vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
1
TITLE
PAGE
DECLARATION
ii
DEDICATION
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
iv
ABSTRACT
v
ABSTRAK
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
vii
LIST OF TABLES
xi
LIST OF FIGURES
xiii
LIST OF TERMINOLOGY
xv
LIST OF APPENDICES
xvi
INTRODUCTION
1
1.1
Introduction
1
1.1.1
Global Context of Creativity and Innovation
5
1.1.2
A Malaysian Context of Creativity and
Innovation
9
1.2
Statement of the Problems
11
1.3
Research Questions
14
1.4
Purposes of the Research
14
1.5
Objectives of the Research
15
1.6
Scope of the Research
15
1.7
Limitations of the Research
17
1.8
Significant of the Research
18
1.8.1
Academic Literature
18
1.8.2
Manufacturing Companies
19
1.9
Structure of the Research
19
1.10
Conclusion
21
viii
2
LITERATURE REVIEW
22
2.1
Overview
22
2.2
Creative and Innovative Organizations
22
2.2.1
Innovation in Manufacturing Companies
25
2.2.2
Creativity and Innovation in Malaysia’s
Manufacturing Companies
2.3
The Differences of Creativity and Innovation
31
2.4
Creativity
33
2.4.1
Factors Enhancing Creativity
34
2.4.2
Creativity Process
42
2.4.3
Types of Creativity
44
2.5
Innovation
46
2.51
Factors Enhancing Innovation
49
2.5.2
Innovation Process
50
2.5.3
Types of Innovation
52
2.6
Profitable Growth
55
2.7
Innovation and Profitable Growth
55
2.7.1 Measuring Profitable Growth
59
2.8
3
28
The Factors Moderates Innovation
Leads to Profitable Growth
62
2.9
The Reasons of Creativity and Innovation
64
2.10
Obstacles of Creativity and Innovation
65
2.11
Theoretical Framework of the Research
67
2.12
Conclusion
70
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
71
3.1
Overview
71
3.2
Research Design
71
3.3
Sampling Design
72
3.3.1 Population and sample of the Research
73
Data Collection
74
3.4.1
Primary Data
74
3.4.1.1 Questionnaire
74
3.4.1.2 Questionnaire Design
75
3.4.1.3 Scale of Measurement
78
3.4
ix
3.4.2
79
3.5
Research Hypothesis
79
3.6
Procedure of Data Analysis
80
3.6.1
Descriptive and Inferential Analysis
81
3.6.2
Hypothesis Testing
82
3.6.2.1 Linear Regression
82
3.6.2.2 Hierarchical Multiple Regression
82
3.7
Normality Test
83
3.8
Empirical Data Analysis
84
3.8.1
Reliability Data Analysis
84
3.8.2
Validity Data Analysis
85
3.9
3.10
4
Secondary Data
Pilot Study
86
3.9.1
Participants
87
3.9.2
Materials and Procedures
87
3.9.3
Result of Pilot Study
88
Conclusion
88
FINDINGS AND DATA ANALYSIS
89
4.1
Introduction
89
4.2
Survey Response
89
4.3
The Assessment of Normality for Variables
90
4.4
Demographics of Respondents
93
4.4.1
Analysis on Gender of Respondents
93
4.4.2
Analysis on Age of Respondents
94
4.4.3
Analysis on Respondents’ Level of Education
94
4.4.4
Analysis on Job Position of Respondents
95
4.4.5
Analysis of Number of Years with Current
Company
4.5
4.6
96
Statistical Analysis
96
4.5.1
Research Question 1 (RQ1)
97
4.5.2
Research Question 2 (RQ2)
102
4.5.3
Research Question 3 (RQ3)
103
Conclusion
107
x
5
DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATION
108
5.1
Introduction
108
5.2
Discussion on Findings
108
5.2.1
Discussion for Research Question 1 (RQ1)
110
5.2.2
Discussion for Research Question 2 (RQ2)
112
5.2.3
Discussion for Research Question 3 (RQ3)
113
5.3
Limitations
114
5.4
Recommendation
115
5.4.1 Recommendation for Manufacturing
Companies, Iskandar Malaysia
5.5
115
5.4.2 Recommendation for Future Researcher
116
Conclusion
117
REFERENCES
119
Appendix A-B
148-154
xi
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO.
