xii
TABLE OF CO TE TS
CHAPTER
1
TITLE
PAGE
TITLE
i
DECLARATIO
ii
DEDICATIO
iii
ACK OWLEDGEME T
iv
ABSTRACT
v
ABSTRAK
vi
TABLE OF CO TE TS
vii
LIST OF TABLES
xi
LIST OF FIGURES
xiii
LIST OF APPE DICES
xv
I TRODUCTIO
1
1.1
Introduction
1
1.2
Issues
4
1.3
Research Questions
5
1.4
Objectives of the Study
6
1.5
Significance of the Study
6
1.6
Chapter Outline
7
viii
2
LITERATURE REVIEW
8
2.1
Introduction
8
2.2
Definition of Recreation and Leisure
10
2.3
Benefits and Costs of the Urban Forest
12
2.3.1
Physical and Biological Environment
13
2.3.2
Social and Aesthetic Dimension
17
2.4
Factors Affecting Visitation to Urban Forest
17
2.5
Methods of Valuing the Environment
19
2.5.1
Public and Private Goods
21
2.5.2
Consumer Surplus
22
2.5.3
Travel Cost Method
25
2.6
3
28
METHODOLOGY
30
3.1
Background of Study
30
3.2
Study Areas
31
3.2.1 MBJB Urban Forest
31
3.2.2
MPJBT Urban Forest
38
3.3
Survey Design and Implementation
43
3.4
Data Analysis
45
3.4.1
46
3.5
4
Conclusion
Model
Conclusion
47
RESULTS A D DISCUSSIO S
48
4.1
Introduction
48
4.2
Socio-Economic Characteristics
49
4.2.1
Level of Education
49
4.2.2
Current Work Status
51
4.3
Group Trip Pattern
52
4.3.1
Age of Respondent
52
4.3.2
Gender of Respondent
53
ix
4.3.3
Mode of Transportation
54
4.3.4
Total Distance (two-way)
56
4.3.5
Time of Visiting
57
4.3.6
Day of Visiting
58
4.3.7
Company of the Respondent
59
4.3.8
Time Spent in the Site
60
4.3.9
Annual Visits to Urban Forest
62
4.3.10 Alternative Site
64
4.3.11 Travel Expenditure
65
4.3.12 Total Monthly Household Income of
Respondent
4.4
4.5
5
66
4.3.13 Main Attraction of Urban Forest
67
4.3.14 Factors Affecting Choice of Site
70
4.3.15 Satisfactory Level of the Respondent
72
MPJBT Urban Forest
75
4.4.1
Socio-Economic Characteristics
75
4.4.2
Correlations between the Factors Affecting
Annual Visits to Urban Forest
76
4.4.3
Multiple Linear Regressions
78
4.4.4
Consumer Surplus
80
MBJB Urban Forest
81
4.5.1
Socio-Economic Characteristics
81
4.5.2
Correlations between the Factors Affecting
Annual Visits to Urban Forest
83
4.5.3
Multiple Linear Regressions
85
4.5.4
Consumer Surplus
87
4.6
Limitations of the Results
88
4.7
Conclusion
92
CO CLUSIO S
93
5.1
93
Introduction
x
5.2
Summary of Findings
94
5.3
Limitations of the Study
95
5.4
Suggestions and Recommendations
97
5.5
Conclusion
98
REFERE CES
99
Appendices A – F
101 – 108
xi
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE O.
TITLE
PAGE
2.1
Benefits and uses of urban forests and trees
13
3.1
Facilities in the camping site
35
4.1
Main attraction of urban forest
69
4.2
Factors affecting choice of site
72
4.3
Satisfactory level of respondent in MPJBT Urban
Forest
4.4
73
Satisfactory level of respondent in MBJB Urban
Forest
74
4.5
Socio-economic characteristics
76
4.6
Correlations between the factors affecting annual
4.7
visits to urban forest
77
Multiple linear regressions
78
xii
4.8
Socio-economic characteristics
4.9
Correlations between the factors affecting annual
4.10
82
visits to urban forest
83
Multiple linear regressions
85
xiii
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE O.
TITLE
PAGE
2.1
Classification of demand curve approaches
20
2.2
Willingness to pay
24
3.1
Location of MBJB Urban Forest in Johor Bahru
33
3.2
Lake in MBJB Urban Forest
34
3.3
Swimming pool for children
36
3.4
Playground for children
36
3.5
Reflexology path
37
3.6
Location of MPJBT Urban Forest in Johor Bahru
39
3.7
Location of MPJBT Urban Forest in Mutiara Rini
40
3.8
Exercise equipments
41
3.9
Jogging tracks
41
xiv
3.10
Playground for children
42
4.1
Level of education
50
4.2
Current work status
51
4.3
Age of respondent
53
4.4
Gender of respondent
54
4.5
Mode of transportation
55
4.6
Total distance (two-way)
56
4.7
Time of visiting
58
4.8
Day of visiting
59
4.9
Company of the respondent
60
4.10
Time spent in the site
61
4.11
Annual visits to urban forest
63
4.12
Alternative site
64
4.13
Travel expenditure
66
4.14
Total monthly household income of respondent
67
xv
LIST OF APPE DICES
APPE DIX
TITLE
PAGE
A
Questionnaire in English version
101
B
Questionnaire in Malay version
103
C
Cross tabulation between the time spent in the site and
105
the total distance (two-way) from their residential area
to MPJBT Urban Forest
D
Cross tabulation between the time spent in the site and
106
the total distance (two-way) from their residential area
to MBJB Urban Forest
E
Cross tabulation between total distance for two-way and
107
the annual visits by visitors to the MPJBT Urban Forest
F
Cross tabulation between total distance for two-way and
the annual visits by visitors to the MBJB Urban Forest
108