The Garden Fence Monthly Newsletter – April 2016 Harford County Master Gardeners Inside this Issue President’s Message 1 Fern Dell 2 Tulips 2 Daffodil 4 Plant Sales 5 Annual Training Day 6 Training 6 Calendar of Events 10 Officers Ellen Haas President Anne Spelman Vice President Nancy Cohen Secretary Jane Howe Secretary Kathy Ullrich Treasurer Quick Links Harford County Extension Office Home & Garden Info Center MG Hours Online Art Explosion Image Library President’s Message March has been busy, and has opened new opportunities for Master Gardeners this spring and summer. The Kaufman Cancer Center invited us back to present classes in April and June. During the past few months, I’ve learned some interesting things working with the Kaufman cancer patients and staff. For instance, cancer patients are especially interested in information on container gardening, because containers allow them to plant flowers or veggies without the intense level of physical labor that traditional outdoor gardening involves. In addition, cancer patients are also very much interested in pesticide-free pest management; many must avoid pesticides because of impaired immune systems, and/or because they feel that pesticides can lead to additional cancer. Please volunteer to help teach or assist at one of our future Kaufman sessions. Contact Linda Masland or me if you are interested. Our MG April calendar is blooming! The Bel Air Farmers Market (where we have a table every Saturday during the season) opens on April 9th. GIEI begins new programs at the Boys and Girls Center in Aberdeen to show people how to plant their gardens, including the new Aberdeen Community Garden beds. And there are other activities (warning: bad poetry will follow): A Master Gardener Ode to April : We’ll be teaching herb classes at Eden Mill and Abingdon, And Garden Planning will be a Bel Air Library class to see. Ask a Master Gardener at local libraries will be fun, And from GIEI, new veggie plants will soon greet pollinators and bees. And most importantly, our Volunteer Recognition Ceremony/Dessert will be held on April 14th, 7:00 pm, with spouses welcome. Please bring a dessert! ~Ellen Haas - 2013 1 What's Happn'n at Fern Dell? So, it's the first of March here at Fern Dell, and things are beginning to pop to let us know that spring will soon be in full swing. My quick walk around the gardens this day revealed thousands of flowers on several garden species all at ground level so far. In the bog area at the lower part of the gardens hundreds of Symplocarpus foetidus (Skunk Cabbage) have been showing off their purple-brown and green mottled hoods above the shallow water and mud. The upper level of the garden is filled ttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helleborus_foetidu with many hundreds of Hellebores. There are several s#/media/ File:Helleborus_foetidus_2016_01.jpg Helleborus niger (the Christmas Rose) with its pure white flowers. Many H. multifidus, with very divided leaves, and H. foetidus (the Stinking Hellebore), also with very divided leaves but a quite different floral form, both have green flowers. Finally there are the hybrid Hellebores (H. X hybridus). There are literally hundreds of these around the gardens in colors ranging from white to almost black, and a range of other colors (purple, pink, near-yellow, etc.) some spotted, some solid colors. These make a wonderful multi-color display when cut from the stem and floated in a large bowl of water. A couple dozen Snow Crocus (Crocus chrysanthus) have spread nicely about, but the flowers are short lived though they do brighten many spots in the gardens. Most numerous, however, are the Snowdrops (many species; they mostly look the same, but vary in size of flower). These have multiplied over many years so that there are now thousands in bloom over most of the four acres of Fern Dell. Another great spring flower with bright yellow blooms is that of Winter Aconite (Eranthis hyemalis) which is also multiplying for Eranthis hyemalis shoot emerging from us every year. The large bed of Vinca minor now has blue soil in early spring flowers scattered though the bed. