INTEGRATED LAND USE ASSESSMENT (ILA) FOR SUSTAINABLE
METROPOLITAN DEVELOPMENT
Ahris Yaakup, Haibenarisal Bajuri, Siti Zalina Abu Bakar, Susilawati Sulaiman
Department of Urban and Regional Planning
Faculty of Built Environment
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
Skudai, Johor
Email: b-haris@utm.my
Abstract
The tremendous pressure of rapid development has created a greater and massive
development growth just to fit human needs physically, socially and economically. The
human need is surrounded with man-made environments (e.g infrastructure and facilities) of
which at some point, ignores the right of natural environment itself that consequently affects
the environmental quality. Either directly or indirectly, it also contributes to the
degradation quality of urban life. The Klang Valley Region which is experiencing the
highest rate of urban growth in the country, has of late shows all the evidences of going
through the metropolisation process including urban sprawl and scattered development,
land use conflicts, squatters and slum housing development, inadequate network facilities,
land shortage, inevitable high land prices and the degradation of environmental quality.
This has set the need for a ‘tool’ for continuous evaluation and analysis of the current
environment as well as the capacity for future development. In response, the Integrated
Land use Assessment (ILA) concept per se is introduced as an integrated land use planning
approach that exploits the GIS analysis capabilities, supported by the use of planning
support systems is seen as a good mechanism for monitoring urban development especially
in environment-sensitive areas (ESAs). Finding that ILA could exploit GIS capabilities
accurately in spatial analysis, it would be useful for decision makers to achieve sustainable
development through incorporation of the use of Spatial Multi-Criteria Evaluation (SMCE)
and base on Development Scenario Assessment. The paper will discuss the issues faced by
the Klang Valley Region while undergoing the process of metropolisation and the need for
a mechanism to facilitate development planning and monitoring toward sustainable
metropolitan development. The paper will next explain the concept and ILA model
development and further emphasize on the case study concerning the use of ILA for defining
and mapping of ESAs.
Keywords : Integrated Land Use Assessment, Environmental Sensitive Area, GIS
INTRODUCTION
The key term on sustainable development as defined by the World Commission on
Environment and Developments is ‘development that meets the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own need (UNCED, 1987: pp
43). Development, on the other hand, attacks the environment in another way. Economic
gains motivate the destruction of forests and the maximal exploitation of natural resources.
Industrialization pollutes the air, water and atmosphere through toxic and chemical
discharges during production and consumption, all in the name of development. The
increasing demand for housing, employment opportunities, institution and other urban
facilities and services from the city dwellers became the main factors contributing to the
deterioration of environmental quality and increase the environmental problems in urban
areas.
The Town and Country Planning Act 1976, (Act 172), stipulates that the local government is
the local planning authority for the area. As land is a State matter, thus any urban problems
associated with development such as transportation, flash flood, landslides and siltation,
lack of housing and facilities need to be tackled at the planning authority level. As a
reflection of the practice of sustainable development, and given the importance of
environmental protection, it is imperative that environmental concerns be incorporated into
development planning. Therefore it can be agreed that ‘the quest for sustainable
development means that local authorities have to maintain comfort, convenience, efficiency,
and preserve their built and natural environment’ (Mohamad Saib, 2002).
Planning and monitoring of the urban area are important as it involve the need to understand
and review current development scenarios to predict changes that will occur, formulate
policies and strategies, as well as control the urban development. The identification of
environmental sensitive area (ESA) should become a major concern to verify the areas that
need to be preserved and areas that can be developed while monitoring of environmental
aspect would help improve the urban quality. Hence, the land use assessment and
monitoring is required as the development needs to be controlled. The assessment needs an
exact image and related data of the development area so that the evaluation of the
development scenario can be made fairly.
In the past, the number of alternative planning scenarios was rather limited due to the
difficulties in producing them, mainly owing to the time consuming procedures of creating
scenarios as well as the evaluation that follows. However, with the advancement of
Geoinformation Technology (GIT) these days, having prepared the evaluation model, the
operation can be accomplished within a much shorter time frame by computer processing of
the data and computer mapping of the results even though huge data and information from
various sectors is involved.
