viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CONTENT
PAGE NUMBER
DECLARATION
ii
ACCEPTANCE
iii
DEDICATION
iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
v
ABSTRACT
vi
ABSTRAK
vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
viii-xi
LIST OF TABLES
xii-xiii
LIST OF FIGURES
xiv
LIST OF APPENDIXES
xv
CHAPTER
I
PAGE NUMBER
INTRODUCTION
1
1.0 Introduction
1
1.1 Entrepreneurs & Information Technology
Technopreneurs
3
1.2 Statement of Problem
9
1.3 Objectives of Study
10
1.4 Theoretical Framework
11
1.5 Hypothesis of this Study
14
1.6 Scope of Study
15
1.7 Significance of Study
16
1.8 Definition of Terms
18
1.9 Chapter Summary
21
ix
II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
23
2.0 Introduction
23
2.1 Malaysian Inter-Cultural Society
28
2.2 Common Cultural Values of Malaysian
30
2.3 Shapero’s Model of Entrepreneurial Event
35
2.4 Research Model and Hypothesis
37
2.4.1
Perceived Desirability and
Entrepreneurial Intentions
2.4.2
Breadth and Positiveness of Past Entrepreneurial
Experiences
2.4.3
2.4.4
III
38
40
Propensity for Proactive Behaviour
and Entrepreneurial Intentions
41
Race (Ethnic Group)
44
2.5 Chapter Summary
44
METHODOLOGY
46
3.0 Introduction
46
3.1 Design and Reliability of Questionnaire
47
3.2 Respondents
48
3.3 Procedures
49
3.4 Measurement of Instruments
50
3.4.1
Entrepreneurial Intentions
50
3.4.2
Perceived Desirability
50
3.4.3
Breadth and Positiveness of Past
x
IV
Entrepreneurial Experience
51
3.4.4
Propensity for Proactive Behavior
52
3.4.5
Demographic Data
53
3.6 Chapter Summary
54
DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS
55
4.0 Introduction
55
4.1 Descriptive Survey
(i) Background of Respondents
57
(ii) Subject Descriptive Analysis
62
(iii) Level Analysis
67
4.2 Inferential Analysis
(i) Correlation
69
Hypothesis 1
70
Hypothesis 2
71
Hypothesis 3
72
(i) Comparison
Hypothesis 4
73
Hypothesis 5
65
Hypothesis 6
75
4.3 Chapter Summary
V
77
DISCUSSION
5.0 Introduction
79
5.1 Hypothesized Relationships-Hypothesis 1
79
xi
5.2 Hypothesized Relationships-Hypothesis 2
81
5.3 Hypothesized Relationships-Hypothesis 3
81
5.4 Hypothesized Relationships-Hypothesis 4
84
5.5 Hypothesized Relationships-Hypothesis 5
85
5.6 Hypothesized Relationships-Hypothesis 6
85
5.7 Implications of the Study
86
5.8 Theoretical Implications
87
5.9 Practical Implications
89
5.10 Limitations of the Study
91
5.11 Direction for Future Research
92
5.12 Chapter Summary
95
REFERENCES
97
APPENDIX A -Cover Letter
101
APPENDIX B -Questionnaire
102
xii
LIST OF TABLES
Table No.
Title
Page No.
2.1
List of Malaysian Ethnic Values
29
2.2
Common Value Orientations at Inter-Cultural Levels
33
3.1
Reliability Test Results Analysis
48
4.1
Respondents by Location
57
4.2
Respondents by Gender (Sex)
58
4.3
Respondents by Race
59
4.4
Respondents by Age Group
60
4.5
Respondents by Level of Education
61
4.6
The Number and Percentage of Respondents Answered every
Item in Section 1 –Propensity for Proactive Behaviour
4.7
The Number and Percentage of Respondents Answered every
Item in Section 2-Perceived Desirability
4.8a
62
64
The Numbers and Percentage of Respondents Answered every
Item in Section 3- Breadth and Positiveness of Past Entrepreneurial
Experience
4.8b
65
The Number and Percentage of Respondents Answered every
Item in Section 3- Breadth and Positiveness of Past Entrepreneurial
Experience (Degree of Positiveness)
4.9
66
The Number and Percentage of Respondents Answered in Section 4Percentage of Entrepreneurial Intention
67
xiii
4.10
Level Analysis of Respondents’ Perception towards Propensity for Proactive
Behaviour
4.11
Level Analysis of Respondents’ Perception towards
Perceived Desirability
4.12
73
LSD test Analysis for comparison of respondents’ perception towards
Perceived Desirability related to Race
4.18
72
Mean Score Analysis and One-Way ANOVA as a comparison of
respondents’ perception towards Perceived Desirability related to Race
4.17
71
Correlation Analysis between Propensity for Proactive Behaviour
and Entrepreneurial Intentions
4.16
70
Correlation Analysis between Breadth and Positiveness of Past
Entrepreneurial Experience towards Perceived Desirability
4.15
69
Correlation Analysis between Perceived Desirability and Entrepreneurial
Intentions
4.14
68
Level Analysis of Respondents’ Perception towards Positiveness of
Past Entrepreneurial Experience
4.13
68
74
Mean Score Analysis and One-Way ANOVA as a comparison of
respondents’ perception towards Breadth and Positiveness of Past
Entrepreneurial Experience related to Race
4.19
75
Mean Score Analysis and One-Way ANOVA as a comparison of
respondents’ perception towards Propensity for Proactive Behaviour related
to Race
5.1
5.2
76
Summary for comparison of respondents’ perception towards Perceived
Desirability related to Race
84
Summary of Hypotheses Tested
86
xiv
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.1
Shapero’s (1982) Model of Entrepreneurial Event as a Theoretical
Framework for this study
Figure 1.2
11
Combination of Shapero’s (1982) Model of Entrepreneurial Event and
Race (Ethnic Group) Path Hypothesis
12
Figure 2.1
A Model of Culture and Ethical Behaviors Among Entrepreneurs 24
Figure 2.2
Shapero’s (1982) Model of Entrepreneurial Event and Race (Ethnic
Group)
27
Figure 2.3
Relating the Malaysian Inter Cultural Society
33
Figure 2.4
Shapero’s (1982) Model of the Entrepreneurial Event and Race
(Ethnic Group) Path Hypothesis
39
Figure 4.1
Pie Chart represents Respondents by Location
57
Figure 4.2
Pie Chart represents Respondents by Gender (Sex)
58
Figure 4.3
Pie Chart represents Respondents by Race
59
Figure 4.4
Bar Chart represents Respondents by Age Group
60
Figure 4.5
Bar Chart represents Respondents by Level of Education
61
Figure 5.1
Shapero’s(1982) Model of Entrepreneurial Event with Hypothesis
And Correlation Magnitude for Hypothesis 1 through 3
Figure 5.2
80
Shapero’s(1982) Model of Entrepreneurial Event with ‘f’ value based
on ANOVA for Hypothesis 4 through 6
83
xv
LIST OF APPENDIXES
Cover Letter sent to Respondents
APPENDIX A
IT Technopreneurial Questionnaire
APPENDIX B