The University of Maryland Extension Agriculture and Food Systems and Environment and Natural Resources
Focus Teams proudly present this publication for commercial agronomic field crops and livestock industries.
Volume 6 Issue 6
Agronomic Crop Insect
Update
By Joanne Whalen
DE Extension IPM Specialist
jwhalen@udel.edu
Alfalfa and Grass Hay Crops
Continue to watch for defoliators in grass hay crops and
alfalfa. We continue to see economic levels in an
occasional field. Significant damage can occur in grass
hay fields from true armyworm and fall armyworm. It is
important to catch populations before significant
damage has occurred and when larvae are small. In
addition to checking labels for rates, be sure to check for
all restrictions, including, but not limited to, comments
on control under high populations and size of larvae;
days to harvest and forage/silage restrictions. No
thresholds are available; however, controls should be
applied before significant defoliation occurs.
Small Grains
As you make plans to plant small grains, you need to
remember that Hessian fly can still be a problem. Since
the fly survives as puparia (“flax seeds”) in wheat
stubble through the summer, you should still consider
this pest as you make plans to plant small grains.
Although damage in our area has generally been the
result of spring infestations, we can see damage in the
fall. Plants attacked in the spring have shortened and
weakened stems that may eventually break just above
the first or second node, causing plants to lodge near
harvest. Plants attacked in the fall at the one-leaf stage
may be killed outright. Wheat attacked later in the fall
will be severely stunted, with the first tillers killed and
plant growth delayed. Plants infested in the fall can be
recognized by their darker than normal bluish coloration
and leaves with unusually broad blades. The following
combinations of strategies are needed to reduce
problems from Hessian fly:
(a) Completely plowing under infested wheat stubble to
prevent flies from emerging.
(b) Avoid planting wheat into last season’s wheat
stubble, especially if it was infested with Hessian fly.
(c) Avoid planting wheat next to last season’s wheat
fields – the most serious infestations can occur when
September 11, 2015
wheat is early planted into wheat stubble or into fields
next to wheat stubble.
(d) Eliminate volunteer wheat before planting to prevent
early egg-laying.
(e) Do not use wheat as a fall cover crop near fields
with infestations.
(f) Plant after the fly-free date.
(g) Plant resistant varieties. You should look for
varieties that have resistance to Biotype L. You will need
to check with your seed dealers to identify varieties that
our adapted our area.
The following link from Alabama provides additional
information on Hessian Fly Management at:
http://www.aces.edu/dept/grain/HessianFly.php
Available at:
https://extension.umd.edu/sites/default/files/_
docs/IPMAgronomicCropsGuide2009.pdf
CDMS: Pesticide Labels and MSDS On-Line at:
http://www.cdms.net/
Local Governments • U.S. Department of Agriculture
It is the policy of the University of Maryland, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Maryland Agricultural Experiment Station, and University of
Maryland Extension that all persons have equal opportunity and access to programs and facilities without regard to race, color, gender, religion, national origin,
sexual orientation, age, marital or parental status, or disability.
Identifying Palmer
Amaranth
complete control of Palmer amaranth plants also in offfield areas, cleaning of harvest equipment from Palmer
amaranth seeds and if possible collect seed heads prior
to seed set to remove the potential of increasing weed
seeds in infested fields.
By Burkhard Schulz,
Weed Science, University of
Maryland,
bschulz1@umd.edu
The first and often critical step in dealing with Palmer
amaranth is to identify the plants at the seedling stage.
Next would be to design an effective herbicide program
that includes pre-emergence residual herbicide(s) that
can be applied as close to planting as possible.
Palmer amaranth is an aggressive weed of the
“pigweed” family (Amaranthus spp.) that invades more
and more counties in Maryland and poses a significant
threat to our regional cropping systems as it can
overwhelm soybean and corn fields in just a few years.
Already well known as the most troublesome weed in
cropping systems in Midwestern and Southern states,
Palmer amaranth has become established in Maryland
and the Delmarva region. This weed deserves to be met
with a “zero-tolerance” attitude concerning its control, as
it is able to grow and spread with so far unseen speed
and vigor. Seedling growth can exceed 2 inches per day
and a female plant can produce up to a million seeds per
growing season.
Palmer amaranth belongs to the pigweed family
(Amaranthus) and shares a number of characteristics
with other species of this group of weeds. Pigweeds are
annual plants, which grow in open fields with full sun.