The Geographic Information Systems (GIS) has long been accepted as the most appropriate
solution to address spatially referenced data. The essence of GIS in the plan making process,
quoting Calkins (1972), suggested that ‘better planning will be achieved through better
information, and better information will necessarily flow from an information system’. The
Planning Support System (PSS) which is a combination’s of GIS data, urban model and
presentation technique using computer for planning support has also been increasing in use
for more enhanced end products.
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The introduction of Integrated Land use Assessment (ILA) concept as an integrated land use
planning approach through the use of GIS analysis capabilities supported by a planning
support system (PSS) resulted in a more integrated planning and serves as a good alternative
in producing more rational decisions. This paper attempts to demonstrate the adoption of
ILA for urban control in metropolitan development using PSS/GIS in defining the situation
of current development (e.g. environment sensitive area and urban changes) as well the
suitability for future development. Following discussions will touch on several metropolitan
issues of Klang Valley, explain on the concept and purpose of ILA and the generation of
alternative scenarios for metropolitan development with particular emphasis on the
Environmental Sensitive Areas (ESAs).
ISSUES CONCERNING METROPOLITAN DEVELOPMENT
Metropolitan characteristics were recognized by its rapid development and population
growth with high density population, massive building construction, fully equipped with
modern facilities and services, infrastructures, road networks, etc. The development of
metropolis is induced by the pressures within the city and sprawl outside the territory due to
large migration and force of development.
This paper looks at the Klang Valley Region which of late shows all the evidences of going
through metropolisation process. The region is experiencing the highest rate of urban
growth in the country. The Klang Valley Region is made up of five districts including
Gombak, Klang, Petaling, Kuala Lumpur and Hulu Langat. However, the City of Kuala
Lumpur has long been the center of economic growth activities for the Klang Valley
Region. The National Physical Plan (RFN) has also stressed on the Kuala Lumpur
Conurbation. Kuala Lumpur urban sprawl extends in all directions well into the surrounding
state of Selangor, but particularly to the south and southwest of the Klang Valley (ESCAP
Publications).
The Klang Valley conurbation is considered the most developed and fastest growing region
in the country. The region is faced with the most serious urbanization problems such as
urban sprawl and scattered development, land use conflicts, squatters and slum housing
development, inadequate network facilities, land shortage, inevitable high land prices and
the degradation of environmental quality. Much of the original forest cover has been
replaced by urban land use, and development has now encroached into the foothills resulting
in surface erosion and increased incidence of flash floods. The region is also well served by
road networks whose efficiency is hampered only by traffic congestion.
Urban Sprawl
One of the early symptoms of impact of rapid urban growth is the transformation and, in
many cases, the deterioration of the natural environment. Forests and other natural
vegetation have now been replaced by infrastructure, residential homes, office space and
shop houses, industries and other commercial buildings. Apartments and condominiums
appeared to have become popular and their number has increased substantially within Kuala
Lumpur and surrounding areas and up to the hilly area.
The whole of Klang Valley had experience a tremendous growth rate of built up area.
Analysis carried out within 1988 to 1998 (Map 1) have indicated a four-fold increase in
3
built-up areas. This might be influenced by the urbanisation process which consequently led
to forced and pressured development to further cater for the urban needs. The urban sprawl
if not well countered for would promote more problems and issues.
Map 1: The Growth of Built-Up areas in Klang Valley 1988-1998
Lost of Urban Green
The expansion of the city due to pressures for new development within the city and urban
fringes have systematically seized the limited green area available. In effect, there is a
decline in the urban eco-environment. There is an issue regarding the impact of urban green
declining within and near the city, and the importance to preserve and value the green area.
For Klang Valley, several map layers and GIS spatial analysis have been used to measure
the lost of green areas to other land uses. The analysis carried out showed that within the
duration of ten years (1988-1998), about 33.18% of the green area were lost to other urban
land uses especially housing and industries (Map 2). The green’s database developed has
enabled display of the green area distribution according to the predetermined categories and
had been further interrogated, among others, to identify the supply and location of open
space and recreational area against the demand for recreational facilities.
