Zone 231, Master Map
Normal View
-14°00'
Zone Master, Normal View, 10 deg FOV
η
-16°00'
ζ
µ
c
α Arneb
-18°00'
e
-20°00'
Lepus
f
d
ε
-24°00'
γ
-22°00'
β Nihal
δ
06h 00m
05h 52m
05h 44m
05h 36m
05h 28m
05h 20m
05h 12m
05h 04m
04h 56m
Zone 231, Map 1
Normal Image
-15°00'
Sky charts generated by TheSky Software; used by permission of Software Bisque Inc.
South 473
h3720
Mu Lep
Gallo 376
Holden 74
-17°00'
µ
Gallo 380
-16°00'
NGC 1832
-18°00'
South 470
South 476
-19°00'
Aravamudan 332
h3759
05h 30m
05h 25m
05h 20m
05h 15m
05h 10m
05h 05m
05h 00m
Zone 231, Map 1
Mirror Image
-15°00'
Sky charts generated by TheSky Software; used by permission of Software Bisque Inc.
R Lep
South 473
h3720
µ
Mu Lep
-16°00'
NGC 1832
Gallo 380
-17°00'
Gallo 376
Holden 74
-18°00'
South 470
Aravamudan 332
-19°00'
South 476
h3759
05h 00m
05h 05m
05h 10m
05h 15m
05h 20m
05h 25m
05h 30m
Zone 231, Map 2
Normal Image
-20°00'
Sky charts generated by TheSky Software; used by permission of Software Bisque Inc.
H Wilson 1
Bhaskaran 3
Bur 319
-21°00'
Nihalβ
Beta Lep
-22°00'
h3750
Cordoba 31
-23°00'
Epsilon Lep ε
-24°00'
Bur 317
NGC 1904
h3752
05h 30m
05h 25m
05h 20m
05h 15m
05h 10m
05h 05m
05h 00m
Zone 231, Map 2
Mirror Image
-20°00'
Sky charts generated by TheSky Software; used by permission of Software Bisque Inc.
Bhaskaran 3
Bur 319
β
Nihal
Beta Lep
-22°00'
h3750
-21°00'
H Wilson 1
Cordoba 31
Epsilon Lep
-23°00'
ε
-24°00'
Bur 317
NGC 1904
h3752
05h 00m
05h 05m
05h 10m
05h 15m
05h 20m
05h 25m
05h 30m
Zone 231, Map 3
Normal Image
Engelmann 23
Holden 77
Gallo 387
-15°00'
Sky charts generated by TheSky Software; used by permission of Software Bisque Inc.
-17°00'
-16°00'
A 3019
Alpha Lep α
Arneb
-18°00'
h3780
-19°00'
h3799
h3765
Anderson 2
06h 00m
South 504
05h 55m
05h 50m
05h 45m
05h 40m
05h 35m
05h 30m
Zone 231, Map 3
Mirror Image
-15°00'
Sky charts generated by TheSky Software; used by permission of Software Bisque Inc.
Engelmann 23
Holden 77
Gallo 387
-17°00'
-16°00'
A 3019
Alpha Lep
α
-18°00'
h3780
Arneb
-19°00'
h3799
h3765
Anderson 2
05h 30m
05h 35m
05h 40m
05h 45m
05h 50m
05h 55m
06h 00m
Zone 231, Map 4
Normal Image
-20°00'
Sky charts generated by TheSky Software; used by permission of Software Bisque Inc.
South 504
H N 78
Lalande 194
h3791
-21°00'
Delta Lep
Hough 336
Olivier 4
NGC 1964
-22°00'
δ
-23°00'
Gamma Lep γ
-24°00'
Harvard 72
Bos 93
h3798
Bur 322
06h 00m
05h 55m
05h 50m
05h 45m
05h 40m
05h 35m
05h 30m
Zone 231, Map 4
Mirror Image
-20°00'
Sky charts generated by TheSky Software; used by permission of Software Bisque Inc.
