vii
CONTENTS
CHAPTER
TITLE
DECLARATION
DEDICATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
ABSTRAK
CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
LIST OF APPENDICES
PAGE
ii
iii
iv
v
vi
vii
xiv
xix
xxi
xxii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1
Introduction
1
1.2
Background of Problems
2
1.3
Statements of Problems
7
1.4
Objectives of Research
8
1.5
Research Questions
9
1.6
Theoretical Framework
9
1.7
Rationale of the Research
12
1.8
Significance of the Research
13
1.8.1
13
Campus Learner
1.8.2 Lecturer
14
1.8.3
14
University
1.9
Scope and Limitation of the Research
14
1.10
Definition
15
1.10.1 Information and Communication Technologies
(ICT)
15
viii
1.11
1.10.2 Mobile Learning (M-Leaming)
15
1.10.3 Electronic Learning (E-learning)
16
1.10.4 Learning Management System (LMS)
16
1.10.5 Moodle
16
1.10.6 Mobile Learning Engine (MLE)
16
1.10.7 Mobile Interactive Learning Objects (MILOs)
17
1.10.8 Technology Acceptance Model (TAM)
17
Conclusion
17
CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1
Introduction
19
2.2
From E-learning to M-leaming
19
2.3
Mobile Learning (ML)
21
2.3.1
Mobile Learning Tool
22
2.3.2
Mobile Learning Characteristics
23
2.3.3
Mobile Learning Environment
24
2.3.4
Advantages of Mobile Learning
25
2.4
Research about Students’ Readiness, Perception
towards Mobile Learning
2.5
Research about Students’ Acceptance towards
Mobile Learning
2.6
2.7
26
28
Mobile Learning as an Additional Tool and
Communication Tool
28
Learning Management System (LMS)
30
2.7.1
Moodle: Open Source Learning
Management System (LMS)
30
2.7.2
E-learning with Moodle
32
2.7.3
M-Leaming with Moodle
33
2.7.4
Mobile Learning Engine (MLE)
34
ix
2.8
Mobile Interactive Learning Object (MILO)
35
2.9
Technology Acceptance Model (TAM)
36
2.10
Educational Learning Theory
37
2.11.1 Constructivist Learning
38
2.11.2 Socio Constructionist Learning
38
Instructional Design Model
39
2.11.1 Analysis Phase
40
2.11.2 Design Phase
41
2.11.3 Development Phase
41
2.11.4 Implementation Phase
41
2.11.5 Evaluation Phase
42
Conclusion
42
2.11
2.12
CHAPTER HI
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1
Introduction
44
3.2
Research Design
44
3.3
Stage One Survey - Survey on the Readiness and
3.4
Perceptions of Postgraduates towards Mobile Learning
46
3.3.1
Research procedure
47
3.3.2
Quantitative Research Sampling
48
3.3.3
Research Instrument
48
3.3.4 Pilot Study/ Validity of the Instrument
52
3.3.5
54
Data Analysis (Quantitative Data Analysis)
Second Stage Survey - Survey on Postgraduates’
Acceptance in Adopting Mobile Learning and their
intention to use Mobile Learning.
57
3.4.1
Research Procedur
58
3.4.2
Mixed-Method Research Sampling
58
3.4.3
Research Instrument
59
X
3.4.3.1 Quantitative Part (Questionnaire)
59
3.4.3.2Qualitative (Interview)
64
3.4.4 Data Analysis
3.5
65
3.4.4.1 Data Analysis for Quantitative Part
65
3.4.4.2 Data Analysis for Qualitative Part
68
Instructional Design Model for Mobile Learning Project
68
3.5.1
Analyse Phase
69
3.5.2
Design Phase
71
3.5.3
Development Phase
72
3.5.4
Implementation Phase
73
3.5.5
Evaluation Phase
74
3.6
Project Flowchart
75
3.7
Conclusion
76
CHAPTER IV
RESULTS AND DATA ANALYSIS
4.1
Introduction
77
4.2
Results of the Study (First Stage Survey)
78
4.3
Demographic Information of the Respondents
78
4.3.1
Respondents’ Gender
78
4.3.2
Respondents’ Mobile Phone
79
4.3.3
Respondents’ Previous Knowledge about
Mobile Learning
4.3.4
Respondents’ Opinion in Accessing Internet
Using Mobile Phone
4.3.5
79
79
Result of the Respondents’ Readiness towards the
Usage of Mobile Learning based on their
Activities on Mobile Device.