Map 2: Urban Green Changes in Klang Valley Region (1988-1998)
(BKWPPLK, 2001)
4
Table 1: The Loss of Green 1988-1998
GREEN AREAS (Hectares)
1990
1996
1998
Loss of Green
1988 - 1998
%
1988
5,099.3725
1,981.2964
2,448.4904
6,966.6644
16,445.8237
28.98
3,666.9774
2,238.4947
4,490.4468
2,694.5615
13,090.4804
16.70
DISTRICT
Gombak
Hulu Langat
WPKL
Petaling
Klang
TOTAL
368.6260
280.9134
2,565.1901
533.4750
3,748.2045
48.46
9,673.3324
2,020.6212
8,164.9057
1,785.1085
21,643.9678
55.53
4,979.5235
890.8447
4,512.7240
14,262.6627
24,645.7549
42.51
23,787.8318
7,412.1704
22,181.7570
26,242.4721
79,574.2313
33.18
Source: (BKWPPLK, 2001)
Table 1 indicates the total lost of urban green in Klang Valley within the ten years period
(1988-1998). The percentage of greenery lost showed that Petaling has the highest
percentage of loss compared to other districts in Klang Valley. It is concerned that the
reduction of the green area might probably lead to other related problems.
Among the important aspect in planning and development control which should be of
primary concern is the urban climate and need to identify the changing forms and intensity
of heat island effect. Observations carried out over the last several years in the Klang Valley
indicated that the commercial centers are usually several degrees warmer than the
surrounding countryside (Sham 1973a & b, 1979, 1980). The effect is believed to have a
significant relationship with the increase in built-up areas and the lost of green. In addition,
with the ever-increasing population, most metropolitan areas such as Klang Valley are faced
with a high demand for housing and facilities, and problems such as air and water pollution,
and other geo-hazards occurred deteriorating the environmental quality of the area.
Pollution
Figure 1 indicates the water quality stations reading of Water Quality Index (WQI) and
index for several important parameters such as ‘Biochemical Oxygen Demand’ (BOD),
‘Suspended Solids’ (SS), and ‘Ammoniacal Nitrogen’ (NH3-N). The figure shows the trend
of water quality between year 1995-1999. The fluctuation of water quality within the 5 years
period suggests that the pollution level at certain locations should be of major concern.
Further analysis done showed that the type of land uses mainly contributed to declined water
quality was housing, industries and agriculture as well as the illegal development activities
such as squatters (domestic waste) and illegal industries (chemical and toxic waste). Only
recently, some improvements were shown in certain segments of the Klang River. This
could be attributed to the success of several mitigation programs adopted like river
upgrading project by the Department of Irrigation and Drainage and relocation of squatter
settlements and illegal industries along the rivers.
5
G raf P1995
e rb an
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1995 - 1999
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Indeks Kualiti Air (WQI)
Water Quality Index (WQI)
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
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W Q I9 9
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3015632
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3016623
3118645
3117629
3116620
3116604
3116626
3217619
3217627
3115638
3016631
3117605
3217628
3017612
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Clean
Moderately clean
Moderately polluted
Polluted
Highly polluted
Figure 1: The Changes of River Water Quality Index (1995–1999)
(BKWPPLK, 2001)
The rate and intensity of development and population density in an area could also provide
indirect indication to the causes of pollution. It is shown that areas concentrated with
activities such as the commercial and housing areas have more potential to generate
pollution. This probably is related to the increased traffic volume that has a high potential of
generating air as wel as noise pollution. Meanwhile, the degradation of water quality is
related to waste disposal from commercial activities, illegal factories and settlement area.
Map 1.3 shows the result of a crude analysis attempting to identify the area with high
probability of contributing to pollution in Klang Valley.
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Map 1.3: Potential Causes of Water Quality Changes
(BKWPPLK, 2001)
6
One of the main factors contributing to the existence of these problems is the lack of
information in supporting the monitoring processes. Due to huge/massive data and
information to be gathered and managed, this has set the need for an integrated and efficient
information system particularly to assist in environmental control. Due to scarcity of land
identified for development, incompatible land uses and the need to control urban growth, an
integrated approach of land use assessment using GIS is essential to protect the environment
and control the development.
METROPOLITAN DEVELOPMENT CONTROL
The point of view in urban and regional planning expressed that development planning
requires an effective planning approach to achieve the desired goal and objectives, to
evaluate alternative as well as control development programs that are in line with current
and future prospects.