h3791
δ
Olivier 4
Delta Lep
-21°00'
H N 78
Lalande 194
-22°00'
Hough 336
NGC 1964
Gamma Lep
-23°00'
γ
-24°00'
Harvard 72
Bos 93
h3798
Bur 322
05h 30m
05h 35m
05h 40m
05h 45m
05h 50m
05h 55m
06h 00m
Zone 231
3 Reference Stars, 35 Double Stars,
1 Globular Cluster, 2 Galaxies
A
C
h3720 ..................................................... 5
h3750 ................................................... 11
h3752 ................................................... 12
h3759 ..................................................... 5
h3765 ................................................... 15
h3780 ................................................... 18
h3791 ................................................... 21
h3798 ................................................... 22
h3799 ................................................... 17
Harvard 72 ........................................... 24
Holden 74............................................... 4
Holden 77............................................. 16
Hough 336............................................ 23
Cordoba 31 ............................................ 9
M
D
Mu Lep................................................... 2
Delta Lep ............................................. 20
N
E
Engelmann 23 ...................................... 16
Epsilon Lep............................................ 7
NGC 1832 .............................................. 7
NGC 1904 ............................................ 13
NGC 1964 ............................................ 25
G
O
Gallo 376 ............................................... 6
Gallo 380 ............................................... 6
Gallo 387 ............................................. 14
Gamma Lep ......................................... 21
Olivier 4 ............................................... 24
A 3019 ................................................. 17
Alpha Lep ............................................ 18
Anderson 2........................................... 15
Aravamudan 332.................................... 4
B
Beta Lep............................................... 10
Bhaskaran 3 ........................................... 8
Bos 93 .................................................. 22
Bur 317 .................................................. 9
Bur 319 ................................................ 10
S
South 470 ............................................... 3
South 473 ............................................... 2
South 476 ............................................... 3
South 504 ............................................. 23
H
H N 78 ................................................. 20
H Wilson 1............................................. 8
-1-
Zone 231
Zone 231, Map 1
Reference Star
Mu Lep (5 Lep; HD 33904; SAO 150237)
Position: 0513-1613
Mag : 3.29
Assumed distance: 184 light years
Spectrum : B9p IV
Color : bW
Assumed luminosity (suns): 130
Notes:
This star may be an Alpha CVn type variable and is a member of the Pleiades group.
Double Stars
Easy
South 473
Rating: 2 E
ADS 3883; HD 34527; SAO 150303
Position: 0518-1513
A
B
Magnitude
6.98
8.72
Separation PA
—
—
20.6 =
306 =
Year
—
1991
Spectra
B9 V
A1 V
Colors
W
L
Notes:
1825: 20.6 @ 306. 15 measurements. The stars have similar proper motions.
Observations:
C8 at 104x.
Scale model (in which the Sun is the size of a baseball):
Diameter: A = 9.60 inches; B = 8.70 inches.
Separation: AB = 41.8 miles.
Distance (LY): 1,300
Total luminosity (Suns): 244
-2-
Zone 231
South 476
Sturdy 20 (C); ADS 3910; HD 34798; SAO 150335
Rating: 2 E
Position: 0519-1832
A
B
C
Magnitude
6.37
6.53
9.00
Separation
—
39.3 =
128.1
PA
—
19 +
21
Year
—
1991
1988
Spectra
B5 V
B8 IVp
Colors
W
W
W
Notes:
AB 1824: 39.3 @ 18. 17 measurements. The stars show similar proper motions.
AC 1 measurement.
The secondary is also listed as TX Lep, a Lambda Boo type of variable star.
Observations:
C8 at 104x. This is a beautiful show!
Scale model (in which the Sun is the size of a baseball):
Diameter: A = 11.4 inches; B = 12.3 inches.
Separation: AB = 49.1 miles; AC = 160 miles.
Distance (LY): 800
Total luminosity (Suns): 283
South 470
Rating: 3 E
HD 33857; SAO 150229
Position: 0512-1728
A
B
Magnitude
8.53
8.58
Separation PA
—
—
47.6 +
279 +
Year
—
1991
Spectra
A0 V
A2 V
Colors
W
W
Notes:
1825: 47.3 @ 278. 14 measurements. The stars have different proper motions.
Observations:
C8 at 104x.
-3-
Zone 231
Scale model (in which the Sun is the size of a baseball):
Diameter: A = 9.00 inches; B = 8.40 inches.
Separation: AB = 90.6 miles.
Distance (LY): 1,220
Total luminosity (Suns): 90
Holden 74
Rating: 4 E
ADS 3983
Position: 0523-1711
A
B
Magnitude
10.42
10.31
Separation PA
—
—
6.1 +
236 +
Year
—
1991
Spectra
Colors
W
W
Notes:
1888: 6.0 @ 233. 10 measurements.
May be optical because Hipparcos gives different distances (311 and 500 light years).
Observations:
C11 at 115x.
Aravamudan 332
Rating: 4 E
Position: 0524-1851
A
B
Magnitude
9.91
12.20
Separation PA
—
—
13.3 +
319 -!
Year
—
1981
Spectra
Notes:
1916: 13.1 @ 341. 4 measurements.
Observations:
C11 at 115x. It lies at the end of the left fork of a "Y" asterism.
Distance (LY): 447
Total luminosity (Suns): 1.90
-4-
Colors
W
?
Zone 231
h3759
Rating: 4 E
ADS 4034; HD 35736; SAO 150442
Position: 0526-1941
A
B
Magnitude
5.78
7.53
Separation PA
—
—
26.7 318 +
Year
—
1991
Spectra
F4 V
F5 V
Colors
Y
B
Notes:
1837: 26.8 @ 317. 20 measurements.
The stars share common proper motion even though Hipparcos gives different
distances (140 and 93 light years).
Observations:
C8 at 83x.
h3720
Rating: 5 E
HD 32944; SAO 150143
Position: 0506-1526
A
B
Magnitude
9.19
11.53
Separation PA
—
—
29.6 +
157 +
Year
—
1991
Notes:
1902: 28.4 @ 155. 6 measurements.
