ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TIT LE
PAGE
DECLARATION
ii
DEDICATION
iii
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
iv
ABSTRACT
v
ABSTRAK
vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ix
LIST OFTABLES
xiii
LIST OF FIGURES
xiv
CHAPTER1
INTRODUCTION
1
1.1 Background
1
1.2 Problem Statement
3
1.3 Aim and Objective
5
1.4 Research Questions
6
1.5 Significance of the study
6
1.6 Scope and Limitations of the Study
7
1.7 Methodology
8
1.7.1 Literature Review
8
1.7.2 Observation Analysis
8
1.8 Research Structure
9
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
11
2.1 Pedestrian as road users
11
2.2 Different basic conditions- different problems and needs
12
x
2.2.1 Age
12
2.2.2 Impaired mobility
13
2.2.3 Impaired vision
14
2.2.4 Impaired hearing
15
2.2.5 Allergy sufferers
15
2.2.6 Mentally retarded
15
2.2.7 Use of equipment
16
2.2.8 Occupation of hands
17
2.2.9 Group size
17
2.3 Traffic safety principles
17
2.3.1 Road network functionality
18
2.3.2 Recognisability and predictability
18
2.3.3 Traffic homogeneity
18
2.3.4 Driving task simplification
19
2.3.5 Error forgivingness
19
2.4 The speeds impact on the safety
20
2.5 Physical road infrastructure measure for speed reduction
21
2.5.1 Vertical speed reducing measures
21
2.5.2 Horizontal speed reducing measures
24
2.5.3 Other physical safety measures
26
2.5.4 Optical safety measures
28
2.5.5 Regulatory measures
30
2.5.6 Area-wide measures
31
2.6 Moving patterns of pedestrians
32
2.7 Environment of pedestrians
38
2.7.1 Regulatory environment
38
2.7.2 Physical environment
43
2.8 Safety
46
2.8.1 Accident patterns
46
2.8.2 Accident factors
49
CHAPTER 3
Pedestrianisation of Pasir Gudang City Center
54
3.1 Pedestrianisation
55
3.2 History of "Pedestrianisation"
56
xi
3.3 Kinds of pedestrianisation
57
3.4 The new concept of urban Centre
58
3.5 Traffic Calming
58
3.6 Traffic calming measures
61
CHAPTER 4
METHODOLOGY
62
4.1 Ocular inspection
63
4.2 Flow of pedestrians
63
4.3 Flow of cars
63
4.4 Queue length
64
4.5 Time to cross the unprotected pedestrian crossing
64
4.6 Interviews
64
4.7 Behavioral studies
65
4.8 Part II: Case Study (Pasir Gudang City Centre)
65
4.8.1 Analysis of pedestrian situation
70
4.8.1.1 Pasir Gudang
70
4.8.1.2 Pedestrian accident in Malaysia
71
4.8.1.3 The studied streets
71
4.8.1.4 Target points
72
4.8.1.5 Basic condition
73
CHAPTER 5
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
79
5.1 Ocular inspections
79
5.1.1Signal controlled pedestrian crossing
81
5.1.2 Unprotected pedestrian crossing
82
5.3 Flow of cars
87
5.4 Queue Length
88
5.5 Time to cross the unprotected pedestrian crossing
88
5.6 Interviews
89
5.7 Behavioral studies
95
5.7.1 Interaction between pedestrians and vehicles at the unprotected pedestrian crossing 95
5.7.2 Pedestrian route choice
96
xii
5.8 Summary of the results
96
5.8.1 Signal controlled pedestrian crossing
96
5.8.2 Unprotected pedestrian crossing
97
5.8.3 From problem to action
97
CHAPTER 6
RECOMMENDATIONS
100
6.1 Designing for Pedestrians
100
6.1.1 Pedestrian Crossing Locations
100
6.1.2 Mid-Block Crossings
101
6.1.3 Crossing Design
102
6.1.4 Signalized Crossings
102
6.1.5 Pedestrian Refuges
102
6.1.6 Curb Height
103
6.1.7 Slopes & Grade
103
6.1.8 Curb Ramps
104
6.2 Traffic Calming Measures
105
6.2.1 Traffic Calming Principles
106
6.2.2 Traffic Calming Approaches
107
CHAPTER 7
CONCLUSION
114
BIBLIOGRAPHY
119
APPENDIX 1-2
124-126
xiii
LIST OF TABLE
TABLE NO
TITLE
PAGE
Table 2.1 pedestrian mobility needs
35
Table 5.1 number of pedestrians that crossed the street each time interval
86
Table 5.2. Number of cars that passed the six gates located in studied streets
