ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
TITLE
PAGE
DECLARATION
ii
DEDICATION
v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
vi
ABSTRAK
v
ABSTRACT
vii
CONTENT
viii
LIST OF TABLE
xiv
LIST OF FIGURE
xvi
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
xix
I
INTRODUCTION
1.0
Introduction
1
1.1
Definition of Nonpoint Source Pollution
2
1.2
Definition of Geographic Information System (GIS)
3
1.3
Background of Study
5
1.4
Statement of Problem
5
1.5
Objective of Study
7
1.6
Significance of Study
7
1.7
Scope of Study
8
x
1.7.1
Site Description
9
1.7.2
Catchment Area
11
1.7.3
Frequency and Parameter of Sampling
12
II
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0
Introduction
13
2.1
Project Description
14
2.2
River
15
2.3
Water Quality
16
2.3.1
Physical Parameter
18
2.3.1.1 Suspended Solid
19
2.3.1.2 Turbidity
19
2.3.1.3Temperature
20
2.3.1.4 Odor
21
Chemical Parameter
22
2.3.2.1 Biological Oxygen Demand
22
2.3.2.2 Chemical Oxygen Demand
21
2.3.2.3Dissolved Oxygen
23
2.3.2.4 Ammoniac Nitrogen
24
2.3.2.5 pH
24
2.3.2
2.4
Water Quality Assessment: Water Quality Index (WQI)
27
2.5
Water Pollution and Sources
29
2.5.1
29
Sources of Water Pollution
2.5.1.1 Point Source
29
2.5.1.2 Non-point Source
30
2.6
Assessment for Water Quality
31
2.7
Water Quality Monitoring
32
2.8
Geographic Information System (GIS)
34
xi
2.8.1
2.9
ArcGIS 9.1
36
2.8.1.1 ArcMap
36
2.8.1.2 ArcGIS 3D Analyst
37
Nonpoint Source Pollution Models
39
2.9.1
Agriculture Nonpoint Source (AGNPS)
40
2.9.2
Areal Nonpoint Source Watershed Environment
Response Simulation (ANSWERS)
41
2.9.3
Storm Water Management Model (SWMM)
41
2.9.4
Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE)
42
GIS-Based Nonpoint sources Pollution Model
43
2.10.1 Expected Mean Concentration
44
2.10.2 Rainfall-Runoff Analysis
46
2.11
Related Works
47
2.12
Previous Study
49
2.13
Summary
50
2.10
III
METHODOLOGY
3.1
Introduction
52
3.2
Identification of Study Area
53
3.3
Data Acquisition
54
3.4
3.5
3.3.1 Primary data
54
3.3.2 Secondary Data
55
Laboratory Work
55
3.4.1
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
55
3.4.2
Chemical oxygen demand (COD)
58
3.4.3
Total Suspended Solid Test
59
3.4.4
Ammonical nitrogen
61
3.4.5
Oil and grease (O&G)
62
GIS Integration
64
xii
3.5
3.5.1 Nonpoint Source Pollution Modeling Description
66
3.5.2 Establishing a River Basin GIS Database
67
3.5.3 Generation of DTM
71
3.5.4 Rainfall-runoff analysis
73
3.5.5 Expected Mean Concentration Values
74
3.5.6 Pollutant Loading Assessment
77
3.5.7 Accumulative Pollutant Loading Assessment
78
3.5.7.1
Flow Direction
78
3.5.7.2
Flow Accumulation
78
Summary
79
IV
RESULT AND ANALYSIS
4.1
Introduction
81
4.2
Water Quality Index (WQI)
81
4.3
GIS Modeling result and analysis
85
4.3.1
Digital Elevation Model
85
4.3.2
Rainfall-Runoff Analysis
86
4.3.3
Expected Mean Concentration value (EMC)
88
4.3.4
Accumulative Pollutant Loading Assessment
88
4.3.4.1
Flow Direction
89
4.3.4.2
Flow Accumulation
90
4.4
Assessment Approach
90
4.5
Results Assessment
94
4.5.1
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
94
4.5.2
Total Suspended Solid (TSS)
97
4.5.3
Ammonical Nitrogen (NH3-N)
98
4.6
Corrective Measure
100
4.7
Summary
102
xiii
V
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1
Introduction
103
5.2
Major Finding
103
5.3
Future Research
105
REFERENCES
106
Appendices A-D
111
xiv
LIST OF TABLE
TABLE NO.
TITLE
PAGE
1.1
Land Use Area of the Project Site
9
1.2
The Area of Coverage for the Water Catchment
11
2.0
Physical and Chemical Parameters
19
2.1
Water Quality Index (WQI) Criteria
27
2.2
DOE Water Quality Index Classes
29
2.3
The Possible Land-Water Transform Coefficients
44
3.0
Measurable BOD using Various Dilutions of Samples.