Observations:
C11 at 115x.
Scale model (in which the Sun is the size of a baseball):
Diameter: A = 51.0 inches.
Separation: AB = 16.0 miles.
Distance (LY): 347
Total luminosity (Suns): 2.215
-5-
Spectra
K2/3 III
Colors
yO
W
Zone 231
Gallo 376
Rating: 5 E
HD 32997; SAO 150147
Position: 0506-1649
A
B
Magnitude
9.93
9.90
Separation PA
—
—
27.3 355 -
Year
—
1969
Spectra
Colors
W
W
Notes:
1896: 28.2 @ 356. 6 measurements.
Observations:
C8 at 104x. Very, very faint.
Gallo 380
Rating: 5 E
Position: 0523-1613
A
B
Magnitude
10.16
10.70
Separation PA
—
—
15.5
49
Year
—
1904
Notes:
1 measurement.
Observations:
C11 at 115x. It is part of a small 10m triangle.
-6-
Spectra
Colors
W
W
Zone 231
Deep Sky Objects
Moderate
NGC 1832
Other Names: H II 292; PGC 16906
Astronomical League Program: Herschel II Club
Rating: 4 M
Position: 0512-1541
Type: Gal
Surface brightness: 12.4
Class: SB(r)bc
Dimensions: 2' x 1'
Type: 12.3
PA: 10
Notes:
This galaxy produced SN 2004gg (type Ic).
Observations:
C8 at 65x. A foreground star lies along the line of sight (or it is the nucleus). The
axis seems to run NE to SW.
Distance (LY): 77,000,000
Radial velocity (km/sec): +1,937
Total luminosity (Suns): 5,600,000,000
Zone 231, Map 2
Reference Star
Epsilon Lep (2 Lep; HD 32887; SAO 170051)
Position: 0506-2222
Mag : 3.19
Spectrum : K5 III
Color : yO
Assumed distance: 227 light years
Assumed luminosity (suns): 211
Notes:
This star is an infra-red source.
-7-
Zone 231
Double Stars
Easy
Bhaskaran 3
Rating: 3 E
HD 33628; SAO 170149
Position: 0511-2045
A
B
Magnitude
7.64
10.52
Separation PA
—
—
17.3 +
240 -
Year
—
1991
Spectra
B9 V
Colors
W
rO
Notes:
1917: 17.2 @ 241. 2 measurements.
May be optical because Hipparcos gives different distances (467 and 720 light years).
Observations:
C8 at 104x.
H Wilson 1
Rating: 4 E
ADS 3655; HD 32603; SAO 170024
Position: 0504-2029
A
B
Magnitude
10.04
10.75
Separation PA
—
—
9.0 83 -
Year
—
1991
Notes:
1883: 9.5 @ 84. 9 measurements.
Observations:
C11 at 115x.
Scale model (in which the Sun is the size of a baseball):
Diameter: A = 6.86 inches.
Separation: AB = 1.30 miles.
-8-
Spectra
A0
Colors
W
W
Zone 231
Distance (LY): 93
Total luminosity (Suns): 0.102
Bur 317
Rating: 4 E
ADS 3819; HD 34087; SAO 170216
Position: 0514-2300
A
B
C
Magnitude
7.35
10.25
12.60
Separation
—
8.6 +
16.9 -
PA
—
13 49 +
Year
—
1991
1987
Spectra
K0 III
Colors
Y
R
?
Notes:
AB 1841: 0.5 @ 15. 17 measurements.
AC 1898: 18.8 @ 47. 4 measurements.
Observations:
C8 at 206x.
Cordoba 31
Rating: 4 E
ADS 3993; HD 35430; SAO 170383
Position: 0524-2219
A
B
Magnitude
7.45
10.53
Separation PA
—
—
17.4 +
284 +
Year
—
1991
Spectra
A3 III
Colors
bW
V
Notes:
AB 1913: 17.2 @ 282. 6 measurements.
Observations:
C8 at 104x. It is framed by a triangle of 9m stars, the NW star of which is a wide
pair.
Scale model (in which the Sun is the size of a baseball):
Diameter: A = 8.40 inches.
Separation: AB = 13.6 miles.
Distance (LY): 500
Total luminosity (Suns): 21.23
-9-
Zone 231
Bur 319
Rating: 4 E
ADS 4042; HD 35796; SAO 170424
Position: 0526-2043
A
B
Magnitude
7.60
10.64
Separation PA
—
—
3.8 231 +
Year
—
1991
Spectra
A3 IV
Colors
Y
W
Notes:
AB 1874: 4.0 @ 225. 15 measurements.
Observations:
C8 at 206x.
Scale model (in which the Sun is the size of a baseball):
Diameter: A = 10.1 inches.
Separation: AB = 2.19 miles.
