vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
1
2
TITLE
PAGE
DECLARATION
ii
DEDICATION
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
iv
ABSTRACT
v
ABSTRAK
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
vii
LIST OF TABLES
xi
LIST OF FIGURES
xiii
RESEARCH OVERVIEW
1
1.1
Introduction
1
1.2
Background of Problem
3
1.3
Statement of Problem
4
1.4
Objectives of Research
4
1.5
Scope of Research
5
1.6
Significances of Research
6
1.7
Chapter Summary
6
LITERATURE REVIEW
7
2.1
Introduction
7
2.2
Definition of Operational Term
9
2.2.1 Community Participation
9
viii
2.3
2.2.2 Cooperation
10
2.2.3 Coordination
10
2.2.4 Disaster
11
2.2.5 Emergency Action Plan
14
2.2.6 Decision Making
15
Overview of Past and Ongoing Work
17
2.3.1 Management and Diffusion of Technology for
Disaster Management
17
2.3.2 A Template-based Methodology for Disaster
Management Information System
19
2.3.3 Human-Computer Interaction: The Human and
Computer as a Team in Emergency
Management Information System
21
2.3.4 A Emergency Decision Support System based
on the General Decision Process
22
2.3.5 WikiTTX: A Web Collaboration Technologybased Table Top Exercise System
24
2.3.6 Overview Summary
25
2.4
Community Behaviour during Emergency
25
2.5
Criteria that Influenced Fire Response
26
2.6
Response Regarding Fire
28
2.7
Decision Making Evaluation
29
2.7.1 Comparison of Multi-Criteria Decision
Making Technique
2.8
3
Chapter Summary
31
32
METHODOLOGY
33
3.1
Introduction
33
3.2
Methodology
34
3.3
Data Collection Procedure
39
3.4
Scenario Design
44
3.5
Chapter Summary
47
ix
4
INSTRUMENTS AND DESIGN
48
4.1
Introduction
48
4.2
First Questionnaire Findings
49
4.2.1 Alternatives for Community Fire Emergency
50
4.3
4.4
4.5
5
4.2.1.1 Results of Questionnaire
51
4.2.1.2 Results of Interview
52
4.2.1.3 Summary of Findings
55
4.2.2 Criteria for Community Fire Emergency
56
4.2.2.1 Results of Questionnaire
56
4.2.2.2 Results of Interview
61
4.2.2.3 Summary of Findings
64
Second Questionnaire Findings
65
4.3.1 Criteria Weights
66
4.3.1.1 Results of Questionnaire
66
4.3.1.2 Summary of Findings
71
Third Questionnaire Findings
71
4.4.1 Alternatives Weights
72
4.4.1.1 Results of Questionnaire
72
4.4.1.2 Summary of Findings
86
Summary
86
ANALYSIS OF DATA & FINDINGS
88
5.1
Introduction
88
5.2
Community Behaviour in case of a Fire Emergency
89
5.3
Decision Tree for Community Emergency Fire
90
Response
6
5.4
Community Emergency Fire Response Framework
93
5.5
Summary
100
CONCLUSION
101
6.1
Introduction
101
6.2
Concluding Remarks
101
6.3
Limitations of the Study
103
x
6.4
Implications of the Study
103
6.5
Future Work
104
REFERENCES
105
Appendix A
109
Appendix B
110
Appendix C
111
Appendix D
114
Appendix E
118
Appendix F
126
Appendix G
127
Appendix H
128
xi
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO.
TITLE
PAGE
2.1
The subsequent disaster in Malaysia
14
2.2
Methodology for disaster management
19
2.3
Key elements of emergency decision processes
22
2.4
Factors affecting individual emergency reaction
27
2.5
Criteria affecting of community fire response
27
2.6
Response on the topic of fire
28
2.7
Comparisons of selection techniques for emergency action
31
3.1
Research methodology for synthesizing decision making
35
based on community emergency fire action
3.2
Saaty’s nine-point scale
42
3.3
The structure of a decision matrix for criteria weights
42
3.4
The structure of a decision matrix for alternatives weights
43
3.5
The structure of a decision matrix for priority vectors
44
3.6
Scenario design procedure
45
4.1
Number of first questionnaire distributed and returned
50
4.2
Appropriate actions for community in fire
53
4.3
Irrelevant actions for community in fire and its explanation
by Mr. Md Noh Rahidin
54
4.4
Alternatives for community fire emergency
55
4.5
Critical criteria for fire emergency actions
62
xii
4.6
Criteria for community fire emergency
64
4.7
Number of second questionnaire distributed and returned
65
4.8
Decision matrix for criteria weights
70
4.9
Number of third questionnaire distributed and returned
71
4.10
Decision matrix for alternatives weights
85
4.11
Decision matrix for priority weights
87
xiii
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO.
