i.,i_-rlt-9J..ns:l ..
res11lt is ·t:l1B�t, t:t12 Q,-l year :fig..:tre is J.c,�.....- er t�nan :1.--'c shoi..I..lii be
·b:y- 12 engj_ne<?:rs
(Tb.2 J."en1ctirl:Lnf� (J.:i.:efel:'(�n.e:e is for t11ls::��i..ng I"<=·...
C·�,)
·r?"
+�PJ'
1 .f·r·
i�,
-�� 1�2
)
"c"'
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, ��g
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oj-
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. •
· 1.
SALARY COMPAR! SONS FOR: DECREED ENGINEERS
-
350
300
-n
,.... .,_
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150
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AllERJ\GE Ri\'rES COMPANY
-... ............
260
10
,
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200
-
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OTHER CALIFORNIA
CCMPANIES
ALL AEROSPf,CE
:�S.AilS SITiCE }3 �S. lJEG·RI�E
_l
2
0
246
225
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-------------·----�----·--�------�--�---------------1
.��-·"·-···---��-�"·-----�--------------------
- -o
•
-��-�
hi
,_-rh L•
C�Vera.ge
·H
qr--
to the corn:panyr s engineers'
Q'eu"""e"'
o�L
�-
•
5
I
�r·"'
other coPJ.pan:l.es
>
the
continue to increase.
be an increased support for the
Hm1ever,
II
ll
\1
_/
/
as pointed out
recc�·pt of p,
-
'·-'-.
. •
S "!!I
.
Instead of t ailing off as do average
apparsntly bears fruit.
engineers
"·
mark the effect of the unior..' s effort
After the t-v;er.:ty-year
sa.loTies at
since
salaries paid the r-epresented
The expected
effect of this l·rould
1mion P..Jiiong the
older enginee:r·s.
:pr;:::y·iously, age ca,nnot be established as a
causativ-e factor in union J!H:>Eibershi:p.
In conclusion, three t:.,rpe.s of s,:::cu�·:Lty are offered 'by the
W1ion contraet:
secnrity through seniority;
supe:cv·:_,:;ion throtlgh job l'ie;ht p1·oteetion;
blanket s2.la::-:·v increases.
�ct
direct
;"y
pl otection frorn
...
and v1age securj_ty tl;ro:J.gh
The r-esu.lt of this on union menibersh:l.p
measurable by the means employed in this study.
j
I
CHAFI'ER
III
PROF'ESS IOI'J.ALISM
aY!
ProfcssionG.lism is eq_ual in importance t o secur ity both to
eJ1gineer
s. r:
'VIel.l
as
to
a:Q e.rnplo:_',ree--oriented
Ergirceering
UlJior�.
Some of ths ]?()sitions :require
high1;)' a.1Ivanc:c::d teclmlceJ. education 1:•/hile ether ,jobs aTe me:::ely
-S'L> C i1
..
Ulll011��'
v.n.:t.or1s
o:E' :;;ro.t'io:Esi.:.,:::lal c-d:!:<l:ic:nnsnt
ti c-
.• • o
_,..,.. .' �-i ,- �i
li'Jli:vc'v.
..
""i Uv
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·..
as o.rafting .:) r data. red·uction.
�y
...,oy
' c·-t�.... .- � .. ...... -, ..L
._, .. L C.. .J.C> ':;;
•
:t:'orm:1.ng -�:;\TO dif:E'er2nt types of
• ··
;;_ne
C::l�J?l1a.r�i�::e �J:r:·ryi'"essional at��.aJTJ.�llelTt
-rro)� 2S,3�• onal
v-��;.i1e
"'
'V'I...__d
-Ly-or1.Ld·Je
...
F�St�
1•rEts
c";rer
�o:::.. B i c
.. �
'I'he
ax1d. 1ea'Ie p��cf'essJonal
C0l1j:lict t.l1c1.t
..
SI_)]_i t ;1p
the
tl�e i;:::c·;Je c<.f" 1?I'Ofessj.oru1lis1n, �:qit.h t}]e In.��::c�i�pit.ating
I
! ·�-�������:)�:���- - ;;;�. ""-0.£�L-�"T" f.,_ _>_.
.I
...
I
les·vi.11g VLrt a1ry- zj_g:ni·-
ficant .secu.rity };::r,y;,-i::::i:Jn.s in th<:-oir repertoire of po:Lic:Les.
sec1.1_r:L t:_r
I
-;_j_:'c_;-"-"-_
> __,T,_J_.,__:) �?.:(
_
_
18
(• �-·n-
--------�------------------------------------.J
19
i s s1le b e ing t11e i 11clu.sioY.1. of draft smen and. otb.er " S1lb�prof e s s i on.g"'l s "
in the 'bargaining unit s .
Th e uni on in tb i s cas e s tudy r ep r e s ent s b oth hou.rly draft s men and profe s s i onal s .
Al s o , a s point ed out :previou s ly , it i s
strongly s e curity-- o:ri ent e d .
With thi s emph a s i s on })Oli c i e s �hat
rm1 courJ.t er to tb.o s e of p rofe s s i onali s.m , \·ihe r e :Lndi vic1u_a1 p erfor -
1
I
man c e en'I init i at ive ex e us e d to d e t ermi n e pos ition 2.n d rar.t. � it
i s to be ex_pe c t e d th at the t r e atment of the prof e s si onal i .s a diff­
icult sU:b j e c.t, for the
unio�b.andle .
Ths.t t he problem i s e: f s i g-n if i c ant magni:tud.e both t o the
union and t h e c omps.n:r i s indi cat e d. b;y- the stE",t i s t i c al study of
Of tl"!.e
e dD_cat i ol1 pres er1t ed irl fi g ur e III--2 .
460
r epr e s ent ed
employe e s f'ul:!..y 199 did not have a t r::: ch:nj_ :; .:ll degr e e .