Distance (LY): 369
Total luminosity (Suns): 13
Moderate
Beta Lep
Rating: 3 M
9 Lep; Bur 320; Nihal; h3761; ADS 4066; HD 36079; SAO 170457
Position: 0528-2046
A
B
C
D
E
Magnitude
2.80
7.30
11.80
10.50
10.50
Separation
—
2.3 60.8 206.4 241.5
PA
—
346 +!
141 75 +
58
Year
—
1977
1977
1879
Spectra
G5 II
dK
Colors
dY!
W
?
?
?
Notes:
AB 1875: 2.9 @ 268. 40 measurements. The stars share common proper motion.
The primary is an infra-red source.
AC 1835: 70.0 @ 146. 5 measurements.
AD 1832: 210.0 @ 68. 2 measurements.
- 10 -
Zone 231
AE 1 measurement.
From James Kaler's Star Notes:
At one time, E. S. Holden thought that B was a planet! (Even the Hubble Space
Telescope would have a difficult time seeing planets that far away!)
It is, like the Sun, a class G star, though a bright giant rather than a solar-type dwarf.
Its color is very similar to that of the Sun, the temperature (5,225 Kelvin) only 555
Kelvin cooler than the solar surface. We deduce a radius 16 times solar.
This three solar mass star is in a relatively rare state. Rapidly evolving with a quiet
helium core, in less than a million years it will begin to brighten as it prepares to fuse its
internal helium to carbon some three or so million years from now (rather like Capella
B).
Like so many stars, Nihal is double. The companion, only 2.5 seconds of arc away
from Nihal proper, has been listed as bright as seventh magnitude and as dim as eleventh.
The companion might itself be an eclipsing double (in which one of a pair periodically
gets in front of the other), but the divergence in magnitude measure more likely stems
from the problem of observing dim stars with bright, nearby companions that overwhelm
them. There are three other faint companions in the neighborhood, but they may just lie
in the line of sight.
Nihal is an X-ray source, which suggests magnetic activity. Although the star's
chemical composition is for the most part like that of the Sun, it is considerably enriched
in yttrium and the rare earths praseodymium, neodymium, and samarium. Nihal began its
life as a star near the class A-class B border a bit hotter than Vega. Many such stars have
these odd abundances as a result of chemical separation in their atmospheres, and maybe
Nihal has a memory of what it once was.
Scale model (in which the Sun is the size of a baseball):
Diameter: A = 48 inches; B under 1 inch.
Separation: AB = 3,013 feet; AC = 15 miles; AD = 51 miles; AE = 60 miles.
Distance (LY): 159
Total luminosity (Suns): 165
h3750
38 Lep; ADS 3930; HD 34986; SAO 170327
Rating: 4 M
Position: 0520-2114
A
B
Magnitude
4.69
8.50
Separation PA
—
—
4.1 +
280 -
- 11 -
Year
—
1991
Spectra
A0 V
Colors
W
dO
Zone 231
Notes:
1835: 3.0 @ 295. 18 measurements.
Observations:
C8 at 280x.
Scale model (in which the Sun is the size of
a baseball):
Diameter: A = 30 inches.
Separation: AB = 2.94 miles.
Distance (LY): 459
Total luminosity (Suns): 224
38 Lep (h3750)
Observed with C11
on 11/29/03; s4, t4
Magnification: 339x
h3752
41 Lep; ADS 3954; HD 35162; SAO 170351
Rating: 4 M
Position: 0522-2446
A
B
C
Magnitude
5.05
6.26
9.10
Separation
—
3.5 61.6 +!!
PA
—
93 105 +
Year
—
1999
1986
Spectra
G0 III
A3 V
Notes:
AB 1835: 4.0 @ 100. 57 measurements.
AC 1835: 30.0 @ 100. 11 measurements.
The primary is an infra-red source.
Observations:
C8 at 280x. Some observers report W, W and
pY.
Scale model (in which the Sun is the size of a
baseball):
Diameter: A = 44.6 inches; B = 9.20 inches.
Separation: AB = 1.61 miles; AC = 28.3 miles.
- 12 -
41 Lep (h3752)
Observed with C11
on 11/29/03; s4, t4
Magnification: 98x
Colors
Y
W
B
Zone 231
Distance (LY): 294
Total luminosity (Suns): 79
Deep Sky Objects
Moderate
NGC 1904
Rating: 3 M
Other Names: M79
Astronomical Leage Program: Messier Club, Messier Binocular Club
Position: 0525-2433
Type: Gc
Dimensions: 8'
Class: 5
Type: 8.4
Cluster population: 100,000
Notes:
It was discovered by P. Mechain on October 26, 1780 and seen by Messier on
December 17, 1780. Here is Messier's description: "This nebula is fine, the center bright,
the nebulosity a little diffuse." It was first resolved by William Herschel in 1784.
It is 110 light years in diameter.
The brightest stars are 13.0m; horizontal branch is 16.2m.
Globular clusters are magnificent galactic citizens. Some are glorious (more so, even,
than M79), and others are barely discernible. All share certain traits (besides their round
shapes).