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eranthis_hy emalis#/media/File:Eranthis_hyemalis_e Of course, while they provide no floral display, many of the nearly 300 different ferns in the collection are evergreen and provide more interest to the gardens, even now in late winter. I often tell visitors that they will have to visit every week or so to see everything. Most years, there is no month without at least some flowers at Fern Dell. ~Jerry Hudgens - 1996 Tip-Toe Through The Tulips Article and Photographs taken from Maryland Agricultural Resource Council – March 2016 You can thank the Turks for tulips. The ancestral region for the ubiquitous flower of spring is Central Asia around the Alai and Tien-Shan Mountain Ranges near the modern Chinese/Russian border where they grow wild on rocky, arid mountainsides. While there are about 150 species of “wild” tulips, there are now over 3,000 varieties of cultivated tulips. “Wild tulips are generally much smaller and shorter than Dutch hybrid tulips,” says Christian Curless, horticulturist for the U.S. flower bulb company Colorblends (Colorblends.com). “They actually respond well to neglect, thriving in sites where other flowers might fail. They’re particularly appealing in scrappy natural-looking areas where their open-faced spring flowers are a fun surprise.” These wild species 2 are available for purchase, and are perfect additions to rough garden margins with less than desirable soil condition. Something of the tulip’s beauty could not stay tucked up on a remote mountainside for long. The Turks, whose Ottoman Empire stretched far into the tulip’s native territory, began cultivation of the tulip in 1,000 AD. In fact, the name tulip is derived from the Persian word “"delband” meaning turban – as the closed bloom of the flower resembles the head wrap. In Turkey, legend has it that a handsome prince named, Farhad was in love with the beautiful maiden, Shirin. Upon hearing of her death, Farhad mounted his favorite horse, and galloped over a cliff to his death. It is said that from each droplet of his blood, sprouted a scarlet tulip, thereby securing its place as a symbol of perfect love, and the national flower of Turkey. The tulip is in a class of plants called the true bulbs. A bulb is an underground root structure that holds the complete life cycle of a plant. It is made of five parts: the bottom plate, fleshy scales, tunic, shoot and lateral buds. Reproduction through bulbs results in a genetic twin. What bulbs lack in genetic variability, they make up for in reliable self-propagation without a reliance on pollinators. Bulbs planted in the fall will develop roots prior to the onset of freezing temperatures. Contrary to popular belief, bulbs do not go dormant. They are biocomputers constantly monitoring the environment. Bulbs are designed to not only withstand cold temperatures, but they need the cold to trigger biochemical processes necessary for spring flowering. Even with feet of snow on the ground, and frigid temperatures whipping through the air, beneath the surface of the soil, temperatures tend to stay warmer. However, there are times when the soil, at the depth of the bulb, can and will freeze. In these cases, starches are triggered to break down into glucose and smaller molecules. These simple sugars act the same way that salt does on sidewalks and roads. They lower the freezing temperature of water thereby protecting the cellular structure of the plant. Each year sister bulbs are produced from the parent bulb. Bulb formation relies on photosynthesis. They store any excess, not needed for daily living, for next year’s growth. Therefore it is important not to cut down the leaves as soon as the bloom dies. The leaves are still working hard to fill the bulb with everything the plant needs for next season. Tulips also propagate through seeds. Seed formation relies on pollination, and thus contains the genetic material from two different plants. This genetic variability strengthens the population. The seeds scatter naturally falling to the ground around the base of the plant. Home gardeners can also grow tulips from seed. Once the seed heads ripen in late summer and fall, break them open and scatter the seeds in the areas where you want new tulips. This is a less labor intensive method, but also less reliable. Therefore, it is better to scatter more than less. Who knows what new colors and patterns may emerge next spring? 