In
pro::'e s s i or1s S1lcb. as en.gir:e e =r i n.g th e :r e e:�J. s t s an ir.!.t eTre·-
ler1.ci:i l:� g to inc:reas ccl i h�cu:rit:y·..,
p:c:l.mary one b e L1g engine e1· ing
Tl1i s i s d11e to n1any factor s , t}J.e
m.:1na, gem en t
1
s de s i r e and p:r·e:f e:c ence
III - 1 �s a sugg e st e d pictoriel
p r e s ex1t ati or1 of tJJ:t s
SEClftU'1'Y-�:<:DUGA'l' TON TNTERRAIAT IONSHIP
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20
LEVEL O F CO LLEGE E D U C AT I O N OF U N ! O N MEM B E RS A N D
NO N··MEMBERS
125
100
75
AVERAGE
·-
r
50 .-
( POI:!'.'T S)
f-1
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21
Th e
for
inve r s e of thi s r e lat i on ship i s
e ng ine e r vrho
the
gine e r 1vith
a.nd l e a s t for t'b e en-
lacks formal e ducat i on
an adv an e e d d e gr e e
or d e gr e e s .
Figx:·e III - l point s ou� the
dat a 1.n figur e
s e cur i t y n e e o. , 1-ft d ch i s h i gh e st
III -2 .
Fi g·�.-c re
s i gGif L : anc e of the
qualitat ive
of the edLlc ::<t:L onal
a s mmnary
III-2 i s
of the engin e e r s c ov e r e d b y this study .
b ackg:counds
the 1mion rtlerrib e r s
education for
b e r of year s of college
c oDlp ar e d t o a mean of 3 . 55 ye ar s for th e nonmen1r:> eT s .
o�f
leve l .
years
s t. at i st i c ally s i gn i f i c an t
1s
�r�h 2 c1a.t a p r e s en. t e d b.e r e 11as b e en
9971>
at the
neer s •trer e n ot I' elat ecl t o t h e i r clrcrerrt f i e ld of
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in ord_e r to s coe.J.'at
e the engine ers viith cle gr e e s :f'1:om tho s e w i thout
....
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Oth er engineers had
..., •.:-0
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en.girJ.e e.r s witb B!�. de gr e e s i11 f i elds Sl..lcl1 as
·vrex· (::
a;nc e <'
no+· ·x-· R··�::o c' e t:>·-
c onfid ence
c..clj 1.J_:::: t ed to t a1�e ir1-t o
t h e fact that the b a s ic edu.c e�t i on and degr e e of
ir1stan.c e , tl'1 e:ce
:i.s 2 . 75 ,
·�r:oere
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en.gin.e r:::c s vrith doct orat e s i11 thi. s .
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vre r e no
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2.
Tr.1·2 rlJ_ &:!lcr cj_as s J.fl c at J_�Jl1S -��re:re
J.l1C.l.1Idecl s l r1c e 3. c orrnJ etJ� -t. l
p e:rf01'IT18 IiC C j�·a.t i:ng , llS EJi irl Cl1apt er r-v-; i s :not e st ab li s1�.i e6. for
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.
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22
engin e e r s
did not
j o i n the union immediat e ly but
oft en wait ed
Th i s could effect ively b i a s the r e sult i3
f igill' e
III - 2 ,
gine e r s
I
I
I
l!
1
shovm in
are degr e ed .
vJhen low s e n i or ity eng in e e r s -vre r e excluded t h e r e s ult s
s imilar to
£'rom
the full p cpule.t i on .
th e pr evious 2 � 7 5 .
s t at i st :i c all;l'
I
I.
s i r�. e e a much high e r p e r c ent age of n e-v:ly hired en-
Tl1c 1.1onmernb ers t
were
eclucat i o11 averaged.
The diff er enc e b e·bJcen th e s e mee.ns i s a l s o
at
s i gn i f i c ant
a
level g2'eE.t er t.ban
99%.
In t.hi s chart er it he.s b een e st ab l i sh e d that ther e i s a
s i gnif ica:u:b d J_ffercnce in the l ev e l of college e d:ctc at i cn b et,,re en
memb e r s
and
nonx1emb e r s of the union s .
The
introduct or·y port i on of
The logi c al
conclusion
vJOulcL b e t o a s s e:ct that the s e c·�lr ity-;.we ding gr oup i s t h e one that
j oins
the u.:n.io:n. t,
Emfe vel· !
s i:nc e no
s .ignif i c ance
c:ould
b e round. in
i s n e ed.ed t o explai'.1 ths :pTe s ent dat a .
The
foJ_lc;w-:Lng 2 l t ernat e bypothe �d.. s c ould b e us ed. t o exp la.in
and.. enl_Pha s i z; ing
�, n :�
J.l1C J..U-.
•
.L "!
..,
s :Lor1 o.t' all ·.:;:ngineerirJ.g p e :.:..""' s o�111e l i.n i t a ba:cgaining �llni t , i.,a i l s to
attract
'_fib -1
n1a.11Jr c1 egr G e cl
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p,..
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:t sfact orily s::{�p."La::_J:1 S ·tl1e fiYi(lin.gs of t, l-d_ s chapt e:c and f'uxtht� l'
4
vrit�h t11e f i n(Lin g s of · Stra.lJ. s s 011 t-l1e
unio:ns :
I
.') .
tl: � j_:r confli t:t s , ::mel the :Lr
i . e , , ·;-d:t-b
--·-·"-�·------"-· ·--·------�--�----��-
le s s than
e"hare.(:t e�r: l st ic s
� ·::! + .....
J.. LM .J
agr e e s
of
1
-�
II
5 yc£n·::> s e-n :l.. or1.<.y .
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¥ -��-«-�·. --�------·-------·--------
I
CHAPTER
l"V
QUALITY OF THE ENGINEER
D,pp:c s.i 2al
prob-lern i s
BJ!ecis�.J_t i e s
ad.di ti 011 ;
may
an.
or· na.y
help d.r.:;-c; er;nir.E th.e quality of an en.gi11cer ..