They are composed of Population II stars, ancient, metal-poor stars that formed from
the stuff that was probably original pre-galactic material. They travel in highly eccentric
orbits around the galactic center. (In spirals, they periodically pass through the disk
plane.) Due to their great age (some estimates go as high as 18 billion years), they are
rich in red giants and white dwarfs, and also contain many unusual binaries. The density
of stars at their centers can approach 1,000 stars per cubic parsec (about 30 per cubic
light year).
The "horizontal branch" magnitude mentioned above refers to the magnitude of the
short horizontal strip on the H-R Diagram of a globular cluster. This strip appears just to
the left of the giants and represents low-mass stars that have lost mass during the giant
phase of their evolution. The absolute magnitude of this turnoff point is an excellent
indicator of a cluster’s age.
- 13 -
Zone 231
Observations:
C8 at 280x. Quite small but very bright.
The outer edges are resolved at high power;
semi-resolved toward the center.
14x70 Binos. Very faint in a hazy sky.
Model (where the Sun is a baseball):
It would be 37,500 miles in diameter with
stars 402 miles apart.
Distance (LY): 50,000
Luminosity (suns): 85,000
Radial velocity (km/sec): +200
NGC 1904 (M79)
Globular cluster (5)
Observed with C11 on 11/29/03
Magnification: 98x
Zone 231, Map 3
Double Stars
Easy
Gallo 387
Rating: 4 E
HD 36514; SAO 150529
Position: 0532-1512
A
B
Magnitude
8.68
11.20
Separation PA
—
—
25.5 216 -
Year
—
1984
Notes:
1904: 26.2 @ 217. 2 measurements.
Observations:
C11 at 115x.
Distance (LY): 570
Total luminosity (Suns): 12.6
- 14 -
Spectra
Colors
W
W
Zone 231
Anderson 2
Rating: 4 E
ADS 4503; HD 39855; SAO 150931
Position: 0555-1943
A
B
Magnitude
7.51
10.65
Separation PA
—
—
10.4 +
20 +
Year
—
1991
Spectra
G5 V
Colors
Y
?
Notes:
1876: 9.1 @ 19. 7 measurements.
Observations:
C8 at 104x.
Scale model (in which the Sun is the size of a baseball):
Diameter: A = 3.00 inches.
Separation: AB = 1.20 miles.
Distance (LY): 74
Total luminosity (Suns): 0.485
h3765
Rating: 5 E
HD 36431; SAO 150520
Position: 0531-1925
A
B
Magnitude
9.18
10.31
Separation PA
—
—
24.1 +
6+
Year
—
1991
Spectra
F2
Colors
W
W
Notes:
1835: 15.0 @ 349. 7 measurements.
May be optical because Hipparcos gives different distances (272 and 124 light years).
Observations:
C8 at 104x.
C11 at 115x.
Scale model (in which the Sun is the size of a baseball):
Diameter: A = 12.5 inches.
Separation: AB = 10.22 miles.
- 15 -
Zone 231
Distance (LY): 272
Total luminosity (Suns): 1.8
Moderate
Holden 77
Rating: 4 M
ADS 4346
Position: 0545-1510
A
B
Magnitude
9.88
10.25
Separation PA
—
—
2.4 +
295 +
Year
—
1991
Spectra
Colors
W
W
Notes:
1888: 1.9 @ 293. 10 measurements.
Observations:
C11 at 339x.
Distance (LY): 48
Total luminosity (Suns): 0.034
Engelmann 23
Bpm 83 (a, c); HD 38480; SAO 150775
Rating: 4 M
Position: 0546-1503
A
B
C
Magnitude
8.50
9.60
10.50
Separation
—
142.8 168.2 -
PA
—
158 =
222 +
Notes:
AB 1894: 145.6 @ 158. 3 measurements.
AC 1894: 168.7 @ 221. 3 measurements.
Observations:
C11 at 115x.
- 16 -
Year
—
1911
1911
Spectra
G5
Colors
Y
W
W
Zone 231
A 3019
Rating: 4 M
ADS 4500; HD 39817; SAO 150927
Position: 0554-1544
A
B
Magnitude
6.78
11.54
Separation PA
—
—
46.6 +
41 -
Year
—
1983
Spectra
B9
Colors
W
B
Notes:
1904: 45.4 @ 43. 5 measurements.
B has a 13.2m companion at 3.3 @ 4 (1933).
Observations:
C8 at 104x.
Scale model (in which the Sun is the size of a baseball):
Diameter: A = 9.60 inches.
Separation: AB = 94.5 miles.
Distance (LY): 1,300
Total luminosity (Suns): 105
h3799
Rating: 5 M
ADS 4411; HD 38932
Position: 0548-1843
A
B
Magnitude
6.85
8.44
Separation PA
—
—
3.8 152 +
Year
—
1992
Notes:
1877: 4.3 @ 149. 14 measurements.
Observations:
C8 at 206x.