4.3.6
Result of the Respondents’ Perceptions from the
aspect of their Concepts about Mobile Learning
4.3.7
80
Conclusion of the Survey on Postgraduate’s
85
xi
Readiness and Perceptions
88
4.4
Results of the Study (Second Stage Survey)
88
4.5
Demographic Information of the Respondents
89
4.5.1
Respondents’ Gender
89
4.5.2
Mobile Learning Interaction
89
4.5.3
Result of the Respondents’ Acceptance in
Adopting Mobile Learning as an Additional
Learning Tool
4.5.4
90
Result of the Respondents’ Acceptance in
Adopting Mobile Learning as Communication
Tool
4.5.5
93
Result of the Respondents’ Intention to use
Mobile Learning Environment Based on its
Usefulness
4.5.6
97
Result of the Respondents’ Intention to use
Mobile Learning Environment Based on its
Ease of Use
98
4.6
Interview Analysis
100
4.7
System Design of Mobile Learning Environment
106
4.7.1
Main Menu
107
4.7.2
Mobile Interactive learning Object (MILO)
110
4.7.3
Mobile Learning Activities
(Social Constructionist Pedagogy)
4.8
CHAPTER V
Conclusion
114
120
DISCUSSIONS, CONCLUSIONS
AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1
Introduction
5.2
Discussion and Analysis of the Demographic
122
xii
Information of the Respondents (First Stage Survey)
5.3
122
Discussion about Postgraduates’ Readiness towards
the Usage of Mobile Learning based on their
Preference Activities on Mobile Device (Section B)
5.3.1
Access Online Information through
Mobile Device
5.3.2
5.3.3
124
Communication and Collaboration among
Friends
124
Entertainment and Multimedia
125
5.3.4 Educational Purposes
5.4
123
126
Discussion about Postgraduates’ Perceptions from
the Aspect of their Concepts about Mobile Learning
(Section C)
126
5.4.1
127
General about Mobile Learning
5.4.2 Mobile Learning as New Opportunity
in Learning
5.5
Discussion and Analysis of the Demographic
Information of the Respondents (Second Stage Survey)
5.6
129
130
Discussion about Postgraduates’ Acceptance in
Adopting Mobile Learning as an Additional Learning
Tool for Learning Purpose (Section B)
131
5.6.1
131
Benefits of Self-learning tool
5.6.2 Environment of Self-learning tool
5.7
133
Discussion about Postgraduates’ Acceptance in
Adopting Mobile Learning as a Communication Tool
5.8
for Learning Purpose (Section C)
135
5.7.1
Communicate with Lecturer
136
5.7.2
Communicate with Friends
137
5.7.3
Communication for Learning Purposes
139
Discussion about Postgraduates’ Intention to use
Mobile Learning Environment based on the Perceived
xiii
Usefulness in Technology Acceptance Model (TAM)
(Section D)
5.9
139
Discussion about Postgraduates’ Intention to use
Mobile Learning Environment based on the Perceived
Ease of Use in Technology Acceptance Model (TAM)
(Section E)
141
5.10
Problems during Development and Implementation
142
5.11
Conclusion
142
5.12
Limitation and Suggestion for Further Research
143
5.13
5.12.1 Research Sample
143
5.12.2 Research Field
143
5.12.3 Mobile Learning Content Development
144
5.12.4 Implementation of Mobile Learning Proj ect
144
Summary
145
BIBLIOGRAPHY
146
xiv
TABLE LIST
NO. TABLE
TITLE
3.1
Proj ect Research Design
3.2
The division of the research design based
on the data collection for objectives
3.3
45
46
The example questions for section B
(respondents’ activities on mobile device)
3.4
PAGES
50
The example questions for section C
(respondents’ concept on Mobile Learning)
51
3.5
Example of closed-ended question
52
3.6
Scale for the questionnaire
52
3.7
The Cronbach’s coefficients Alpha and its
scale value
53
3.8
The Cronbach ’s coefficients Alpha value
54
3.9
Obj ectives of Research and Data Analysis used
54
3.10
The numbers of male and female respondents
55
3.11
The numbers of respondents own mobile phone
55
3.12
The numbers of respondents know about
Mobile Learning
3.13
The numbers of respondents will use mobile
learning for learning purpose
3.14
55
Percentages, means and standard deviations of
the students’ activities on mobile device
3.15
55
Percentages, means and standard deviations of
56
xv