'I '
lng
lec�.rn 2,nd d.eY:c?L::p
fi-1.s o , he
th'3
I
1
1-:ith
b.i.m.s E:1f
::-t.n.d
IJ el."fOT.li•U_,IIC:e
1·:b i ch
n8t
be
year
}-j_ghJy va l u.ed
to SOJ."'·le
__
another .
n:f
adrl to tJ.:r�
clet8ndn.e h :L s
I�l tiE�
L.t1Tf' . -qiT9.'JTty o.f
s
eoveT'S e..
b e Lng sb::.cU. ed. ,
:Tin 2t i_,
eri:T:f
In
h i s abi lity
,_
tha.;G
J. ittle
I
II
virtual.lv !
of 'handOI" 11 0
I
I
I
apply ingenuity to
J:' (::Et.S OYlab le
e.ngi11ee:r .,
c s. .:; e
lmr}::ing.
of
:t11 r 'Z.:le.ted t e chnical fields
lie
c.l.sc
Iie i s
The
;3 c�hedu_le s for
o tl1er s ,
nlunt1 er of aetiv·i t i e s a.ll of
a
u.n.i..que s itu E! t i D:J cx:i;:;L s in wh5. !:r!
j
·'
c.97fi:ie�inc::8f: 'L1Tt0l�l; e. J�Ic;:-orc -;:0:sraFTEne �r-·-·----�-·····
24
r at i ng ealled a 1 1 r et ention r at ing11
c ont ract
sp e c if i e s the
is
engin e e r and
r e l at e d factor s .
rs.t :!_ng
i s given t o e ach eng i n e er .
i s to be g iven tw i c e a year t o each
to b e b a. s e d on p e rf'orme:mc e : :p ot en ial ab i l i ty an d
t
The r at ings are arrived at during
compared
'l'h e
meet ings of the c ogni z ant
with othel' s in the c la s s if i c at i on .
Conrp arab :i_ l ity i s
main-
t ained 'o et•,re en r at i ng s l:: y eng:i:ae e r s that t.ra::-12fer 'b st:,-re en gr m:rp s
and. ar e r at e d "by tvJO o r m o r e sup ervi s or s .
ratings
t ab l :L shment of
the
fol'
engi n e er s ,
the
c111a li ty of 8.n engln e e r are brought out
vre 11 e.s ab i15_ty t o meet
other
PlJ r:' .... l, r.::,. a r .:::.
;�:i.:;� : r:�tl'l.;-:{-·c'1ade
-
'-
t�ne o�u_e,1it·3l o f tlJe
shov-is
ev eT ,
sched.u.les
a
cornpar i ::� c� �-
in a.ny
cn e
a.nd di s cu s s e d. .
s c·c2r c e of dat a ,
it
onl;y
is
t o ths
F1l g1�re I\T-1
How-
c1e.s s ifi .::a.t i cm the u;tnaJ range of :po:5..nt s u s ed.. in
>
� rt
ar �-.: p rorn.o ·{.� e d ,
of
Yh e
-
q 'Jme
Tn -
exa.�ple �: : :
b �.co:rne s a s s o c i at ed '1T.Ltl1 tl1 e t v�g l��lt i ng �
others >
COElp9.rl
l og i r�:il t o
1t1l1ie1J. tl1e ret ent ion ro.-t j n;�,s o�f" boti1 gron.rJ s
1ivell e st aJ1 li i''n e d cJ_as sifi eat. i ,-:>n s } for
tor
That
a.n:l t o g et s.long vrt th and dir e c t
the 1·at :h:ss may r,::'t c o-v e r the full l'cmge of po" 11t s
J?2l,:for.rr:;.evl-.:. c e
in
nJ..). J r.ra iD.c:?Etb e r s 'hrj_ t-11 tl1e x� or:Hn�;niu e r s �
in
the
esfactors that determine
is,
Fr e qn.e ntl�r ,
:.
I
1
8; .
in 1 v 8l
·vJhen tl1 e t op
tlte r ernain j_ng engi11e e: r s rna�,r not j ust ify a
r 2.11k e d
l
:1 s
and
s -:.;ored ·vlit·h an inclivicinal
other c la s s LCi cat ions c over:i.ng a lar g e r nulllb er of
.I
1
t.l'1e
::c�s s:::::��c:p;:::�:, i;"::t::e ;::�
e·21glrteer s
wh il e
a:!... e
g�CO'l1J>ed.
-9. YHl �p e rl1a�g s
l
irHii-vi. clual rating s ,
5 pe1·: c e11t ,._, i�t'Piv e
e'
fl t op
th� -:�tinig�
nornlally cl5. str:L1nxb ::; d .�1=' ()'t.:.i.t th.e m i d.J.? O i :nt of th.e r a.J'lg e ;
J
e�
s c ore
.J
ar e not ' rh.
.
,
120 ..
t
� :f �� �-����l-ge_·�---�:1 e ��--_�.r_--�---�"--- :�-f�r������---���-e_c._1_1_�-��-�-lJu t �:cl--��-'·_t_,n_�_e_, h:=� si.o��
....
.,1
.._ ·:.
<.. )
') i"
tvro rea.son s for
high
for
tlJ.i s :
First. , there i s a t endency t o rat e
reasons .
employ e e morale
that the engineers in a total :po:pu.lation
over
the range ,
the
Second, there i s
:pos s ibiJ :i.ty ·
be rated equally
1muld
-,rLth s elective hiring (the condition
b ut
engine e r s
the
company
was in v1hen the s et of ratings was e st abl:!.shed ) , and followj_ng a
layoff ( again the s itlJ.s,t ion in the study com:pan:i" ) the lovrer rat ed
e.rnployees
"lvould.
�+
.L v
not b e pres ent in the labor force .
that. the :rat ings wel" e bia.sed b ecause of b oth factor s .