Scale model (in which the Sun is the size of a baseball):
Diameter: A = 23.0 inches.
Separation: AB = 5.81 miles.
- 17 -
Spectra
A0 V
Colors
W
W
Zone 231
Distance (LY): 980
Total luminosity (Suns): 163
Difficult
h3780
NGC 2017; Bu 321 (B); ADS 4254; HD 37643; SAO 150652
Rating: 3 D
Position: 0539-1751
A
B
C
D
E
Magnitude
6.72
7.84
8.86
8.21
7.77
Separation
—
0.6 89.2 75.8 -
PA
—
156 +
137 +
Year
—
1991
1977
Spectra
B4 V
8+
1991
K5 III
Colors
W
W?
W
Notes:
AB 1877: 1.0 @ 144. 19 measurements.
AC 1876: 89.5 @ 136. 12 measurements.
CD 1877: 1.5 @ 0. 1977: 1.4- @ 355-. 14 measurements.
AE 1876: 76.2 @ 6. 16 measurements.
AF 1876 (8.20m): 126.5 @ 299. 1991: 133.0+ @ 299=. 5 measurements.
AG 1878 (9.90m): 60.3 @ 49. 1916: 59.6- @ 50+. 2 measurements.
AH (12.70m), 1 measurement.
Hipparcos/Tycho mission data show different distances for these stars; they may be
optical. A is at 1,300 light years; D at 5,180; E at 410.
Observations:
C8 at 280x. It looks like a small open cluster (hence the NGC designation).
Colors of other comes: F = ?, G = ?, H = ?.
Alpha Lep
Rating: 4 D
Arneb (Arabic name for the constellation); 11 Lep; h3766; ADS 4146; HD 36673; SAO
150547
Position: 0533-1749
A
B
C
Magnitude
2.58
11.20
12.00
Separation
—
36.2 +
91.4
PA
—
157 +
186
- 18 -
Year
—
1977
1913
Spectra
F0 II
Colors
W
?
?
Zone 231
Notes:
AB 1877: 35.7 @ 156. 9 measurements. The primary is probably a magnetic star,
and emits quite a lot of energy in the infra-red.
AC 1 measurement. That faint C star is as bright as the Sun!
Member of the Scorpius-Centaurus Association.
From James Kaler's Star Notes:
From its distance of 1,300 light years (four times farther than Canopus), as measured
from its small parallax, we find the star to have a luminosity 13,000 times that of the Sun,
which coupled with its 7,000 Kelvin temperature gives it a diameter 75 times solar,
enough to make it almost the size of Mercury's orbit.
Arneb seems to be single, an apparent dim companion half a minute of arc away
probably just lying in the line of sight. The star is clearly dying, having long ago ceased
fusing hydrogen into helium in its core and has cooled at its surface and expanded to its
present proportions. It may be on its way to becoming a larger red supergiant star (where
it will fuse helium into carbon and oxygen), or as many astronomers believe, has already
been a red supergiant and is now in the process of heating and shrinking a little. In either
case, stars like Arneb and Canopus are quite rare because of the speed with which they
change their surface conditions as they age. The ageing process has left Arneb with a
somewhat odd chemical composition, its nitrogen content five times higher than that of
the Sun's, the result of the fusion of hydrogen into helium through the "carbon cycle," in
which carbon is used as a nuclear catalyst, nitrogen produced as a by-product and brought
to the surface. It also has double the solar sodium (as does Canopus) as a result of a
similar nuclear reaction cycle that also involves neon. With a birth mass 8 to 10 times
solar, the star will probable die as a tiny, dense white dwarf about the size of Earth,
though perhaps an odd one made of neon and oxygen.
Observations:
C8 at 206x.
Some observers note colors of Y and W.
Scale model (in which the Sun is the size of a baseball):
Diameter: A = 18.8 feet.
Separation: AB = 72.3 miles; AC = 183 miles.
Distance (LY): 1,280
Total luminosity (Suns): 13,000
- 19 -
Zone 231
Zone 231, Map 4
Reference Star
Delta Lep (15 Lep; HD 39364; SAO 170926)
Position: 0551-2053
Mag : 3.76
Spectrum : G8 IIIp
Color : Y
Assumed distance: 112 light years
Assumed luminosity (suns): 30
Notes:
This star is an infra-red source.
Double Stars
Easy
H N 78
Rating: 2 E
Lalande 194 (B); Harvard 77 (C); ADS 4260; HD 37702; SAO 170652
Position: 0540-2026
A
B
C
Magnitude
6.89
8.18
11.30
Separation
—
11.0 32.2 -
PA
—
124 +?
84 +
Year
—
1991
1945
Spectra
B8 V
Colors
W
pB
?
Notes:
AB 1869: 12.0 @ 300. 20 measurements. Quadrant reversal? May be optical
because Hipparcos gives different distances (780 and 339 light years).
AC 1870: 32.4 @ 83. 5 measurements.
Observations:
C8 at 206x.
C11 at 115x. C is difficult.