The Kuala Lumpur metropolitan itself is undergoing extensive growth and modernization.
New industrial areas and suburbs are emerging all around Kuala Lumpur, especially in the
cities of Klang Valley such as in Ampang to the east of the city center, and to the south
toward the district of Sepang. Development control is considered very important for Kuala
Lumpur Metropolitan, especially in the Commercial Central Area which has the highest
concentration of development compared to the rest of the city. To date, many applications
for development or redevelopment are still received by the City Hall.
The Klang Valley conurbation, on the other hand, extends into an area of at least twice that
size, although it is not precisely defined and some consider it even larger. The fast changing
scene of Kuala Lumpur as well as Klang Valley has considerably affected the form of the
area as well as promotes the emergence of environmental issues and if not controlled, the
image and identity of Kuala Lumpur and Klang Valley might eventually be lost. Another
consideration that should not be overlooked is the need to ensure harmonious integration of
a particular proposed development into the larger scale surrounding urban landscape. This
also requires that development be synchronized and coordinated wherever common
administrative boundaries are concerned, and in the case of Klang Valley, between the five
districts. This has set the need for proper and effective planning which calls for a
comprehensive information concerning the past, present and future, crucial for effective
policy plans and decisions to reduce uncertainty throughout the planning process.
The process of development control and approval requires a technique for the systematic
compilation of expert quantitative analysis and qualitative assessment of land use and
property development viability, including its effect on the surrounding area. In addition, the
presentation of results must be in a way that enables the importance of the predicted results,
and the scope of modifying or mitigating be properly evaluated by the relevant decision
making body before planning permission is rendered. Apparently, a support system which
enables the assessment of development implementation at all planning levels is crucial to
ensure that they comply with the development plans and planning standard.
Assessment of land uses in urban areas by integrating GIS application can help determine
land availability according various criteria in which taking into account major factors such
as existing urban area, area with physical constraint, conservation and preservation areas
and so forth. At the same time, in the planning evaluation process, it is important to have
several alternatives, in which various factors such as the cost-benefit and socio-economic
7
characteristics are taken into account (Yaakup, 1991). Up-to-date reliable information is
therefore needed at regional and local level to facilitate administrative procedures, policy
planning and plan implementation. To plan, monitor and control development in
metropolitan area requires technology that is capable of not only assisting day-to-day
routine but should also aid in formulating development strategies and able to cope with the
fast changing scene of urban development. The capability to be alert of possible danger
pertaining to land development can be very useful in preventing adverse effect.
The introduction of ILA as an integrated land use planning approach that exploits the GIS
analysis capabilities, supported by the use of planning support systems is seen as a good
mechanism for monitoring and controlling metropolitan development. ILA is also aimed at
reducing causes of degradation to environmental quality due to rapid development and
expansion of city limits which have either directly or indirectly affected environmental
quality in Klang Valley (Yaakup et al., 2004). The following discussion will illustrate the
concept of Integrated Landuse Assessment, the developed model and its implementation.
INTEGRATED LAND USE ASSESSMENT
Due to the time consuming procedures of creating scenarios as well as the evaluation,
policy-makers like most decision-makers, face the difficult task of evaluating and examining
the impact of various resource allocations. In the past, the evaluation process appeared to be
quite static and limited. Having prepared the evaluation model, the operation can be
accomplished within a much shorter time frame by computer processing of the data and
computer mapping of the results (Yaakup and Johar, 1996a; 1996b).
The Integrated Landuse Assessment (ILA) concept that was introduced within the
Application of GIS for Klang Valley (AGISwlk) project, aimed at developing an integrated
spatial analysis model with the ability to generate alternative development scenarios by
integrating physical and socio-economic information of Klang Valley. The purpose of ILA
implementation in AGISwlk is to act as development planning mechanism, to be used as
guidelines and reference for future development, and support the land development control
as well as provide alternative directions for development of Klang Valley.