�rhe mean
r at ings
found to be ident i cal .
differ en c e
ind i c at e d
Ii�
T:;c�.:J.. d
in
'1\'P.s
ea.sy
un.i on for :';he
The
distribut i on
th ere
lJ e
of
no
to
the tw·o group s , uiLion and
dat a
by the Chi-Square
:pc·c.l'
and
J)if·Z'e:t' ence s are ,s J. i ght.
..
11s e_d. f.
b a s liS
c ·La r� s if.ic.at j�on S
r e ,"' e :L ve
a
offers .
blanket
fact or that
the
in
mxmb er was
- -...� -� ,
,I
l
J:10:1UJ1iOTl
d.et eT·r;; Lned
rat..i.ng
as r:es ig11 S:pec:i. EtJ.i si.:
160 ra_t in.� ..
tc
i s lleglj_gi1J1e .
enip1.oy·e;::_: s , tb.e
overall
and
I
their
class ,...
ir1
( J Rn )
the
tlwn reiil:tc ed 'b;)-r
er1gir.:. e e r s
ift c �J.:t t orl .�
support
�
Tl1i. s i s not t rue .,.
The tutu,}. :populat ion
e J_et s s i :f5_c :1t i.on::;
ot11er 8p e c :i a ltj_ e s
di stri1Yution
and caused on:Ly by natural varia··
1-Tt:cs
the
:Lt
::xco sec:U.un
1vere
'I'h e r e sult s
;..rould
:performers
nonunion �
s i gnif i c ant
t est ..
a:pprec i2J)le diff e r ence in
infer that
t< ecnrity
-v;rere t e sted for a
s e ems likely
effect b r0t ween union uhd
of'
l:1 a s e d 011 t-he d.i stribtlt 1 on of the r emain ing s aro;ple
..
ln
the
:.."' s..
t iilgs of
e11 ginee:c s
t ii�te tJ12 f.::-:.ig�trl ·�� (:.:I� b s�. ;3 'b e r�n. i:n tttG cJ_e. s s if.icr.kt i ol1 �
..
.
+ -.,.. c.
\Jl- 1 \....
1\l tfHJU.gb.
Gb.is i s
I
·····-�·-··�--..--·--·---�·---·-
----·------··-·----·---
-··-------�
�-�. -�---·�-��-·--·--�..--·-
l ength of
-------------
·
, -_____:_;.,..._,.,
.
-------------··---�·
PE RFO RfV;ANCE RAT i NG S OF U N I ON fv1EM BERS AND NON
MEM B E R S
-
i
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I
;
- r·
·
�y
1
·-
c�
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;-
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<
5
NON MErvffiERS
("g �30 j�,�
· ,,,,,
IY.
�.:1
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f'il
g
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1-:J
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.
146
C = .::: I
MElvffiERS
r-
!
t
!l
AVERAGE (POINTS)
! '!
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; j1
!• '1
r;-l
d !
1·
oO
n
n
l-··
�
71
C ""'-----��····-
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Bo
:____________,________________
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-�
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-
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Ul
90
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91
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_,
-
100
- -
-
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llO
---
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i
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I
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111
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l; I I!
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-A-L
. 120
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II
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121
130
---
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131
J.l+ o
�
Iti!;:�}�l\TT T ON HATI.NG POHITS
---
rl
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15 0
---
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141
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l I! t!
li l
.
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.
160
---
l
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-
170
- - -
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l 1 I
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,._LL.-,.!_
1:) 1
161
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l I
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lTL
18 0
---
_________
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0'\
not one of th e £'act or s c o.n s i de r c: d whe n the rat ing s are e st:=cb 1 i sh e d
i t (!_o e s influenc e a n engin e e r 1 s :�· at i D..g .
P..:ny engine e r may :progr e s s rapidly or
ifi c at ion and up the s c ale of r at ings
.
s luvrly through a c la s s -
The ·t op overall performer s
a.re t h e one s most l ikely t o advaJ1 c e rap i dly vrith in a cla s s i f i c at i on
and t o
r e c eive promot i ons .
As a chec};: on thi s effect the amount of t ime in c la s s ifi cation
for each eng:Ln e e r was obt a i n e d .
IV-2 .
T h e r e sult s a:re pr e s ent r:; d in figure
There 1va.s a s l gnifi cant gr oup o f h i gh t :ime · ln cla.s s if:L cat i on
engin e e r s .
obt aj_ned .
Since thi s
c ould b i a s the
be
])�6
th e i r r at i ng s were
The menib e r engine e r s 1-;:Lth 9 or mor e y e a r s in c la s s ifi-
ca.t i on 1-La-ve a.J'2 a.vcrage rat in.g of 152 .
the
T e sult s ,
2."'rerage s for
The 12 nonrnemb e r� s l1ave an
.
..
all meinb e ::. s arld. all D.On.me.mb er s
e
:J:h·J.S it
can
c on c lud e d tho.t. thi s group doe s not b ias the r e s ult s as pre s ent e d
i n i'igE].re IV·- l .
i s d.:l. sprov e n �
!L
___ -- -------------�----------------
I
--------�- -------�--�----�--J
25
U N I O f� I; N D NO N --U N I O N E N G I N EE R S B Y YEA R S I N
C LA S S I F I CAT I O N
125 -
--,
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I _ ·- -- -�·
- - � -·
..
I
I
I
L�·�-
.
'
-------------�-..
·
·-------.................---···-�-�------------·-----------
,
I
--·------------·------��-- -·J
CHAF'l'ER V
SECO�DliRY EFE�CTS
As pa:r·t of th i s
in
e�
s·urvey }
s e veral r e l a+� e cl engine ering
'Ih e s e inc llj_d.e t op i c s -vlhi ch
are
unicn
c ons id:-; �· e d
n sge t i,re lt.gtrt -:ny r�on :C 2IJI'e s ent e d e 11gineei" S 4_t1ot e cl ir1 other
suT�veys -<'
1
..
..J...