3 Daffodil Clean-Up All the daffodils I planted last fall came up and bloomed, including the ones that I planted in December. So, all the reassurances that I read in the catalogs and elsewhere were right: as late as the first week in December there was still enough time for the roots to develop before the cold came. And the nice solid spell of winter weather that followed was just perfect for daffodils. For the first time I did not put fertilizer in the planting hole and still they grew and bloomed. They were a joy to behold in March, but now, not so much. I am just aching to go out and cut back all of the drooping, sagging leaves and stems which are clogging up my garden. But the prevailing wisdom says no! The leaves, and even the stems according to some sources, are still gathering up sunshine and spinning it into sugars to be stored in the bulbs for next year’s blooms. Although the plants are sickly pale and lying flat on the ground, the chlorophyll is still working its chemical magic. They need to remain limp and prone at least till June or before, only if they have started to yellow. My favorite source says a minimum of six weeks from blooming time. Unfortunately, only one clump, the first clump to bloom in March, turned yellow a few weeks ago. That area is cleaned up but dozens of other plants remain in a declining state. While I wait for them to photosynthesize every last gram of sugar they can, I will feed them for the third and last time for this growing cycle. I top-dressed them with a balanced fertilizer after I planted them in the fall, then again when the sprouts first emerged and now when the flower is dying back to help nourish the bulb. The recommended fertilizer is a top-dressing of granular (4-10-6) or a balanced fertilizer like 10-10-10. Never fertilize with chicken droppings; horse manure; mushroom soil; household compost or any other acidic soil amendment; and no bone meal which contains little or no nutrients. In addition to fertilizing, all flower bulbs need neutral pH soil to develop mature root systems according to the John Scheepers, Inc. catalog. I called this very helpful company to see if I could cut back the plants at the first sign of yellow and the customer service rep gave a very resounding, ”NO!” But her next suggestion that I braid them is not advised by most sources. The leaf surfaces need to be exposed to sunlight, and some catalogs advise also leaving the stem which has more surface area to gather even more Philadelphia Flower Show of the sun’s rays. This means that my careful planning over the years to have the ugly daffodil remains hidden by hostas, ferns, grasses, poppies and daylilies has been counter-productive. The daffodils might be getting air but they are not getting enough sunshine. One plan that has worked out better is planning for additional plants. Earlier this spring, when the plants were in full golden bloom, I walked through the garden to see if I needed to add or replace some bulbs. There are fewer spots each year that need filling out, but I put rocks wherever I wanted to plant in the fall. It actually makes the flowers display more attractive all summer and then I know precisely where the new bulbs need to be without worrying about accidentally digging up old bulbs. And with fall planting now on my mind I went to my catalogs to order just a few more daffodil bulbs to supplement my spring garden. They will be delivered in the fall at the right time for planting and this year I will definitely get them in before the December deadline. Given the work that goes with planting daffodil bulbs and the messy aftermath I have asked myself: 4 WHY DAFFODILS? - Attractive Fragrant No pests: deer, moose, elk, voles, and rabbits will not bother them Reliable perennials that withstand early snows Pretty much maintenance free (if you can tolerate messy aftermath by planting in just a few special spots) - Inexpensive - Long-lived But most importantly, it is exciting to see those green tips poke through barren soil followed by a yard full of sunshine bobbing in the cold March breeze. GENERAL ADVICE: Look at bloom times and heights for one big show or a sustained show Plant over with winter pansies in fall for a nice display Plant in clusters or drifts Plant 10+ in each cluster Plant close together - closer than directed Pick spot with good drainage and 6 hours of sun Add lots of organic matter 2-3 inches of mulch This years leaves = next years flowers! Good species: Carlton (regenerate & return) Ice Follies, King Alfred Read carefully to get flowers that stand up to rain, etc. Good catalogs: Old House Gardens, Colorblends, John Scheeper’s Beauty From Bulbs Doubles need more moisture Water in fall and throughout winter if needed Water, water, water in spring also so bulbs don’t blast No bone meal Top-dress with 10-10-10 fertilizer 3 times Deadhead and keep the stems Do not braid or hide decaying foliage Leave up at least till June, minimum of six weeks Philadelphia Flower Show ~Mary Trotta - 2008 Plant Sales April 1st & 2nd, 2016 – 9:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m. Orchid Extravaganza Display Plant Sale, Longwood Gardens http://longwoodgardens.org/events-and-performances/events/orchid-extravaganza-sale