The Underlying Concept of ILA
The introduction of ILA as an integrated land use planning approach that exploits the GIS
analysis capabilities, supported by the use of planning support system is seen as a good
alternative for achieving better and more rational decisions. The concept of integrated
approach in ILA is focused on the aspect of integration of the applications previously
developed in AGISwlk, which are more sector-based (Figure 2). ILA emphasizes on the
concept of integration whereby relationship exists between the database developed in
AGISwlk and implementation of application-based analyses, with the use of planning
support systems.
8
Figure 2 : The Concept of Integrated Land Use Assessment (ILA)
The assessment technique in ILA adopts the GIS spatial analysis technique combined with
the weighting and sequential techniques. ILA involves two types of assessment namely
Land Resources Assessment and Land Capacity Assessment. Land Resource Assessment
aims at evaluating potential land resources for development in terms of suitability by
considering two deriving factors, which are Environmental Sensitive Areas and Highly
Accessible Area base on locality factors. Land Capacity Assessment, on the other hand,
evaluates the extent of acceptable development in terms of land supply and carrying
capacity toward environmental sustainability. The Land Capacity Assessment involves four
deriving factors including Construction Suitability (Terrain Map); Carrying Capacity for
River Basin, Transportation as well as Public Facilities; Development Plan; and Population
Carrying Capacity.
Model Development
In defining the model, the development scenario alternatives should satisfy various criteria
such as taking into consideration the planning objectives proposed and measuring all the
costs and benefits for every sector. In the case of ILA for metropolitan area, a table of
deriving and selection factors based on the developed model was prepared while at the same
time allowing users the choice and flexibility of redefining the factors to generate the
scenario alternatives subject to particular policies, weights and ratings concerned (Appendix
1).
The ILA model is implemented through incorporation with the use of the What if? Planning
Support System, which is a scenario base, policy-oriented planning support system that uses
increasingly available GIS data to support community-based process of collaborative
planning and collective decision-making. For generating the scenarios, the GIS layers
involved include the current land use, suitability factors, land use control, infrastructure
allocation control, growth trend and administrative boundary, as well as other related
information. Meanwhile, the selection of criteria for implementation of ILA model adopts
9
the spatial multi-criteria evaluation (SMCE) technique which considers the selection of
specific factors and takes into account the cost and benefits concerning every sector.
The process of scenario generation is demonstrated in the following discussion using the
Environmental Sensitive Area (ESA) sub model as an example.
Environmental Sensitive Areas (ESAs)
Environmental Sensitive Areas (ESAs) are areas identified as sensitive towards
development and further aggravation could lead to the overall degradation of the
environment, which led to the increase risk of natural disaster and threatening the
ecosystem. The definition of ESA applies the concept adopted under the Sustainable
Development Strategy and Agenda 21 outlined by the Department of Town and Country
Planning of State of Selangor. In the study, the integrated concept of ESA is adopted
whereby ESAs are grouped into three classes based on functions concerning heritage value,
hazard risk and life support (Kerajaan Negeri Selangor, 1999).
The need for an ESA map is to serve as a guideline for identifying areas that should be
avoided from being developed and if development is “a must”, these maps could act as
guidelines to further justify the type of development that is to be implemented together with
comprehensive procedures, policies, standards and preventive measures embedded
throughout the development activities. ESA map can also act as a tool for supporting
control, monitoring and managing of development through implementation of the five main
strategies i.e. delineation of boundaries, limitation of use, defining standards, use of buffer
spaces and design manipulation through technology optimisation (Kerajaan Negeri
Selangor, 1999).
For this paper, discussion will be based on ILA study implemented for the sub river basins
of Batu and Gombak, covering an area of approximately 7,508.2 hectare in the District of
Gombak in Klang Valley (Figure 3). In the study, the ESA sub model was applied to
generate development scenario alternatives concerning environmental sensitive area.
However, due to certain constraints, not all the selection factors were used. This is
considered a preliminary study to design a model based on an integrated approach in
generating development scenario alternatives with emphasis on the environmental aspect.
Study Area
Figure 3: The study area (Gombak)
10
Generated Scenarios for ESAs
The objective is to identify ESAs that need to be preserved and therefore indicate areas
suitable for development. The model for the identification of environmentally sensitive
areas involved various criteria including natural habitat which has not been interfered by
human activities, natural habitat that has to be managed for human and environmental
needs, natural or modified steep slopes as well as water catchments areas.