OlJ'f>Os i�tinxl
2
9� \.Il1iGTt �
I1ata. o.r1
t opic c
tJl1 e 3 �-::
a.r e
�L. l1Cllt0 ed in thi s ch.apt er u11d. c..,:r e
...
Cllgj_ r:s·er i;-lg 1111i on s b�r .21�gtneer s e.t eon:tpA.J1i e s witl1uut
t:: o
i s unl� e c e 3 s a.ry :- v.;ou:�d. cffer
ctnd migl1t e•ren b e l1a.rrnfttl «: [ B:{�p1· e s .s cd.
1):r 13l 211gin. e 2 r s ��n.d s c ient i st s ou.t of c� total of
It
110
[ n:r.:. e�1gi:a c e�c- 2 DlJ.i 011 ]
q,j_-{8.11tage ,
c.. , { .tl J
07'7
-,
J-o!·111 �Ri ege l , £2:�
ntuae:r i c a,l v-Teigl:tiJ
..
p.
VI ; fi.:t st thr e e 1t erns
-�5-�� : '
..
�
29
in
7.
30
3.
It l·rould r e du c e: pn.:•fe s s iona1 p r oduct ivity t=Lfld.
deve lopment .
g i YJ.e e r s and
:tvrr . Riegel ' s
lJ..YliOYl S ,
�vith
[ :Ex:pr 2 s s 2 d by 5 3 cut of 277
3 c i erlt i st s J
study indicat <'::: d
a
o
en­
opp o s it :!. on to er.gine e:dng
s t r or;.g
only mil1l support for them.
case
In the
studi ed here th e r e was n o strong ant i -uni on
feeling and the c omp ::my did not act ive ly t ake s ide s in c a..rrr_p r dgns
to get
eng i � e e r s t o j oi n t he union .
diff e r en c e c an b e
Thi s
att r i -
bu:t ed t o the r e lative a c c eptanc e of unions b y t h e c omJ;J E.ny ; 3 also
t o a differ en::2 in the t;ype of p er smmel
1v1r �
I� i e g e l 1 s
l:t e r e
t.l1·'?I"2
st-;uc1y i n c ltu1ed
I.J1.1
1fEl'e n o
D
1
1
by the tv;c studi e s .
D . 1 s out of a t otal
Ph .
A.
c overed.
s
or M.
s a:n.d or1ly
.
S. 1 s.
4
In
of'
the
277 engi -
case
stud i e
48 01.1t of 4-60 er:t,g:Ln. e e r s and
s c i eLt i s1:, s he,d :-· degr e e s ( i:u c luding 2 b achelor ' s and a b achelor ' s
,,
t)-
xnc.t i on p�c e .s �-::Il t e d j_n Ct.i.:�Jr�t e r s J I e�11.G. II I .
o f' t}:e �;.dvant.�'tr� s s
e e...n.
:·•_.�.--·_.:
�z..:.r�e et to
aTtS v-ter
.. _
!1.:3
....
s� n
•0'l!.es� :n s e r Sll.:ppo:rt ing
l"' e c. ;:: :l·\r·::. '!.
Tl.l i s
i s the b e s t
:lrult.c c..t i o
e n employe e -- or i ent ed.
u..:.1 ion
p::· e s en tJ:: d. i n CJ::; &�rt e r �1�,--, o:,.-. qv a,J_it;.; of an en.s:tr�e e r
dat ::1
__
_ :.1bov·e c
c;[.i ,j e c t i orlE e:K:"JI'f:� 2 s ��cl in °
'bs:::: k.ur
to
J..
,.,.
__
'c!.1e dr;,ta p c e s ent e.i i n Cher+ er IV
f ii.;ttn ; "\T.- l j_n1li.c at e 0; t h e level
1-\s r1ot ed. in C�J}_lpt e:r I\,l h igJ-·�r�l'"
Clr:t�c}� Ke:rr
_
of
engi'l::, r� (��-.:·e:r·ed.
cJ. . e.. s s .i. f i c c�..t i orl s
e ..1.c1_ Gc:: o:r·��c: 1Ic;,lvr::.. z· s c n ,
0'"
:pr:>r·fnrrD"'··y· "'
\·<it::··
thc;n ,
f.i.,2
8..
oy- -th s
r e ce:��·'-re 1-J la.Lket
Th.e: s e c l a s s -
Ca;)_ S f2 ::i of In.d..1t2-;� ini al. Pcaee
}_ e �:1cler i:.:1 ac(� ?..::-ftt il1[; 1Jr1J..on.s a.-nd d,eaJ..ir1g
·
�;.��¥�i�i�&;��fit��{�*���¥t���f�:��:��6�.
R:ic-;r;eJ. clor:: s n ot ·J-c (� [3 E? n t t!J.e h a.cl:grc•)_r;.d (��J?�ta,
on. b.i s e;_� giJ.i eer s ;
_
110"�Atc�·re .!_'l :; ·.ce:.:�i 21sr.:j !l t s d.td�2, --,-�-,'3� H obt �J::1ed f -�:· orn tt e s cGc.e l;,g_, sic
d.t::�t a D..Jl\3_ t��� rlt�e �:. 1-:·l' 0 S t:_: :nt tb.e IJOJ.J"ill.a t i OI1 1).:;v:}(£_;round
_
. •
I
I
� �-t�l:��-�'-' 1
¥�Z-�r:�i�:�;�i�±i.�Pi;:i?:H·�;,��¥�����;n;�I§�;�:-�u:a���f: ·: �i�-��:�,��·:�t�;���3
Si.fbj e.ct corn.:pEt11'3t
1
'I'
----·
31
all of s a lary grade t en engin e e r s and s c i e nt i st s
:c epr e s t.:nted c las s i:::' i c at i on s
.
in s alary grade 11:;.. ne .
)
'J.'he relat i cn.s h ip shOi<:"'Il in figur e V - l b etween i n c r e a s i11g
s alary grade ;::: nd memb e r ship i s not
)
in agr e ement w ith the vi ev,r
exp r e s s ed in 1vaJton that uni on i z at i on wou ld cut
forc e as a s our c e of future manager s .