the students’ concept on mobile learning
3.16
56
Overall percentages, means and standard deviations
of the postgraduates’ activities on mobile device
for each criterion
3.17
56
Overall percentages, means and standard deviations
of the postgraduates’ concept on Mobile Learning
for each criterion
57
3.18
The overall results
57
3.19
The example questions for section B
(respondents’ acceptance in adopting Mobile Learning
as an additional learning tool)
3.20
60
The example questions for section C
(respondents’ acceptance in adopting Mobile
learning as communication tool)
3.21
61
The example questions for section D
(respondents’ intention to use Mobile Learning
Environment for Mobile Learning based on its
Perceived Usefulness)
3.22
62
The example questions for section E
(respondents’ intention to use Mobile Learning
platform for Mobile Learning based on its
Perceived Ease of Use)
63
3.23
Scale for the questionnaire
63
3.24
The deviation of criteria for interview
64
3.25
The number of male and female respondents
65
3.26
The numbers of respondents who have interaction
with Mobile Learning
3.27
65
Percentages, means and standard deviations
of the respondents’ acceptance in adopting Mobile
Learning as an additional learning tool
3.28
Percentages, means and standard deviations
65
xvi
of the respondents’ in adopting Mobile
Learning as communication tool
3.29
66
Overall percentages, means and standard deviations
of the respondents’ acceptance in adopting Mobile
learning as an additional learning tool
3.30
66
Overall percentages, means and standard deviations
of the respondents’ acceptance in adopting Mobile
learning as communication tool
3.31
66
Percentages, means and standard deviations
of the respondents’ intention to use mobile
learning environment based on its Usefulness
3.32
67
Overall percentages, means and standard deviations
of the respondents’ intention to use mobile
learning environment based on its Ease of use
3.33
67
Overall percentages, means and standard deviations
of the respondents’ intention to use mobile
Learning environment based on its Usefulness
3.34
68
Overall percentages, means and standard deviations
of the respondents’ intention to use mobile
Learning environment based on its Ease of use
68
3.35
Types of learning material and their designing tools
72
4.1
Percentages, Means and Standard Deviations of the
Respondents’ readiness in accessing online information
through mobile device.
4.2
80
Percentages, Means and Standard Deviations of the
respondents’ readiness in communication and collaboration
among friends
4.3
81
Percentages, Means and Standard Deviations of the
respondents’ readiness for entertaining and multimedia
purpose
4.4
Percentages, Means and Standard Deviations of the
82
xvii
respondents’ readiness for education purpose
4.5
83
Overall Means and Standard Deviations of the
respondents’ readiness towards the usage of mobile
learning based on their preference activities on
mobile device
4.6
84
Percentages, Means and Standard Deviations of the
postgraduates’ general perceptions about Mobile Learning 85
4.7
Percentages, Means and Standard Deviations of the
postgraduates’ perceptions on Mobile Learning as new
opportunity in learning
4.8
86
Overall Percentages, Means and Standard Deviations of
postgraduates’ perceptions from the aspect of their
concepts about Mobile Learning
4.9
87
Percentages, Means and Standard Deviations
of the respondents’ acceptance in adopting mobile
learning as an additional learning tool based on the
benefits of self-learning tool
4.10
90
Percentages, Means and Standard Deviations
of the respondents’ acceptance in adopting mobile
learning as an additional learning tool based
on the environment of learning tool
4.11
91
Overall Means and Standard Deviation for each criteria
(respondents’ acceptance in adopting Mobile Learning
as an additional learning tool)
4.12
92
Percentages, Means and Standard Deviations of the
respondents’ acceptance in adopting Mobile Learning as