TITLE
PAGE
1.1
Factor-Driven to Competitive Development
5
1.2
Real GDP Growth by Sector in Malaysia
10
2.1
The Differences of Creativity and Innovation
32
2.2
KEYS Instrument Factors
35
2.3
Description of Organizational Creativity Factors
36
2.4
The Summary of Previous Researches on Creativity
Factors
39
2.5
Previous Model of Creativity Process
42
2.6
Definitions of Creativity Types
45
2.7
Doblin’s Framework, Types of Innovation
53
2.8
Examples of Innovations Types in Doblin’s Framework
54
2.9
Summary of Previous Researches on Innovation and
Organizational Performance
2.10
57
Innovation Performance in 1993 and 2003
Of Eleven Nordic Companies
66
3.1
Summary of Tabulate Question and Scale
75
3.2
Factors of Creativity Used in Previous Researches
76
3.3
Summary of Profitable Growth’s Factors
by Previous Researchers
77
3.4
Likert Scale Measurement
79
3.5
Analysis Methods to Conduct Research Objectives
81
3.6
Value Ranges of Cronbach’s Alpha
85
3.7
Reliability Statistics of Pilot Study
88
4.1
Summary of Responses from the Questionnaires Survey
90
4.2
The Assessment of Normality for Each Variable
91
xii
4.3
Rules of Thumb about Cronbach’s Alpha Coefficient Size
92
4.4
Reliability Analysis for Variables Measures
92
4.5
Model Summary for Organizational Encouragement
97
4.6
Coefficients for Organizational Encouragement
98
4.7
Model Summary for Supervisory Encouragement
98
4.8
Coefficients for Supervisory Encouragement
99
4.9
Model Summary for Freedom
99
4.10
Coefficients for Freedom
99
4.11
Model Summary for Challenging Work
100
4.12
Coefficients for Challenging Work
100
4.13
Model Summary for Resources
100
4.14
Coefficients for Resources
101
4.15
Model Summary for Work Group Support
101
4.16
Coefficients for Work Group Support
101
4.17
Model Summary for Profitable Growth
103
4.18
Coefficients for Profitable Growth
103
4.19
Model Summary for Environmental Aspects (Dynamism)
104
4.20
Coefficients for Environmental Aspects (Dynamism)
104
4.21
Model Summary for Environmental Aspects
(Competitiveness)
105
4.22
Coefficients for Environmental Aspects (Competitiveness)
106
5.1
Summary of Overall Findings
109
xiii
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO.
TITLE
1.1
Three Components of Creativity
1.2
Porter’s Four-Phase Model of National
Competitive Development
1.3
PAGE
2
4
PCT Patent Applications with Co-Inventors
Located Abroad
8
1.4
Industry Clusters of Iskandar Malaysia
16
1.5
Cumulative Committed Investment (RM billion) in
Iskandar Malaysia (till end 2010)
17
1.6
Structure of the Research
20
2.1
The Historical Evolutionary Plots
24
2.2
Innovation Activities by Broad Industry Group,
2002-2004
2.3
Innovation Outputs by Broad Industry Group,
2002-2004
2.4
26
27
Innovation Impacts by Broad Industry Group,
2002-2004
27
2.5
Evolution of Electronics Industry in Malaysia
30
2.6
The Directed Creativity Cycle
43
2.7
The Matrix Model of Creativity Types
46
2.8
The Steps to Adopting Innovation
48
2.9
Innovation Process
50
2.10
Stage-Gate Product Innovation Process
51
2.11
An Innovation Process Management Diagram
52
2.12
Research Framework for Creativity and Innovation
for Profitable Growth
69
xiv
3.1
Questionnaire Design
77
4.1
Percentage of Respondents’ Gender
93
4.2
Percentage of Respondents’ Age
94
4.3
Percentage of Respondents’ Level of Education
95
4.4
Percentage of Respondents’ Job Position
95
4.5
Number of Years with Current Company
96
xv
LIST OF TERMINOLOGY
GDP
-
Gross Domestic Product
R&D
-
Research and Development
EU
-
European Union
OECD
-
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
IPR
-
Intellectual Property Right
PCT
-
Patent Cooperation Treaty
MDI
-
Malaysia Design Innovation Centre
GERD
-
Gross Expenditure Resource and Development
IM
-
Iskandar Malaysia
SJER
-
South Johor Economic Region
IDR
-
Iskandar Development Region
MNCs
-
Multinational Companies Enterprise
SMEs
-
Small and Medium
PMSI
-
Programme Medicalization System Information
AAGR
-
Average Annual Growth Rate
E&E
-
Electrical and Electronics
IRDA
-
Iskandar Regional Development Authority
DCP
-
Comprehensive Development Plan
SPSS
-
Statistical Package for Social Science
ANOVA
-
Analysis of Variance
ANCOVA
-
Analysis of Covariance
STV
-
Subjects to Variables
xvi
LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX
TITLE
PAGE
A
Questionnaire
148
B
Sample Size Table of Population
153