56
3.1
Monthly Average of Generated Discharge for 2009
73
3.2
Land Use Description and Codes
76
3.3
EMC Values of Pollutants Based on Land Use.
75
4.2 (a)
Water Quality Index for First Sampling, 13 February 2009
81
4.2 (b)
Water Quality Index for Second Sampling 21 April 2009
82
4.2 (c)
Water Quality Index for Third Sampling 1 September l 2009
83
xv
4.3
Annual Runoff
87
4.4
Expected Mean Concentration Table for Study Area.
88
4.5
Pollutant Load Calculation
92
4.6
The Annual Accumulative Pollutant Load (kg/year)
94
xvi
LIST OF FIGURE
FIGURE NO.
TITLE
PAGE
1.0
Oil Palm Plantation and Reserved Forest the Proposed Road
10
1.1
Sampling Points
10
1.2
The Catchment of the Study Area
12
2.1
Status of River Basin Water Quality 2005
18
2.2
Network for Water Quality Monitoring
34
2.3
Perform Modeling and Analysis Using ArcGIS
38
2.4
The 3D Extension for ArcGIS Server
39
2.5
Hydrograph, Pollutograph and Loadgraph
46
2.6
Comparison of Pollutographs and EMC for Storm Events
46
3.1
Methodology Flow Chart
53
3.2
Apparatus Used to Measure Dissolved Oxygen in BOD Test.
58
3.3
Apparatus Used to Measure COD
59
3.4
Apparatus Used to Measure TSS
61
xvii
3.5
Apparatus for Oil and Grease Test
64
3.6
The GIS Integration Overview
65
3.7
The Nonpoint Source Pollutant Modeling
67
3.8
The Digitized River Network
69
3.9
Construction of the Runoff Grid, Expected Mean
Concentration (EMC) Grid and Assessment of Pollutant Loading
70
3.10
Contour Line Digitizing Using ArcGIS
72
3.11
Chart for Discharge Value for Each Station
74
3.12
Joining of Table land use and EMC
76
4.0
Elevation Surface of Study Area
85
4.1
Stream network overlaid with elevation surface
86
4.2
The Yearly Runoff Grid
87
4.3
The Flow Analysis using GIS
89
4.4
Flow Direction Grid of the study area
89
4.5
Flow Accumulation Grid of the study area
90
4.6
Pollutant Accumulated Loading Map
91
4.7 (a)
Annual Accumulative Pollutant Load for BOD and NH3N
93
4.7 (b)
Annual Accumulative Pollutant Load for TSS
93
4.8
Differences in BOD Loading
95
xviii
4.9
Daily Rainfall for the Study Area
95
4.10
BOD Pollutant Laoding for W4
96
4.11
Differences in TSS Loading
97
4.12
BOD Pollutant Laoding During Construction Stage
98
4.13
NH3N Loading for Each Sampling Station
99
xix
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
µg
-
micro gram
AN
-
Ammoniacal-nitrogen
BMP
BOD
Best Management Practice
-
Biochemical Oxygen Demand
C
Runoff Coefficient
CAD
Computer-aided Design
COD
-
Chemical Oxygen Demand
CN
Curve Number
DEM
Digital Elevation Model
DFX
AutoCAD Exchange Format
DO
-
Dissolved Oxygen
DOE
-
Department of Environment
EMC
Expected Mean Concentration
ESRI
Environmental System Research Institute
g
-
gram
GIS
-
Geographic Coordinate System
GPS
-
Global Positioning System
GRASS
ha
Geographical Analysis Support System
-
Hectares
IDW
Inverse Distance Weighted
JKR
Jabatan Kerja Raya
JUPEM
-
Jabatan Ukur dan Pemetaan Malaysia
m
-
meter
xx
mg
-
NPS
milligram
Non-Point Source
ppm
-
part per million
RSO
-
Rectified Skew Orthomorphic
TIN
USGS
Triangulated Irrigular Network
-
United State Geological Survey
USLE
Universal Soil Loss Equation
UV
Ultraviolet
WQI
3D
-
Water Quality Index
Three Dimension
xxi
LIST OF APPENDIX
APPENDICES
TITLE
PAGE
A
Excel Sheet of WQI Calculation
103
B
The Modeler for the NPS Modeling
104
C1
Johor Land Use Map
105
C2
Rainfall Data
106
D1
Tables of Attributes
107
D2
Metadata of GIS Output Grid (FDGC ESRI Xml)
108