communication tool (communicate with lecturer)
4.13
93
Percentages, Means and Standard Deviations of the
respondents’ acceptance in adopting Mobile Learning as
communication tool (communicate with friends)
4.14
Percentages, Means and Standard Deviations of the
94
xviii
respondents’ acceptance in adopting Mobile Learning as
communication tool (communicate for education purpose
4.15
95
Overall Means and Standard Deviations for each
criteria (respondents’ acceptance in adopting
Mobile Learning as communication tool)
4.16
96
Percentages, Means and Standard Deviations of the
respondents’ intention to use Mobile Learning environment
based on its Perceived Usefulness
4.17
97
Percentages, Means and Standard Deviations of the
respondents’ intention to use Mobile Learning environment
based on its Perceived Ease of Use
4.18
99
Respondents’ opinion towards the usage of
Mobile Moodle Short Course
(Question 1 to 3 based on criterion [a])
4.19
100
Respondents’ opinion towards the usage of
Mobile Moodle Short Course
(Question 4 to 5 based on criterion [b])
4.20
102
Respondents’ opinion towards the usage of
Mobile Moodle Short Course
(Question 6 to 7 based on criterion [c])
104
4.21
A List of Usemame and Password
106
5.1
The Strengths and weaknesses collected from
respondents’ comments
5.2
134
The Strengths and weaknesses collected from
respondents’ comments
138
xix
FIGURES LIST
NO. FIGURE
TITLE
PAGES
1.1
Theoretical Framework
11
2.1
The transition of technology devices from
20
E-learning to M-Leaming
2.2
The place ofM-Leaming as part of E-learning
21
and D-leaming
2.3
Original Technology Acceptance Model (TAM)
36
2.4
ADDIE Instruction Design
40
3.1
The characteristics of Mobile Learning Environment
(Mobile Moodle)
3.2
70
Mobile Moodle is the combination of Moodle and
Mobile Learning Engine (MLE)
71
3.3
General view of Mobile Learning architecture
74
3.4
The scenario of Mobile Learning in Moodle
75
4.1
Number and percentage of respondents’ gender
78
4.2
Number and percentage of respondents who know
about Mobile Learning
4.3
79
Number and percentage of respondents who will
access internet via mobile phone
80
4.4
Number and percentage of respondents’ gender
89
4.5
Number and Percentage of respondents’ who ever
Interact with Mobile Learning
4.6
The main interfaces of Mobile Moodle Short Course
and MLE Moodle mobile access quick link for Personal
90
XX
Computer view
4.7
108
The main interfaces of Mobile Moodle Short Course
and MLR Moodle mobile access quick link for mobile
phone view
108
4.8
The main interfaces in MLE-Moodle
109
4.9
The learning topics in MLE-Moodle
110
4.10
The online learning modules
111
4.11
The learning materials provided for learner in PDF
and graphic forms
4.12
112
The Java based learning materials in Moodle and
run on phone
113
4.13
The flash based learning materials
114
4.14
The discussion forum in Mobile Moodle
115
4.15
The Quizzes and the responses provided for learner
116
4.16
The Assignment provided for learner
117
4.17
The Choices in Mobile Moodle Short Course
118
4.18
The Entertainments part in Mobile Moodle
119
4.19
Instant Messaging System in Mobile Moodle
120
xxi
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
A
Agree
CMS
Course Management System
ICT
Information and Communication Technologies
ID
Instructional Design
LMS
Learning Management System
M
Mean
MILO
Mobile Interactive Learning Object
MLE
Mobile Learning Engine
MSC
Multimedia Super Corridor
D
Disagree
PC
Personal Computer
PDA
Personal Digital Assistance
PHD
Philosophy of Doctoral
PDF
Portable Document Format
SA
Strongly Agree
SD
Stomgly Disagree
Sd
Standard Deviation
SLA
Slightly Agree
SMS
Short Message Service
SPSS
Statistical Program for Social Science
TAM
Technology Acceptance Model
UteM
Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
WAP
Wireless Application Protocol
xxii
LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX
TITLE
PAGE
A
Questionnaire (First Stage Survey)
153
B
Questionnaire (Second Stage Survey)
156
C
Interview Sheet
160