A
off t b e en gine er:i ng
cont r adict i on occur B b e -
c au s e a s an s�,gi n e e r a:pproach s managment h e i s l e s s inclined t o
j oin the union .
not
a1i c:: nat ed from
ma n a g eme nt
1\\
and do ,
in fact , b e e: o;ne
,.
supervi s o r s . 0
Fi gure V.-lb and V-· l c ar· e tvro ways of p r e s enting the dat a en
memb e r 8hi�9 and s alary gi· ade .
one
a:t the c ompany union memb e r s are
Addi t i onally ,
s e.la.ry grade vaT i e s
as
S inc e the nmnl1 er of engine e r s in any
the c l a s s ifi cat ions vary ,
in a c 1a s s if i. ca.t i on 9.l s o ·var i e s ,
son for tb e pn:cpo �; e of thi s
....
and. the numb er
f i gt,_re \l lb i s ·the b et t e r c on1pa.r i -
study .
Figure V - 1 c i s j nc luded h. e c au s e
the p r e s en t at i on format i s compat ibl e with t h e fis,J.r e s sb own in
otl1eT· cb.e..pt
. er s ..
us E;d in thi s stuc:t;ywas n e c e s s ary
w:L3
reduced_ , anc� "chat it ciid :not s.pp r e c iably
for s e veral
r e asons .
s or:n1el r c c or d.s Y.78.s g.rc:rnt e d for or1l:\r
la.:cgest one. ) . As r1ot.ecl
lJ efor e ,
r;r;.e
7
orec;:..ni 1.::. 1.�-t, ��- cnal u:nit '
(the
fllr·C.he:r T E.ducti. o11 s v;e:r e made by
e.lirnir1B.t i11g s1.; e c i a l.i s t s arid other gro11p s r e c e i·ving s in.gJ..e · \,r .g_ .lu_e
f,
$
'[ .
.
P.. Slt};H;rv:L s iori ? E.: 1c ct.: �. or1 rr�eet. j_l1g ob s e r·v- e d. O.u.:r iog t�h i s st·nd:y r e ­
su.lt ;s<l i n a, high union offi c er· bei!1g s elect e d fci' supervi s i on .
CrJi1:tl-r,ent s at the z ��leet i o11 L·teet i r1g l.rJ"ei' e t o tl.�e effe ct.� tJ1at nHe ' 8
0 � K,. foi· su.!)er--v·i s -l_oJ::t -- 1�1e 1'1s.s r1ot l et u:ni o:n a.ct i vi.t :L e s ir1t e1"fere
11
vr:Ltb. h i s VTOl"k .,
Orge. n i z e..t
. i cn1t},l u:nit s ar e •:ie:fin ed_ iil ""�.:.11 e 1.1nion. ! s (.. .-J-�--.-�_.·_-�.L �_, ac.+.... . T"l ,_·l.,·-�..:y·
ar e ·:.:ts ed at tb.e -'c i.mt'3 of a la.y·off i!l dct erminj_l1g nb""C.mping" rigl1t s 5.1!
:I:l\.:_mr -Lng of re'!.' i'o '"":L nel O C 1:!1.1.r :3 beb·men orge..nL-:a:U.o:n al �.mit s only
� ---������������ )m�l;�����,:�t���n ��::' p�::t�-:
I
(
,l
J
32
MEM BE R S H I P B Y SALA RY G RADE
12 5
r�
NON MEMBERS r_:_:-_:-_,J
r1EMBERS 1
100 -
I
:_:::::J
I
I
E-i
0
:;q
25 -
,l
I
I
I
!l
11
'
l
l
r
r
!' I
.l� .r.:�- ! D_JJlLJL� i L_JJJ·-··-�----fl
I
__
I I
I I
-
�
'
1
___
2
3
r·
I
II
+
I
I
5
SAT,ARY G:RADES
,
.
-
o
'T
u
10
r et ent i on r at i ng s ,
p e r s orme l ;,..rho had b e en pr omot e d s in c e th e
t ent :i. on :rating s we r e
e s t ab l i sh e d ,
and no12:prof e s s i onal s ,
dr aft smen and data r e du c�t i on p e r s onn. e l ,
I
-----��--L.�---�-----�-------�----·--·�
:r e -
such a s
I Y Gffi t h e p opulat i on .
CHA.F''I'ER VI
CONCLUS IONS AND LES S ONS
The purp o s e of th i s study i s t o provide an in- de:pth analy s i s
of a n employe e - or i ent ed engine e r s union and the chal'acteri st i c s
Thi s etl.:tcly f cUTi.ci -t.J.J.e t , c orrt ra.Y:Y t o fir8t i.nrore s s ioJlS Etr.td.
...
The s e are
l e s .:::, Ol1 S e;.s n 'b e drawn
by 1)otb
e ncl
c :Y.'·L� i tment will
stud.y
..
f:c'or:l th i s
lead � o i�crea s ed
1\l s o , tl1c l:.t.rrion.s fac e
t ask s i 11ce
�:ng ine e r s
to j oin .
,
·t-� -·-· -- ---· ---���-�1�ge:�err��--�=-�:.1 ot.h:�.:.�:Tc'.1
J
gr oup .
e
35
cac1
J.� QT:-�::
...
!1
I
��oe-�-�:��--:�.:�-���- J
prof e s s ione li 3rD., C01J_l d_ :r e s111t in. a 1a:cg�r xnernb e�c s:h ip arn.o11g tl1 i s
...
I
36
f e ar thi s typ e of union .
Tradit i onal management fears dir e ct e d
t ovrard uni ons have not b e en b orne cut b y exper i en c e .
Performance
is not imp e ded by the union and t he bas i c profe s s i onal charact e r i s ­
t i c s o f the engine er ar e not subordinat e d t o p o s s i.ble unioni stic
chara.�t e r i s t i c s .
