vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
1
TITLE
PAGE
TITLE PAGE
i
DECLARATION
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
iii
ABSTRACT
iv
ABSTRAK
v
TABLE OF CONTENTS
vi
LIST OF TABLES
xi
LIST OF FIGURES
xii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
xiv
LIST OF APPENDICES
xv
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Introduction
1
1.2
Problem statement
3
1.3
Aim and Objective
5
1.4
Scope of study
6
1.5
Research Methodology
7
vii
2
TENDER EVALUATION
2.1
Introduction
9
2.2
Types of tender
9
2.2.1
Open tender/Bumiputera open tender
10
2.2.2
Selected tender
10
2.2.3
Direct negotiation tender
11
2.2.4
Pre-qualification
11
2.2.5
„Perbelanjaan Darurat tender‟
12
2.3
Process of conventional acquisition in PWD
13
2.3.1
14
Process of acquisition of open tender
(conventional)
2.3.2
Process of acquisition of Selected Tender
17
(conventional)
2.4
The criteria of tender evaluation
19
2.5
Process and criteria of tender evaluation in PWD
20
2.5.1
First Level of Evaluation
20
2.5.2
Second level of evaluation
22
2.5.3
Third level of evaluation
27
2.6
2.7
3
Cut-off price
27
2.6.1
28
Freak
Summary
29
ESTIMATING
3.1
Introduction
30
3.2
Estimate and Purpose of Estimating
30
3.3
Types of Estimate
31
3.3.1 Approximate Estimate
32
viii
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.3.2 Detailed Estimate
33
Contractor‟s Estimate
33
3.4.1 Site visit
34
3.4.2 Construction method
34
3.4.3 Construction schedule
35
3.4.4 Quantity takes off
35
3.4.5 Calculation of cost
36
Preparation of estimate
36
3.5.1 Fluctuation of cost
37
3.5.2 Traffic condition
37
3.5.3 Restrictive work hours or method of work
37
3.5.4 Small quantity of works
38
3.5.5 Separated operation
38
3.5.6 Handwork and inefficient operations
39
3.5.7 Accessibility
39
3.5.8 Geographic location
39
3.5.9 Construction season
40
3.5.10 Material shortage
40
PWD Estimate
40
3.6.1 Department estimate
41
3.6.2 Preparation of department estimate
42
3.6.2.1 Locality
43
3.6.2.2 Urgency of the project
43
3.6.2.3 Complexity of the project
43
3.6.2.4 Site condition
44
3.6.2.5 Material supply
44
3.6.2.6 Increasing of commodity price
44
3.6.2.7 Construction technology
45
ix
3.7
4
4.1
Introduction
46
4.2
Preparation of Questionnaire
47
4.3
Questionnaire survey
48
4.4
Document analysis
49
4.5
Content Analysis
50
4.6
Summary of Data
51
4.6.1 Frequency analysis
52
4.6.2 Average index
52
Summary
53
ANALYSIS AND RESULT
5.1
Introduction
54
5.2
Analysis
55
5.2.1 Questionnaire Analysis
55
5.2.2 Document analysis
91
Summary
98
5.3
6
45
DATA COLLECTION
4.7
5
Summary
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
6.1
Introduction
99
6.2
Findings
99
6.2.1 Objective 1 - To study the process of evaluating
100
the tender in Public Works Department (PWD).
x
6.2.2 Objective 2 - To review the process and
100
procedures in the preparation of department
estimate in Public Works Department (PWD).
6.2.3 Objective 3 - To assess the effectiveness
101
of department estimate in the tender evaluation.
6.3
Conclusion
102
6.4
Recommendation
103
REFERENCES
105
APPENDICES
Appendix A
107
xi
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO.
TITLE
PAGE
4.1
Rating scale of Average Index
53
5.1
Time taken to prepare a department estimate
59
5.2
Factors of time required in preparing department estimate 62
5.3
Basis in preparing department estimate
64
5.4
Factors to be considered in the preparation of department
67
estimate
5.5
Factors of accuracy of the department estimate
73
5.6
Revision of department estimate
76
5.7
Basis of cut-off price
78
5.8
Factors considered in the selection of contractor
81
5.9
Perception on department estimate and cut-off level
87
5.10
Department estimate and cut-off price
92
xii
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO.
TITLE
PAGE
1.1
Research Methodology Flow chart
8
2.1
Process of conventional acquisition in PWD
14
2.2
Process of acquisition of open tender (conventional)
16
2.3
Process of acquisition of Selected Tender (conventional)
18
4.1
Five measures of scale based on Likert Scale
48
5.1
Working experience of respondent
55
5.2
Experience in preparing department estimate
56
5.3
Number of Department Estimate Prepared by Internal
57
Department
5.4
Number of Department Estimate Prepared by External
58
Consultant
5.5
Time taken to prepare a department estimate
59
5.6
Factors of time required in preparing department estimate
62
5.7
Basis in preparing department estimate
65
5.8
Factors to be considered in the preparation of department
68
estimate
5.9
Factors of accuracy of the department estimate
73
5.10
Number of Revision of department estimate
76
5.11
Basis of cut-off price
78
5.12
Factors considered in the selection of contractor
82
5.13
Perception on department estimate and cut-off level
88
xiii
5.14
Cut-off Price and Department Estimate
93
5.15
The Percentage Difference Between Cut-off And Department 94
Estimate
5.16
Position of Cut-off And Department Estimate
95
5.17
Range of Percentage of Department Estimate
97
xiv
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
ACDA
-
As Completed Detailed Abstract
AKM
-
Anggaran Kakitangan Minimum
ATDA
-
As Tendered Detail Abstract
BPU
-
Bahagian Pembangunan Usahawan
BQ
-
Bill of Quantity
CV
-
Coefficient of Variation
FRH
-
Faktor Rendahan Harga
JKR
-
Jabatan Kerja Raya
KB
-
Keupayaan Biayawan
KK
-
Kemudahan Kredit
KWSP
-
Kumpulan Wang Simpanan Pekerja
MP
-
Modal Pusingan
NTBK
-
Nilai Tahunan Baki Kerja
NW
-
Nett Worth
PDA
-
Preliminary Detail Estimate
PKK
-
Pusat Khidmat Kontraktor
PWD
-
Public Works Department
QS
-
Quantity Surveyor
WDTS
-
Wang Dalam Tangan Semasa
xv
LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX
A
TITLE
Sample of Questionnaire
PAGE
107