The implementation of ESA sub model has taken into consideration seven factors including
historical area, erosion, flood, stream, recreation area, water body and forests. Two scenario
alternatives were generated by using the same factors but by applying different weights and
ratings appropriate to two different policies. The methodology was developed and organised
based on the GIS spatial analysis process and planning support system framework.
There are 4 stages involved in generating the ESAsbase scenarios. The first stage involves identification
of policy and strategy to be used as guideline and
direction in achieving the desired output. The second
stage include data collecting and identifying of data in
the AGISwlk database to be used for creating
Uniform Analysis Zone (UAZ) and analysis based on
predetermined selection factors. UAZ are GIS
generated polygons, which are homogeneous in all
respects considered in the model (Figure 4). For
instance, all points within a UAZ have the same slope,
are located in the same municipality, are within the
same distance of an existing or proposed highway,
and so on (Klosterman, 2001b).
Analysis and Modelling in the third stage, involves
the process of creating Uniform Analysis Zone (UAZ),
designing project file and conducting suitability
analysis. The process of creating UAZ layer includes
combining of GIS data layers. The GIS functions
involved in the process are overlay, classification and
Figure 4: Example of Uniform Analysis
measurement. Designing the project file is most
Zone (UAZ)
important because it influence the suitability analysis
and affects the resulting output. The suitability
analysis involves three steps, which are selecting the suitability factors, specifying factor
weights and specifying factor ratings.
The fourth stage is the end product in the form of a map, graph and table. Basically, the map
showed the ESAs based on level of sensitivity such as critical, high, medium and low. The
generated report provides a formal documentation on the assumption used for each
alternative scenario and summary of the result in the form of graph and table. The table
listed the ESAs based on level of sensitivity and the calculated areas in the unit of hectare
while the graph provides comparison in term of areas (hectare) between the different
generated scenarios.
This end product would help in the decision making process by providing support for a
more rational and reliable judgement. Such information gathered and mapped will enable
relevant authorities in designing preventive measures by the types of land use situated
11
within the ESAs to minimize negative impacts. The two generated scenarios for ESAs are as
follows.
Scenario 1
In Scenario 1, six factors were considered as highly important in preserving the environment
while excluding the forest. Forest area is assumed a less important factor to be considered
for preservation and thus development shall be allowed within the forest area with certain
limitations and control measures. The scenario generated showed 13.47% of land as less
sensitive, 69.71% moderately sensitive and 16.83 % highly sensitive (Figure 5). As the
forest falls under the ‘moderately sensitive’ category, this means that more land can be
developed. With proper control and development carried out based on the environmental
functions concerned i.e heritage value, life support and hazard risk, development can bring
numerous benefits while at the same time the area still maintain its integrity.
Scenario 2
In Scenario 2, the adopted policy outlined that no development shall be carried out in the
forest area and all the factors are considered as of high importance in identifying the ESA.
The generated scenario showed 13.47% of the area as less sensitive, 25.69% moderately
sensitive while 60.84% highly sensitive (Figure 6). As no development is allowed in all the
highly sensitive ESAs which cover more than 50% of the area, the land available for
development is reduced. This scenario emphasized that ESA have to be preserved as
changes to the existing status could generate negative impact and affect the function of the
area.
Figure 5: Scenario 1 of ESA
Figure 6: Scenario 2 of ESA
12
CONCLUSION
In realising an integrated and sustainable metropolitan development is important, planner
needs to play an active role in grabbing the opportunities provided through the advancement
in information technology towards a better regional planning and monitoring quality.
Formerly, the policies and strategies were formulated only in the form of statements and
thus made it difficult for decision makers to assess the impact in spatial form. However, the
adoption of ILA enables the spatial assessment of the policies applied and amendment can
be made based on the generated set of predicted scenarios.
GIS has proved to be invaluable tool for evaluating alternative solutions to urban planning
problems especially in environmental issues. In formulating the sustainable development
strategy, the GIS database developed can be extensively interrogated to generate several
alternative solutions to urban planning problems. The approach of Integrated Land Use
Assessment (ILA) became a pivotal role to evaluate the land capacity and availability of
land resources. Various scenarios, which take into account the socio-economic characteristic
of urban dwellers, the constraints of physical development, availability of land and land
suitability for particular type of development can be generated using ILA. The
implementation of ILA as an integrated land use planning approach through the use of GIS
analysis capabilities supported by a planning support system (PSS) resulted in a more
integrated planning and serves as a good alternative in producing more rational decisions.