Both
union and c ompany have worked well t oge ther in achi ev ing
their l' e s:p e ct ive goal s .
Thi s harmony may b r eak clo".m in the futur e
as the cm i on fac e s the diffi cult t ask of maint aining memb e r sh ip in
the ra:pic1ly changing work f o r c e .
37
Figllre I I - 1
Year
Bi rth
of
0-0 5
06 -10
55 -59
50 ·· 5 '+
45-4 9
4o�-41t
3 5 -39
3 0 -34
2 5-29
21-25
26 --30
31-35
36 - 40
ln-- 45
u.
3
8
13
18
64
169
1.
r-. ':;)
C.J
28
33
28
i.t J
SllM
27
2'7
"'1 '·�I
..L.L
17
�5)-L
6c
31
22
11
2
29
1+8
20
20--24
2
u.
5
7
60-65
11-15
16 - 20
J.
Non­
Memb e r s
Age
215
I .
2�
,
�._]_
'+)+3
2873
5832
::'�?1
3f-�li.
6 90
iJ..li-8
':) ?)•
._) .._ -r
529
78 4
1039
1444
184;9
33
�?.16
315
� /(2
:uso
£\68
l_.,_• /
r;
9
::_)C3'TO
3 2 1i+4
3 1581
69312
99
1782
L,�:;6 3
l71t-96
31740
e •r-tC
( C::O
;::4 .301+
23958
1588113698
�-18
36
c_}.§.Q�2
1950b5
i;2_ii�7:5
20 . 61
Avg . age
A�
..L
-·
65
-
23
37
P
..�
c.
-
65
...
20
··-
l� 5
38
Figure II-1
c ont .
=
=
8 . 73
·-�
�
. ·
--------=...--..-
L 940
( t1vo-t ai l e d
t e st )
I
.
I
. --�--··-·---·---·-···---··----·--··--··-··"-J
39
Figure II - 2
1.
1
3
60-6 5
OJ. -0 5
06--10
5 5 - 59
50- 54
j+ 5 -�-9
11-15
16 - 20
21-25
26 - 3 0
,
i+l -45
lj.
6
L
3 5 ·- 39
30-3 )-�
16
18
ll
20 -- 24
2C,
25·· 29
36- 4c
0
3
7
8
Lt
l�0 -4-4
'.(
" ")
_,.L- j
_,
Members
Non­
Memb e r s
Age
Year of
Birth
7
7
')
'-
T e st for difference in proport i ons
n_
X.� + X?
(Member s ) X1
x
2
.L
J_
0 1··· 05
06 -- 10
3
4
6
ll··l5
16-20
21-25
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C:... , .}
i.J.8
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n,
c.
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90
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---------·..·--·-..·--------�--·----·-------- " ------�
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" c)()Z!o
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--·-·
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8
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------�------------·---- ·-------------------·-------�---·-------
40
Fig·ox e II-3
S eniority
Ye&�r
Non­
·
Memb e r s
30-· 3 5
3 6-l.�o
4 1 ..1+ 5
1+6 ·- 50
51-- 5 5
1
7
7
11
27
49
-�-13
215
56-60
61-65
J.
H
v .
32
G. {
0"
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12
7
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c...
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TT
2
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28 9
144
49
4
Memb er s
U. f .
l 1.
TT
32
15)+
18 7
3 24
'JJ+ 55'
..p
\...1 _,.� -- .j�
1
189
3 43
226
1
20
10
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81
47
43
1024
5103
3388
3 179
3 882
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972
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86
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1+ 5 2
19··!-3 5
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2910
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r-, _...,. )
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l02i+
l)+5B O
)+840
121;.27
11661+
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f.
u .
=
L
11 . 3'77
l l P'7 7
·6 767' �
,..._ ,. ...,._,.. ....:, ;c.!....- :. _..... �
..:::_;_! ;'.:!�(«.«P....,>""'-___..,....,.,.
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,,,._ ,___._,__.,..,..T0 ..•.--�0•.;;;<�--..--�----.----
·�:"-846TI160
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5 �/T�I;?78
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..�--· ··-
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- --�----------
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41
Figure
II-3
cont .
P
(l ?:
I
IL
..�--�----- -----------------
L
..
58 )
==
. 1142
( two-t ailed_ t est )
Figur e I I - l+
Year s a-ft er Joining
the Cornr;any
0-l
2 -3
Menib ers
5
'
17
0
·1
·
l+ - 5
6- 7
8 -9
s
8
6
'7
J.0-11
>' ll
,·
'
( +12 )
43
Figure
Year s
of
Non­
Educ at i on
1
4
.5
6
u.
U.
l
l
5
30
78
68
585
36
198
li.�-
49
978
215
,;.�---�-
::::
. 798
17
44
44
31
96
13
5
15
2
3
5
6
7
Memb e r s
Memb e r s
0
1
4
9
16
25
III -2
2�
I .
5
26
17
117
33
2
215
]_ l
60
0 -. 1 ,
c.. .)'+
�27 2
2925
1188
98
17/C32
-:; r:; t=
.J . / ..) Years
=
Educ .
rr
17
176
3 96
)+ 96
2400
88
, �?
-'-J ·-
124
l.J-80
78
1.�68
-�h9
·x
. 2
-�
21�
245
=
3 . 75I
'
.,._,-.r�,"<--·-·--_.__-VrM",• --__.-..,_,.,__.,...,....,..,._
:::::
, 7 93
--·-�-
Fi gure III -2
u.
f' .
1
4
10
16
12
45
13
2
9
16
25
36
49
-
i+J 7
i.o2
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;.:::-
...-�""'""'"'"'�""----""-"�<.-
l
u.
1
3
2
4
5
6
7
1
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u. 2f .
U. f .
f.
2
u. f .