They produce a great number of very small seeds
(10,000 to 1,000,000) (Fig. 1), which usually do not go
into long periods of dormancy. They thrive in no-till
cropping systems as their small seeds germinate at the
soil surface. Within the pigweeds we find either species
which have separate male and female flowers on the
same plant (monoecious) or have separate male and
female plants (diecious). Palmer amaranth belongs to
the latter group together with tall waterhemp (A.
tuberculatus) and common waterhemp (A. rudis). This
characteristic can be used as the first hint for the
identification of mature plants. If you find male and
female plants within a pigweed population it is likely that
these plants are either Palmer amaranth or waterhemp.
Both weeds have also smooth and hairless stems and
petioles (short stems that connect leaves with the main
stem). Palmer amaranth and waterhemp share this
feature with spiny amaranth (A. spinosus). All other
pigweeds have hairs on stems and petioles (Fig. 2).
Figure1. Five hundred Palmer amaranth seeds. A female plant
can produce up to one million very small seeds per year.
Figure 2. Hairless stems of Palmer amaranth. Stems of Palmer
amaranth are hairless (left), stems of smooth and redroot
pigweed are covered with hairs (right).
Plants can reach more than 6 feet tall in one season.
Flowering time is from June to September. Growers in
Maryland cannot rely on established weed control tools
as nearly all Palmer amaranth in our region shows
multiple-resistance to glyphosate (Roundup, mechanism
of action group 9) and ALS inhibitor herbicides
(mechanism of action group 2). Especially in soybean
cropping systems the control of Palmer amaranth has to
include coordinated herbicide programs with the
integration of non-herbicide weed control strategies.
Long-lasting control will require a multi-year strategy of
integrated weed management, which includes scouting
and monitoring of fields before and after planting and
spraying, coordinated application of burn-down and
residual herbicides in a timely manner (before Palmer
amaranth seedlings exceed 3-4 in. in height), rotation of
crops and rotation of mechanisms of herbicide action,
The first developed seed leaves (cotyledons) are oarshaped with shorter petioles than waterhemp. Palmer
amaranth has longer, wider seed leaves with a longer
petiole. A very striking identification characteristic of
older plants is the petiole length of mature leaves.
Palmer amaranth has very long petioles that are as long
or longer than the leaf blade. In most cases if one bends
the petiole over the leaf blade it will be longer or at least
as long as the leaf blade. Waterhemp and other pigweed
2
Figure 5. Hair formation on leaf tip in Palmer amaranth. Many
Palmer amaranth plants show a hair on the tip of the leaf.
plants have much shorter petioles than leaf blades (Fig.
3). The shape of the mature leaves is diamond-shape in
Palmer amaranth and oblong lancet-shaped in
waterhemp. Waterhemp plants often exhibit a glossy
surface on leaves and stems as if covered with a thin
layer of oil.
Figure 3. Petiole length of Palmer amaranth. The length of the
petiole of mature Palmer amaranth leaves surpasses the
length of the leaf blades in most cases. This is not true for
most other pigweeds. Palmer amaranth petioles (upper panel)
are longer than the leaf blade, petiole of smooth pigweed
(lower panel) are about half the length of the leaf blade.
Young Palmer amaranth plants show a poinsettia-like
rosette shape with symmetrical leaf arrangement when
viewed from above (Fig. 6). This plant shape symmetry
is not found in other Amaranthus species.
Figure 6. Poinsettia-shaped rosette of younger Palmer
amaranth plant.
Palmer amaranth plants often show a v-shaped white
“watermark” on the leaves. Similar “watermarks”,
however, can also be found in some cases in spiny
amaranth (Fig. 4). However, spiny amaranth has sharp
spines and can be eliminated from consideration based
on that feature. Another characteristic of Palmer
amaranth is a hair formed at the leaf tip (Fig. 5). Again,
this is a feature that is not exclusively found in Palmer
amaranth but has also been observed in some
populations of waterhemp in Nebraska.
Flower structures and seed heads of Palmer amaranth
can be a long as 3 feet and have a diameter of more
than 1⁄2 inch. Some branching occurs in both male and
female flower structures (Fig. 7). Waterhemp will have
somewhat shorter seed heads that are more slender and
branched. All other Amaranthus species have much
shorter and often more compact flower and seed heads.
Female Palmer amaranth flower and seed heads feel
prickly to the touch, whereas male flower structures feel
soft (Fig. 8). Female as well as male waterhemp flower
heads do not have spines and are smooth when
touched.
Figure 4. “Watermarks” on Palmer amaranth leaves. Two
Palmer amaranth plants are shown in a soybean field with
(left) and without (right) the typical chevron-shaped
“watermark” discoloration on the leaf surface.