April 9, 2016 – 9:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. Camellia Society Show & Sale, Visitors Center Auditorium Brookside Gardens, Wheaton, MD http://www.montgomeryparks.org/brookside/events_calendar.shtm 5 April 29th & 30th, 2016 19th Annual Garden Market, St. Mary Anne’s Episcopal Church, North East, MD Approximately 50 vendors and community organizations all garden related for this community event. http://stmaryannesgardenmarket.org April 29th & 30th, 2016 University of Delaware Spring Plant Sale, College of Agriculture & Natural Resources, Newark, DE Aesculus is the Featured Woody Plant and Hemerocallis is the Herbaceous Featured Plant in 2016. https://ag.udel.edu/udbg/events/annualsale.html May 7, 2016, 7:30 a.m. – 11:30 a.m. Lancaster County Master Gardeners Plant Sale, Lancaster, PA Prices start at $2.00. Gently used garden supplies and tools offered at the "Garden Shed." Come early for best selection! http://extension.psu.edu/plants/gardening/events/plant-sale-1 Annual Training Day The Annual Training Conference is open to all Master Gardeners (e.g., Active, Interns, Trainees) and Master Naturalists. Registration for this event is now open! The $74.00 Early Registration (March 14 - April 30) includes: • Keynote presentation with Sara Via • Concurrent sessions with 29 presentations to choose from • Plenary presentation with Claudia West • Master Gardener Expo • Master Naturalist Class Reunion and Recognition Ceremony • Continental breakfast and choice of four lunch options • Free parking • Trade Show • Opportunities to share experiences with over 900 enthusiastic volunteers across the state For a complete overview of the conference details and registration options, please download the conference brochure. Advanced Master Gardener Training April 16, 2016 – 10:00 a.m. to 12:00 p.m. Features and Functions of Non-Tidal Wetlands, Ellicott City, Howard County Extracted from https://extension.umd.edu/mg/training/features-and-functions-non-tidal-wetlands This class has bothan online component (2-4 hours in duration) and a non-tidal wetland tour in Ellicott City, Howard County (2 hours in duration) 6 Non-tidal wetlands: Soggy, remote land in need of development? Or a rich ecosystem teaming with life that is a vital component of a healthy watershed? If you take a 15-minute walk from any point in the Chesapeake Bay watershed you are likely to stumble into a water source that eventually reaches the Bay. The quality of that water when it reaches the Bay largely depends on the features and functionality of the non-tidal wetlands the water runs through while on its journey. In this class students will learn • what features define non-tidal wetlands • the value that non-tidal wetlands bring to our environment (e.g., filtering out pollutants in our water) • the human actions that negatively impact non-tidal wetlands • how you can assist in preventing that harm by educating others about non-tidal wetlands Fee: $30 – Registration Ends April 8th http://nontidalwetlandsapril2016.eventbrite.com April 21, 2016 – 6:00 p.m. – 9:00 p.m. Hands On! Graft your own Tomatoes, UME Howard County office, Ellicott City, Maryland Extracted from https://extension.umd.edu/mg/training/hands-graft-your-own-tomatoes Join us to learn how to graft tomatoes! By joining the desired cultivar (scion) to the disease resistant rootstock, you can grow higher yielding tomatoes--often 25% or higher yields. Your grafted tomatoes are resistant to many of the common root diseases that normally damage tomatoes. You’ll learn which diseases can be minimized with grafted tomatoes. Then we’ll head to the grafting stations for hands on learning and merging scions to rootstocks for exceptional plants. Each person will graft 10 plants to take home, plus be given a few extra rootstocks and scions for more “at home” grafting after the class. Instructions and after-grafting care will be part of the class. The tomato cultivars will include Pineapple, Brandywine, Cherokee Purple, and Green Zebra. Students will graft onto Maxifort. Fee: $35 – Registration Ends April 14th http://tomatograftinghowardco.eventbrite.com Education Opportunities April 2016 – 10:30 a.m. Spring Lecture Series Ladew Topiary Gardens, Harvey Ladew Studio, Monkton, MD April 6: Rescuing Eden: Preserving America’s Historic Gardens with Caroline Seebohm April 13: “Seeds, Steeds & Beautiful Weeds” – interpreting sculpture Matthew Harris & Jann Rosen-Queralt Members $25, Non-Members $30, Optional Lunch $12 http://www.ladewgardens.com/EDUCATION/AdultEducation/Lecture-Series