Scale model (in which the Sun is the size of a baseball):
Diameter: A = 10.2 inches.
Separation: AB = 13.4 miles; AC = 39.0 miles.
Distance (LY): 780
Total luminosity (Suns): 114
- 20 -
Zone 231
h3791
Rating: 3 E
ADS 4307; HD 38208; SAO 170731
Position: 0543-2040
A
B
Magnitude
8.49
10.03
Separation PA
—
—
10.9 +
58 +
Year
—
1991
Spectra
A2 III
Colors
pO
R
Notes:
1835: 8.0 @ 55. 14 measurements.
Hipparcos/Tycho mission data show different distances for these stars (255 and 1,210
light years); they may be optical.
Observations:
C8 at 104x.
Gamma Lep
Rating: 3 E
13 Lep; H 199; South 498; ADS 4334; HD 38393; SAO 170759; H VI 40
Position: 0545-2226
A
B
C
BC
Magnitude
3.64
6.28
11.09
Separation PA
—
—
97.0 +
350 +
45.0 +
345+
Year
—
1991
Spectra
F6 V
K2 V
Colors
Y
O
?
1832
Notes:
AB 1825: 93.8 @ 349. 29 measurements.
BC 1781: 40.0 @ 300. 2 measurements.
The primary is an infra-red source.
The stars are at least 900 AU apart.
The system belongs to the Sirius Group.
The stars share a very large common proper motion and radial velocity.
Observations:
C8 at 83x. Various colors have been reported, including: W and pG, pY and R, Y
and O, Y and R, or Y and pB. Webb claimed to see pY and R.
Very rich field.
C11 at 115x. C is difficult.
- 21 -
Zone 231
Scale model (in which the Sun is the size of a baseball):
Diameter: A = 4.20 inches; B = 2.10 inches.
Separation: AB = 4.39 miles.
Distance (LY): 29
Total luminosity (Suns): 2.615
h3798
Rating: 3 E
ADS 4389; HD 38788; SAO 170838
Position: 0547-2429
A
B
Magnitude
8.11
8.69
Separation PA
—
—
15.4 70 +
Year
—
1993
Spectra
F2
Colors
W
O
Notes:
1835: 19.0 @ 65. 12 measurements.
The stars share common proper motion even though Hipparcos gives different
distances (710 and 530 light years).
Observations:
C8 at 104x.
Bos 93
Rating: 5 E
ADS 4522; HD 40048
Position: 0556-2416
A
B
Magnitude
9.16
10.76
Separation PA
—
—
7.0 +
256 -
Notes:
1926: 6.6 @ 258. 4 measurements.
Observations:
C11 at 115x.
- 22 -
Year
—
1978
Spectra
A5 V
Colors
W
W
Zone 231
Scale model (in which the Sun is the size of a baseball):
Diameter: A = 7.50 inches.
Separation: AB = 2,769 feet.
Distance (LY): 48
Total luminosity (Suns): 0.048
Moderate
South 504
Lalande 43; ADS 4567
Rating: 2 M
Position: 0558-2010
A
B
Magnitude
7.92
8.05
Separation PA
—
—
3.6 68 -
Year
—
1991
Spectra
F0
Colors
W
W
Notes:
1825: 5.3 @ 78. 31 measurements. The stars share common proper motion.
Observations:
C8 at 104x. Aclean split!
Hough 336
Rating: 4 M
ADS 4339; HD 38426; SAO 170770
Position: 0545-2139
A
B
Magnitude
6.79
11.58
Separation PA
—
—
19.3 238 =
Notes:
1890: 19.5 @ 238. 6 measurements.
Observations:
C8 at 104x. Moderately rich field.
- 23 -
Year
—
1945
Spectra
B3 V
Colors
W
?
Zone 231
Scale model (in which the Sun is the size of a baseball):
Diameter: A = 12.2 inches.
Separation: AB = 66.3 miles.
Distance (LY): 2,200
Total luminosity (Suns): 708
Harvard 72
Rating: 5 M
HD 36433; SAO 170496
Position: 0531-2304
A
B
Magnitude
9.48
10.46
Separation PA
—
—
19.9 3+
Year
—
1991
Spectra
F5 V
Colors
W
?
Notes:
1881: 20.0 @ 0. 9 measurements.
Observations:
C11 at 115x.
Difficult
Olivier 4
Rating: 5 D
ADS 4257
Position: 0540-2137
A
B
Magnitude
10.17
10.23
Separation PA
—
—
2.0 +
255 +?
Year
—
1991
Notes:
1906: 1.9 @ 70. 13 measurements. Quadrant reversal?
Observations:
C11 at 193x.
- 24 -
Spectra
G2 V
Colors
W
W
Zone 231
Deep Sky Objects
Difficult
NGC 1964
Other Names: H IV 21; PGC 17436
Astronomical League Program: Herschel 400 Club
Rating: 4 D
Position: 0533-2157
Type: Gal
Surface brightness: 13.1
Class: SAB(s)b
Dimensions: 5' x 2'
Type: 11.8
PA: 31
Observations:
C8 at 104x. It has a starlike nucleus with a NW/SE axis for the arms. Medium powers
are best to show that it is not a fuzzy field star. A double star lies in the same field.