Subsequently, the ever-accelerating growth of the computer technology especially that
involving the GIS and PSS have further simplified the method of land and environmental
assessment. The use of ILA for controlling, monitoring and managing development is hoped
to facilitate planning and management agencies in deriving at more effective decisions
towards sustainable metropolitan development.
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15
Appendix 1: Selection Factors For ILA Model
FACTOR
A. Land
Resources
DERIVING
FACTOR
A1.
Environmental
Sensitive Area
SELECTION
FACTOR
SPECIFIC SELECTION FACTOR
A111. Historical,
monument and
archaeology
A112. Biodiversity
A113. Geology
A12 Geohazard Risk
Buildings
Hills
Caves
Villages
Archaeology Sites
Reserved Forest
Wild Life reserves
Unique Rock
A11 Heritage
A114. Landscape
A121. Landslide
A122. Flood
A123. Land
Subsidence
A124. Erosion
OUTPUT
Ex-mining area
Limestone Hill
Sedimentary rock
Major Coal Mine (Batu
Arang)
Biggest & deepest mine
(Sungai Besi)
Major Tin mine (Perigi
Tujuh Serendah)
Hot Spring Area
Public recreation Park
Hill Area
Natural retention area
Limestone, ex-mining land
Beach
1.
2.
3.
4.
Very Critical
Critical
High Sensitivity
Medium
Sensitivity
5. Low sensitivity
1.
2.
3.
4.
Very Critical
Critical
High Sensitivity
Medium
Sensitivity
A131. Fresh Water
Supply
A13. Life Support
A132. Food
A133. Energy and
Building Materials
Resources
A21. Accessibility
A2. Locality
Factors
A22. Proximity
A23. Land Status
River
Pond
Island
Groundwater
Dam
Drainage System - River
Aquaculture area - Resources
Crops area - Resources
Poultry area - Resources
Agriculture Industry Center
Research Station - institution
Mineral Metallic
Tin
Sand
Industrial mineral
Aggregate rock
resources area
Clay
A211. Main road
A222. Main Railways
A223. Main Junction
A224. Transit Station
A221. Built up area
A222. Committed Development
A223. Public Amenities
A224. Town Centre
A225. Main River
A231. Land Reserve
A232. Land Ownership
5. Low sensitivity
1.
2.
3.
4.
Very Critical
Critical
High Sensitivity
Medium
Sensitivity
5. Low sensitivity
1. High
2. Medium
3. Low
1. High
2. Medium
3. Low
B. Land
Capacity
B1.
Construction
Suitability (Terain
Map)
B11. Slope
1.
2.
3.
4.
B12. Elevation
B13. Activity
B14. Erosion & Stability
B211. Road
Volume/ capacity ratio
B21. Transportation
B212. Junction
B2. Carrying
Capacity
B213. Public transportation
B22. Public Amenity
Carrying
Capacity
B23. Basin Capacity
Main road
Traffic Volume (Traffic demand)
Capacity (Road capabilities to support
number of vehicles)
Geometry & Configuration
Types of control
Volume by direction
Types of public transportation
Usage choices
B221. Educational Centre
B222. Religious Centre
B223. Recreational area
B224. Healthcare centre
B225. Police station
B226. Fire Station
B231. River Basin Capacity
B232. Drainage Capacity – River, Retention pond
Class I
Class II
Class III
Class IV
Level of Services
(LoS)
1. Class A
2. Class B
3. Class C
4. Class D
5. Class E
6. Class F
Service level
Carrying Capacity
base on population
Carrying Capacity
base on development
B3.
Development plans
B4. Population
B31. National Physical Plan
B32. Klang Valley Perspective Plan
B33. Selangor State Structure Plan
B34. DBKL Structure Plan
B35. District Local Plan
B41. Enumeration Block
B42. Census District
B43. Local Authority
B44. District/area
B45. County
B46. Planning Zone
B47. Town
Land use zone
Population density,
distribution, etc