Figure 7. Flower heads of Palmer amaranth. Palmer amaranth
has male and female flowers on separate plants. The flower
heads of Palmer amaranth are the longest found within the
pigweed family (left panel). Flower heads of other pigweed
species such as smooth pigweed are often more compact and
shorter than in Palmer amaranth (right panel).
3
Fall Control of Perennial Weeds
Figure 8. Female flowers are spiny and feel prickly to the
touch (right), male flower heads are smooth (left).
By Mark VanGessel
DE Extension Weed Specialist
mjv@udel.edu
Fall is often the best time and the most convenient
time to treat most perennial weeds because it is the
time that plants are best able to move the herbicide to
the roots where it will do the most good. When
considering fall weed control the emphasis should be on
what the patch of weeds will look like next spring or
summer not the amount of dead stems this fall. Also, it
is important to consider that a fall application will not
eradicate a stand of perennial weeds; the fall application
will reduce the stand size or the stand vigor.
Fall application of glyphosate is the most flexible
treatment for most perennial weeds such as
bermudagrass, Canada thistle, common milkweed,
common pokeweed, dock, hemp dogbane, horsenettle
and johnsongrass. Rates of 1 to 1.25 lb acid per acre are
consistently the most economical (or about 1.5X the
normal use rate for annual weeds). Dicamba (Banvel) at
2 to 4 pints is also labeled for artichoke, bindweeds,
dock, hemp dogbane, horsenettle, milkweeds, pokeweed
or Canada thistle. Planting small grains must be delayed
after dicamba application 20 days per pint of dicamba
applied. Fall herbicide applications should be made to
actively growing plants. It is best to allow plants to
recover after harvest and to spray prior to mowing the
corn stalks. Allow 10 to 14 days after treatment before
disturbing the treated plants. If fall applications are
delayed, remember weed species differ in their
sensitivity to frost; some are easily killed by frost (i.e.
horsenettle) others can withstand relatively heavy frosts.
Check the weeds prior to application to be sure they are
actively growing.
Summary of Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus
palmeri) identification criteria:

Petiole (leaf stem): as long or longer as leaf
blade (bending over test)

Leaves often with chevron-shaped watermarks

Leaves with hair at the tip

Male and female plants separated
Nematode Assay Laboratories for
Maryland Samples
This message is to inform you all that the University of
Delaware no longer accepts out of state soil samples for
nematode testing. There are other university-affiliated
nematology labs that will accept out of state samples for
nematode testing - three are listed below. Sample
submission information, fees and addresses can be
found at the websites for each lab.
Virginia Tech Nematology Laboratory (phone
540-231-4650) at:
https://www.ppws.vt.edu/extension/nematodelaboratory/index.html
EPA Releases Report on
Maryland Agriculture Programs
Clemson Plant Problem Clinic and Nematode
Assay Lab at:
http://www.clemson.edu/public/regulatory/plan
t_industry/pest_nursery_programs/plant_prob_c
linic/
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency announced
today it has completed an evaluation of Maryland’s
animal agriculture regulations and programs. The
assessment, which is one of six that the agency is
conducting of state animal agriculture programs within
the Chesapeake Bay Watershed, found that Maryland
has a robust and well-implemented state program.
Rutgers Plant Diagnostic Laboratory and
Nematode Detection Service at:
https://njaes.rutgers.edu/plantdiagnosticlab/
EPA conducts periodic reviews of state programs as
part of its oversight responsibilities under the Clean
Water Act. This assessment looked at Maryland’s
implementation of federal and state regulatory
programs, as well as voluntary incentive-based programs
4
to meet the nitrogen, phosphorus and sediment
pollution reduction commitments in its Watershed
Implementation Plan under the Chesapeake Bay Total
Maximum Daily Load or TMDL.
requirements, pesticide issues in the works, overview
of risk assessment in the pesticide program
Fact Sheets
Search general interest and technical fact sheets.
health and safety, regulatory actions, specific chemicals
Information Sources
Additional information of general interest.
General information, hotlines, information centers,
databases
Pesticide Program Reports
Reports produced by the Office of Pesticide Programs
Annual Reports, Performance Management &
Accountability, Pesticide Industry Sales and Usage,
Progress Reports, Restricted Use Products Reports
Pesticide News Stories
Pesticide related articles appearing in news media
Publications | Glossary | A-Z Index |
EPA will use the assessment along with its ongoing
Chesapeake Bay TMDL evaluations to help ensure that
Maryland has the programs, policies, and resources
necessary to succeed with its plan to meet the
Chesapeake Bay TMDL.