April 1, 2016 – 11:30 a.m. Conservatory & Heat Plant Insider Tour, Longwood Gardens, Discover how Longwood's 4-acre Conservatory operates and how we maintain the beautiful plants on display. Fee $4-Non Members, $3 Members – Ticket does not include admission for the Gardens http://longwoodgardens.org/events-and-performances/events/conservatory-heat-plant-insider-tour April 2016 – Multiple Dates Production Greenhouse Insider Tour, Longwood Gardens, Take a behind-the-scenes tour of Longwood's production greenhouses—where our expert horticulturists research, study, propagate and grow many of the plants that end up on public display in the Gardens. Fee $4-Non Members, $3 Members – Ticket does not include admission for the Gardens http://longwoodgardens.org/events-and-performances/events/production-greenhouse-insider-tour 7 April 4, 2016 – 7:00 p.m. to 9:00 pm. America’s Story of the Tomato, Baltimore County Master Gardeners, Cockeysville, MD Barbara Melera – Landreth Seed Company Fee: $25; http://mgis16.eventbrite.com April 8, 2016 – 8:30 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. Green Matters Symposium: A Garden Gateway, Brookside Gardens, Wheaton, MD Using Brookside Gardens’ recent Garden Gateway Project the symposium will focus on environmentally friendly landscape projects offering practical suggestions ranging from hardscape to plantings. Fee: $99; Early Bird (before March 1): $85 http://ActiveMONTGOMERY.org April 9, 2016 - 7:45 a.m. to 3:30 p.m. 24th Annual Shirley R. Wagner Garden Symposium, Penn State Master Gardeners & Cooperative Extension of Lancaster County The 24th Annual Shirley R. Wagner Garden Symposium for home gardeners will feature speaker Mike McGrath, host of WHYY Philadelphia “You Bet Your Garden”, with talks on composting and gardening in the shade. The program will also feature Penn State horticulturalists—Steve Bogash on “Growing the Best Tomatoes and Green Peppers Ever” and Annette MaCoy with tactics for dealing with invasive plants. Registration is $65 and includes Lunch. Deadline: Tuesday, April 5, 2016. http://www.cvent.com/events/shirley-r-wagner-garden-symposium-24th-annual/event-summary2625dfc92ebe4144945116fa25fb989a.aspx April 12, 2016 – 9:30 a.m. In the Garden Series: Hydrangea Macrophylla Pruning, Ladew Topiary Gardens, Monkton, MD Learn advanced gardening skills directly from the Ladew professional gardeners in “behind the scenes” gardening demonstrations. http://www.ladewgardens.com/EDUCATION/Adult-Education/In-The-Garden-Series Members: Free, Non-Members $13, includes admission to the Gardens and Nature Walk April 12, 2016 – 7:30 p.m. Horticultural Society of Maryland Lecture Series, Vollmer Center Auditorium Cylburn Arboretum, Baltimore, MD Sandra Clinton, FASLA - Gardens Transformed “What gardener isn’t looking for the unexpected “wow” factor in the garden? Many fall short in transforming vision into lush, imaginative reality. How can we achieve a four-season garden experience? Where do outside and inside meet in our homes and gardens? Clinton’s painterly approach and extensive plant knowledge combine in exuberant designs that highlight the seasonal rhythms of the landscape.” Admission non-members $10 at the door. http://mdhoriculture.org/programs-events/lecture-series April 14, 2016 – 1:00 p.m. to 3:30 p.m. Adventures in Moss Gardening, Mt. Cuba Center Hockessin, DE Add a luscious green look to your garden this year using moss, one of nature's most prolific groundcovers. Learn how moss softens the hard edges of a garden and provides a natural seedbed for other native plants. Identify 15 different species and how to successfully grow these miniature marvels. A demonstration on transplanting moss and maintaining Mt. Cuba Center's moss garden rounds out the class. Take home a sample to start your own plush carpet of emerald beauty. Fee: $38 https://education.mtcubacenter.org/wconnect/CourseStatus.awp?&course=162GAR110 8 April 16, 2016 – 10:00 a.m. to 3:30 p.m. Daffodil Day, Winterthur Museum, Wilmington, DE Henry Francis du Pont used his collector’s eye in assembling hundreds of heirloom daffodil bulbs arranged in cloud-like drifts on Winterthur’s Sycamore Hill. The day’s events will include special tours, kids’ crafts, and a children’s daffodil show. Members free. Included with admission. http://www.winterthur.org/?p=1191 April 17, 2016 – 1:00 p.m. to 3:00 p.m. Getting Started, Mt. Cuba Center Hockessin, DE Explore ways to create diverse, attractive, and functional landscapes using basic principles of naturalistic garden design. Learn how to work with your site to solve problems and maximize its use. Sun, shade, and wind patterns, microclimates, existing conditions, and other factors will be discussed. Fee: $30 https://education.mtcubacenter.org/wconnect/CourseStatus.awp?