4
40
1 l+)+
192
1125
lt6 8
98
20'71
4
20
1+8
1+8
225
78
13
42
38
23
77
9
13
16 8
3 i..� 2
36 8
192 5
324
13
84
111t
92
38 5
437
202
3D+o
742
1
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2
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==
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202
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+
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2
( 202 ) ( 20 1 )
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Fi gure IV·- l
Ret ent i on
F.0.t ing
Non­
Hemb e r s
6 0 - 70
71 -80
2
6.
46'
6
8:L ·- 9 0
9 1 - 100
101 - 110
l.JJ.-- 120
121-13 0
13 1- 1�!-0
11+1- 150
1 5 1 - 160
]_6 1- 170
l?J.- 180
Ui
1
2
9
10
11
12
Uif i
2
12
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30
156
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2'-�0
374
3 60
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5
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2
8
10
24
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26
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3 1,
4- 5 .
38
33
24
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30
Uifi.�
5
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1
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0
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144
70
360
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7 , i.;.8
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33 . 19
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30
37
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1 � 24. 81
. 19
��
" ... · ./
t..'l.
A
2 ( n ·-I \1
�
. 27
2 � 1.9
6 , 92
5 . 06
20 . L13
. OJ+
1 . )4
. 66
. 30
ef
lO fl 6 5
3 . 52
26 . 63
12 . 2 5
2�o . J+(-1
37 .. 8 1
28 . 76
37 . 81
33 - 55
A
f -�
-'-·"' \ J J. ..-...
i�. )
'•
. st
S q)
.. ..... ""i'
!
u.
l
1-2
3 -4
5
6
7
8
9
10
ll
12
2
,6. ( n-f )
2 . 13
. 42
2 . 19
6 . 92
5 . 06
20 . 43
. 04
1 54
.
. 66
. 30
Ll
e
2
l
. 036
. 0 1+5
. 293
. 296
. 471
. 5'7 5
. 001
. 061
. 020
. 010
L\ 2
e
2
. 032
.039
2 57
. 260
. 413
50 5
.
.
•
''
Otv" .L
. 051�
. 017
. 009
Figur e IV- 2
Year s
NonMemb e r s
Ret ent i on
Rat ings
0-2
130
101
3 -4
44
56
5- 6
16
38
7,-8
9-10
13
5
11�12
4-
13 - 14
1
15 -·16
0
17 -18
2
19-20
0
> -20
(\
v
Ret ent ion
Rat ings
Memb e r s
14
112
9
1 :5 0 ' 180 , 166 , 150
9
120 , 180 , 17 4 , 130 ,
150
120 , 120
1L�2 , 1 50 , 180 , 150 ,
130 , 166 ' 172 ) 166
. o 166 , 150 , l h S
1 66 ; ..L t::
. ' �
'.J '
1 5 0 , 128 , 180 , 160
'7
l
180 , 1 80 , 145 > 150 ,
150 , 1.34
4
1 "J
·-...) r '
.3
0
2
1 11- 0
)_,
160 , 180 , 130
180 , 160 ,
6o
J. 6o , 100
..
Figure V-1
V-la
Sa:l.ary
Grade
....,.
1
2
3
1�
5
,...
0
7
B
10
Hourly
'1
.L
-
"'J
'-
3
).;,5
,...
0
7
8
NonMemb ers
68
21
63
132
37
79
267
19 3
149
98
19
6
18
?7
20
15
107
3
lVIemb e r s
26
10
55
1 26
43
167
2 90
128
47
102
\r..- l"!J ;::,. nd. l.c
(
'
l
13
48
23
3 0,...
117
0
Memb er ship
Tot al
%
94
31
118
258
80
2J+6
5 57
321
196
200
(:.
_v
2
'7
31
7 ,.1
0::
4 -�
51
22 ll,J
3
.28
32
li-'7
)+9
54
6d
52
L�o
2)+
51
27
14
l· ')
t- .•
64
<:; 'J
,>.)
71
:5 2
0
S OURCES CONSULTED
lL� e r n ,
Eile e n , Collect ive Bargaining in the
Ame r i can Mana,gement -Associat"ion;·�l§4g:-"
The
Confl ict Bet1ve en the
p . l ff .
Min d , 11 'rhe Ptlb l i c
"
p.
n
Engin e e r s
246
·h'l:tB.t
ff .
1
S ci ent ific
Op inion Index for
Uni on Fi ght s
clu_:::_t r__� , ( S eptemb er 1959 ) ,
Freund,
Indust ry,
John
�---��·
1950 .. ---
Stat i st i c s ,
E. ,
( Jmle 1956 ) ,
and Frank <T. Hi lJ.iams ,
Engl e1Joocl
��!J e
:p . l f f .
i s Troub ling Industry Engin e er s , 11
Indc:.' x for
Ne1v York :
Mind and the Management
In
Lif e , 11 Fortun� ,
for
Off i c e ,
.
Vol .
IJXI ,
( Ma,y 1960 ) ,
Pu:E.�J:.�- OpiEJ.i�
Cliff s � Ne �v Jer s e�r·:-Pr7entice-l{a\l , In c . ,
G oJ.c.ler:t , Clint on , and Vi r g i n i a Pa.rker }
:Ne,; YcTk :
Harpel' , 195 5 .
Modern Bus in 8 s s
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dus t .r i E;.l He.lat i on s ,
tTr " , Ijou.�_ s
Univel' s ity
1-'f
Michig[4,n. ,
195 9 .
fi-:. , n A ��·t1.1d.y o f Bn.g ir1e:e1... s. ' 1Jnj_ ,�IYJ S t\:il.d. 'J.:J..! e l:r
DB�i\ , 1 Jlli"",f2:'E <it.y of VJa. sl1::..x:f;t c.r..-1 , plt1)J:� sl:teci :�rl
D j_ s s ertat ion Ar:; st r ac t s , ··vol . XXIT � No , 5 , ( Noveml)er l96J. ) ,
A.ec onlplJ. sln::u:: ll.� s , "
Sl1u st. e :r
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Dilcirta fol.,
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