Distance (LY): 65,000,000
Radial velocity (km/sec): +1,648
Total luminosity (Suns): 6,400,000,000
- 25 -
Zone 231
Zone 231 Mini-Catalog
Double Stars
Designation
Position
Rating
Map
South 473
0518-1513
2E
1
South 476
0519-1832
2E
1
H N 78
0540-2026
2E
4
Bhaskaran 3
0511-2045
3E
2
South 470
0512-1728
3E
1
h3791
0543-2040
3E
4
Gamma Lep
0545-2226
3E
4
h3798
0547-2429
3E
4
H Wilson 1
0504-2029
4E
2
Bur 317
0514-2300
4E
2
Holden 74
0523-1711
4E
1
Cordoba 31
Aravamudan
332
0524-2219
4E
2
0524-1851
4E
1
Bur 319
0526-2043
4E
2
h3759
0526-1941
4E
1
Gallo 387
0532-1512
4E
3
Anderson 2
0555-1943
4E
3
Gallo 376
0506-1649
5E
1
h3720
0506-1526
5E
1
Gallo 380
0523-1613
5E
1
h3765
0531-1925
5E
3
Component
A
B
A
B
C
A
B
C
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
C
A
B
A
B
A
B
C
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
- 26 -
Mag
6.98
8.72
6.37
6.53
9
6.89
8.18
11.3
7.64
10.52
8.53
8.58
8.49
10.03
3.64
6.28
11.09
8.11
8.69
10.04
10.75
7.35
10.25
12.6
10.42
10.31
7.45
10.53
9.91
12.2
7.6
10.64
5.78
7.53
8.68
11.2
7.51
10.65
9.93
9.9
9.19
11.53
10.16
10.7
9.18
10.31
Separation
—
20.6 =
—
39.3 =
128.1
—
11.0 32.2 —
17.3 +
—
47.6 +
—
10.9 +
—
97.0 +
BC 45.0 +
—
15.4 —
9.0 —
8.6 +
16.9 —
6.1 +
—
17.4 +
—
13.3 +
—
3.8 —
26.7 —
25.5 —
10.4 +
—
27.3 —
29.6 +
—
15.5
—
24.1 +
PA
—
306 =
—
19 +
128.1
—
124 +?
32.2 —
240 —
279 +
—
58 +
—
350 +
BC 345+
—
70 +
—
83 —
13 16.9 —
236 +
—
284 +
—
319 -!
—
231 +
—
318 +
—
216 —
20 +
—
355 —
157 +
—
49
—
6+
Zone 231
Designation
Position
Rating
Map
Bos 93
0556-2416
5E
4
South 504
0558-2010
2M
4
Beta Lep
0528-2046
3M
2
h3750
0520-2114
4M
2
h3752
0522-2446
4M
2
Hough 336
0545-2139
4M
4
Holden 77
0545-1510
4M
3
Engelmann 23
0546-1503
4M
3
A 3019
0554-1544
4M
3
Harvard 72
0531-2304
5M
4
h3799
0548-1843
5M
3
h3780
0539-1751
3D
3
Alpha Lep
0533-1749
4D
3
Olivier 4
0540-2137
5D
4
Component
A
B
A
B
A
B
C
D
E
A
B
A
B
C
A
B
A
B
A
B
C
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
C
D
E
A
B
C
A
B
Mag
9.16
10.76
7.92
8.05
2.80
7.30
11.80
10.50
10.50
4.69
8.50
5.05
6.26
9.10
6.79
11.58
9.88
10.25
8.50
9.60
10.50
6.78
11.54
9.48
10.46
6.85
8.44
6.72
7.84
8.86
8.21
7.77
2.58
11.20
12.00
10.17
10.23
Separation
—
7.0 +
—
3.6 —
2.3 60.8 206.4 241.5
—
4.1 +
—
3.5 61.6 +!!
—
19.3 —
2.4 +
—
142.8 168.2 —
46.6 +
—
19.9 —
3.8 —
0.6 89.2 75.8 -
PA
—
256 —
68 —
346 +!
60.8 206.4 58
—
280 —
93 61.6 +!!
—
238 =
—
295 +
—
158 =
168.2 —
41 —
3+
—
152 +
—
156 +
89.2 8+
—
36.2 +
91.4
—
2.0 +
—
157 +
91.4
—
255 +?
Deep Space Objects
Object
NGC 1904
NGC 1832
NGC 1964
Position
0525-2433
0512-1541
0533-2157
Rating
3M
4M
4D
Map
2
1
4
Type
Gc (5)
Gal (SB(r)bc)
Gal (SAB(s)b)
- 27 -
Specifications
Surface
Mag
Br
8.4
12.3
12.4
11.8
13.1
Population
100,000