&course=162GAR102A April 21, 2016 – 10:00 a.m. to 11:30 a.m. Top 10 Spring Wildflowers, Mt. Cuba Center Hockessin, DE Looking to spruce up your yard this season? Try growing spring wildflowers. They are beautiful, already adapted to your climate and soil conditions, don't require additional fertilizers or pesticides, and attract a wealth of birds, butterflies, and other wildlife. Learn about ten spring-flowering plants that will get you thinking about the possibilities-and take one home to start your own native plant garden. Fee: $25 https://education.mtcubacenter.org/wconnect/CourseStatus.awp?&course=162GAR115 April 23, 2016 – 8:00 a.m. to 3:30 p.m. Wildflowers of the Susquehanna, Mt. Cuba Center Hockessin, DE The diverse, sheltered habitats of the Susquehanna River watershed support a wealth of unique wildflowers and wildlife in the piedmont of upper Maryland. Explore this expansive display of spring ephemerals as you walk along a section of the Susquehanna and Tidewater Canal through drifts of Dutchman's breeches, Virginia bluebells, toothwort, creeping phlox, and an unusual trillium species. Learn about the plant ecology of this region, its historic mills, and the importance of preserving this landscape of exceptional flora for migrating birds and indigenous fauna. Fee: $75 https://education.mtcubacenter.org/wconnect/CourseStatus.awp?&course=162CON186 April 24, 2016 – 10:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. Wildflower Celebration – Mt. Cuba Center Hockessin, DE Spend the day in native plant paradise and enjoy gardening demonstrations and free admission. http://www.mtcubacenter.org/visit/2016-wildflower-celebration/ April 28, 2016 – 10:00 a.m. to 12:00 p.m. Terrific Trilliums, Mt. Cuba Center Hockessin, DE Explore the enchanting world of trilliums through an informative presentation and inspiring woodland walk. Learn the trillium's life cycle and find out how to care for them in your garden. See Mt. Cuba Center's extraordinary collection of native species and observe a planting demonstration. Fee: $30 https://education.mtcubacenter.org/wconnect/CourseStatus.awp?&course=162GAR112 April 30, 2016 – 10:00 a.m. to 12:00 p.m. Spring Tune-Up!, Mt. Cuba Center Hockessin, DE With spring just around the corner, it's time to prepare your outdoor power equipment for the busy season ahead. Scott Freedman, a Grounds Maintenance Technician at Mt. Cuba Center, shows you how to tune up a lawn mower, string trimmer, and leaf blower, ensuring all parts are functioning properly and safely. Leave knowing how to troubleshoot equipment and get a head start on any potential problems. Fee: $30 https://education.mtcubacenter.org/wconnect/CourseStatus.awp?&course=162GAR109 9 Calendar of Events April 2 10:00 a.m. Ask a MG Plant Clinic Bel Air Library April 5 1:30 p.m. Brightview Brightview April 9 7:00 a.m. Bel Air Farmers Market, Opening Day Bel Air, MD April 9 10-11:30 a.m. Aberdeen Boy&Girls Club Comm. Garden “Plan your Veg. Garden” Aberdeen, MD 7:00 p.m. Volunteer Appreciation Evening Bring a Dessert Liriodendron April 15 2-4 p.m. “Growing Tomatoes” Upper Chesapeake Kaufman Center April 16 10:15 a.m. Garden Series / GIEI – Totally Tomatoes Bel Air Library April 16 10:00 a.m. Ask A MG Plant Clinic Whiteford Library April 16 10:15 a.m. “Totally Tomatoes” Garden Series Bel Air Library April 20 10:00 a.m. Daytime Study Group HCEO April 20 7:00 p.m. Evening Study Group HCEO April 23 10:00 a.m. GIEI – “Herbs in the Garden” Abingdon Library April 23 11 – 4 p.m. Aberdeen Earth Day Aberdeen, MD April 28 10:00 a.m. MG Steering Committee HCEO May 5 10:00 a.m. MG Monthly Meeting HCEO April 14 Note changed date! @B&G Club The Maryland Master Gardener Mission Statement The Maryland Master Gardener mission is to support the University of Maryland Extension by educating Maryland residents about safe effective and sustainable horticultural practices that build healthy gardens, landscapes and communities. Joyce Browning Urban Horticulturist Master Gardener Coordinator Harford County Office The University of Maryland, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources programs are open to all and will not discriminate against anyone because of race, age, sex, color, sexual orientation, physical or mental disability, religion, ancestry or national origin, marital status, genetic information, political affiliation, or gender identity and expression. 1 0