87
Table 5.3. Average number of cars in queue in each lane at the time
88
Table 5.4. Share of car drivers that gives respectively doesn't give priority
95
Table 5.5. Pedestrian safety problems addressed by the eight measure types
99
Table 5.6. Pedestrian safety problems alleviated by the eight measure types
99
Table 7.1 Traffic Calming Strategies and Devices
117
xiv
LIST OF FIGURE
FIGURE NO
TITLE
PAGE
Figure 1.1Overview Research Structure
10
Figure2.1 Probability of death when getting hit by a car at different speeds
20
Figure 2.2 example of a speed hump
22
Figure 2.3 Speed cushions
22
Figure 2.4 Example of raised intersection and raised pedestrian crossing
23
Figure 2.5 two examples of measuring to narrowing the street
24
Figure 2.6 Chicane made by plantings
25
Figure 2.7 A small roundabout
25
Figure 2.8 paised pedestrian crossing with a refuge island
26
Figure 2.9 Fences that prevent the pedestrians from crossing the stree
28
Figure 2.10 A gateway with a raised pedestrian crossing and plants
28
Figure 2.11 Signal controlled crossing
31
Figure3.1 traffic control devices
61
Figure 4.1 Iskandar Development Regions (IDR)
67
Figure 4.2 Future planning of Pasir Gudang
68
Figure 4.3 Area with proper walkway do not have pedestrian
69
Figure 4.4 Area that lack of proper walkway has pedestrians
69
Figure 4.5 pasir Gudang city center with marked road that have a high load factor
70
Figure 4.6 The studied streets in Pasir Gudang city center
72
Figure 4.7 main target points in city center of Pasir Gudang
73
Figure 4.8 six points are selected for counting pedestrians flow
74
Figure 4.9 An overwiew of the Studed Street
75
Figure 4.10 An overwiew of the Studed Street
75
Figure 4.11 one-way Secondary Street
76
Figure 4.12 non proper sidewalks
76
Figure 4.13 without protected pedestrian crossing
77
Figure 4.14 Route between bus terminal and the complex building
77
Figure 4.15 Route in front of CIMB bank
78
xv
Figure 5.1 proper walkway in Jalan Mawar Merah
80
Figure 5.2 holes and cracks on pavement of Jalan Kompleks
80
Figure 5.3 trees in the middle of the pavement
81
Figure 5.4 Unprotected pedestrian crossings in Jalan Mawar Merah
82
Figure 5.5 Unprotected pedestrian crossings in Jalan Kompleks
82
Figure 5.6 Unprotected pedestrian crossings in Jalan Mawar
83
Figure 5.7 indicate some studied streets
84
Figure 5.8 indicate some studied streets
85
,
Figure 5.9. Result of the question concerning pedestrian feeling
89
Figure 5.10. Result of the question concerning if car drivers break traffic rules
90
Figure 5.11 the result of the question concerning what rules the car driver break
90
Figure 5.12 description of the general traffic pace
91
Figure 5.13 result of the question concerning the pedestrians' feeling of safety
92
Figure 5.14 feeling of safety when crossing the unprotected pedestrian crossing
93
Figure 5.15 the reason for the unsafe feeling at the unprotected pedestrian crossing
93
Figure 5.16 feeling of safety when crossing the signal controlled crossing
94
Figure 5.17 the reason for why some feel unsafe at the signal controlled crossing
95
Figure 6.1 Offset mid-block crossing, oriented so that pedestrians face oncoming traffic 101
Figure 6.2 Typical Crosswalk Elements
103
Figure 6.3 Aligning Ramps and Crossings
105
Figure 6.4 Typical Speed Table
107
Figure 6.5 Typical Speed Cushions
108
Figure 6.6 Typical Raised Crossing
108
Figure 6.7 Typical Raised Junctions
108
Figure 6.8 sketch of the streets after the proposed changes
109
Figure 6.9 sketch of the streets after the proposed change
110
Figure 6.10 sketch of the streets after the proposed changes
111