TITLE
PAGE
2.1
Literature map
2.2
Natural disaster types in Malaysia (1968-2004)
12
2.3
Man-made disaster type in Malaysia (1968-2004)
13
2.4
Community decision making dilemmas in emergency
15
2.5
The decision making process
16
2.6
Framework for management of technology for disaster
management
2.7
18
Example of generalize normative template from
descriptive template
2.8
8
20
HCI design should influence all the stages of the
emergency management process
21
2.9
The general decision process
23
2.10
The problem model
23
2.11
The architecture of EDSS based on general decision
23
2.12
The steps in applying a MCDM model
30
3.1
The ways of research fit disaster recovery process
38
3.2
Data collection procedure
39
3.3
Example structure of AHP
41
3.4
Steps in a generic scenario development process
45
4.1
Survey – questionnaire findings
49
xiv
4.2
Community actions taken during fire
51
4.3
Criteria that influenced community to evacuate to a place
56
4.4
Criteria that influenced community to inform family
members to prepare for leaving the building
4.5
4.6
57
Criteria that influenced community to inform neighbour to
prepare for leaving the building
58
Criteria that influenced community to call emergency
59
services
4.7
Criteria that influenced community to collect personal
belongings
60
4.8
Prioritization of community fire emergency action
66
4.9
Comparisons of risks of human lives and criteria
67
4.10
Comparisons of instability of site and criteria
68
4.11
Comparisons of intensity of fire and criteria
68
4.12
Comparisons of intrepidity of education/ training and
69
criteria
4.13
Comparisons of information from police officer/firefighter/ aid agencies and criteria
69
4.14
Comparisons of alternatives towards risks of human lives I
73
4.15
Comparisons of alternatives towards risks of human lives
73
II
4.16
Comparisons of alternatives towards risks of human lives
74
III
4.17
Comparisons of alternatives towards risks of human lives
74
IV
4.18
Comparisons of alternatives towards instability of site I
75
4.19
Comparisons of alternatives towards instability of site II
75
4.20
Comparisons of alternatives towards instability of site III
76
4.21
Comparisons of alternatives towards instability of site IV
76
4.22
Comparisons of alternatives towards intensity of fire I
77
4.23
Comparisons of alternatives towards intensity of fire II
77
4.24
Comparisons of alternatives towards intensity of fire III
78
4.25
Comparisons of alternatives towards intensity of fire IV
78
xv
4.26
Comparisons of alternatives towards intrepidity of
education/ training I
4.27
Comparisons of alternatives towards intrepidity of
education/ training II
4.28
83
Comparisons of alternatives towards information from
police officer/ fire-fighter/ aid agencies III
4.37
83
Comparisons of alternatives towards information from
police officer/ fire-fighter/ aid agencies II
4.36
82
Comparisons of alternatives towards information from
police officer/ fire-fighter/ aid agencies I
4.35
82
Comparisons of alternatives towards influence of
environment IV
4.34
81
Comparisons of alternatives towards influence of
environment III
4.33
81
Comparisons of alternatives towards influence of
environment II
4.32
80
Comparisons of alternatives towards influence of
environment I
4.31
80
Comparisons of alternatives towards intrepidity of
education/ training IV
4.30
79
Comparisons of alternatives towards intrepidity of
education/ training III
4.29
79
84
Comparisons of alternatives towards information from
police officer/ fire-fighter/ aid agencies IV
84
5.1
Behaviour of community in fire emergency
89
5.2
Decision tree for community emergency fire decision
92
making
5.3
The importance of knowledge VS training
97
5.4
Framework for community emergency fire response
99