The assessment found that Maryland’s Nutrient
Management Program has broad coverage, regulating
over 5,400 farms throughout the state, including both
crop and livestock farms. In addition to requiring
farmers to develop and implement nutrient management
plans, the program requires agricultural conservation
practices such as setbacks for nutrient applications next
to streams, and livestock stream exclusion practices.
Maryland also finalized the Phosphorus Management
Tool regulations in June 2015 which will help farmers
properly manage phosphorus, based on the latest
science.
According to the assessment, Maryland’s Concentrated
Animal Feeding Operations (CAFO) program is wellimplemented and requires permit coverage for
approximately 570 farms out of about 5,400 farms
regulated by the state Nutrient Management Program.
The Maryland Department of the Environment issues
CAFO permits, conducts regular farm visits, and takes
enforcement actions and issues fines for
noncompliance.
The University of Maryland Extension Woodland
Stewardship Education program serves woodland
owners, natural resource professionals and interested
citizens. Please consider attending one of these
offerings. Additional events are listed on the Event
Calendar at http://extension.umd.edu/woodland
Maryland has developed an Agricultural Certainty
Program to further encourage farmers to implement
agricultural conservation and maintains the Maryland
Agricultural Water Quality Cost Share Program which
provides funding to farmers to implement required
conservation practices.
Nature-based Forestry: The Pro Silva Movement
in Europe – September 17, 2015, 12:00 pm – 1:00 pm,
online
In addition to the Maryland assessment, EPA also
released its evaluations today of animal agriculture
programs in Delaware and West Virginia. The agency
issued similar reports on animal agriculture programs in
New York, Pennsylvania, and Virginia earlier this year.
The next presentation in our WSE Webinars series
features Lyle Almond, University of Maryland Forest
Stewardship Educator. Lyle will provide an overview of
the “Pro Silva” movement that is sweeping across the
continent. It promotes continuous cover forestry, which
mimics natural forest stand development for optimizing
social, ecological, and economic benefits. The webinar
will include Lyle’s first-hand experience with the
movement through his work in the nation of Slovenia.
The reports are available at:
http://www.epa.gov/reg3wapd/tmdl/ChesapeakeBay/Ensuri
ngResults.html. (Click on the Agriculture tab)
Contact Information: David Sternberg (215) 814-5548
sternberg.david@epa.gov
This webinar is free and will be conducted through
Adobe Connect. Registration is requested. To register,
go to: http://woodlandwebinarsprosilvamovement.eventbrite.com.
EPA Site Quick Finder
About EPA's Pesticides Program
Overview of EPA's program
evaluating potential new pesticides and uses, providing
for special local needs and emergency situations,
reviewing safety of older pesticides, registering
pesticide producing establishments, enforcing pesticide
Visit our website: http://extension.umd.edu/woodland
5
Mid-Atlantic Crop Management
School
November 17-19, 2015
The Mid-Atlantic Crop Management
School will be held at the P rincess Royale
Hotel in Ocean City on November 17-19, 2015.
Individuals seeking advanced training in soil and water,
soil fertility, crop production and pest management will
have an opportunity at hands on, intensive sessions that
also provide continuing education units (CEU’s) for the
Certified Crop Advisor (CCA) Program.
Register at:
https://www.psla.umd.edu/extension/md-crops
Secretary Bartenfelder Announces Record Cover
Crop Enrollment
During the Governor’s Agriculture Day lunch at the
134th Maryland State Fair, Maryland Department of
Agriculture Secretary Joe Bartenfelder announced record
cover crop program enrollment by Maryland farmers as
he applauded the agriculture community for their
extraordinary stewardship efforts.
For the 2015/2016 Cover Crop Program, 1,835
Maryland farmers requested funding to plant a record
656,170 acres of winter grains. Maryland farmers have
exceeded the Watershed Implementation Plan milestone
goals in 2011, 2013 and 2015 for cover crops and are on
track to exceed the next two year milestone in 2017 with
this new record enrollment acreage. Cover crops are one
of the most cost-effective means of helping to restore
the Chesapeake Bay. The State has allocated $22.5
million for the 2015/2016 program, which is estimated to
pay for every certified planted acre in program.
Agricultural Law Education Initiative
http://umaglaw.org
“The State Fair is a chance to remind ourselves of our
roots and to see the work that Maryland farmers are
doing to create jobs, strengthen our economy, and feed
our families. Agriculture contributes $8.25 billion
annually to our state and the future of agriculture and
our rural economies is strong,” said Governor Hogan.
“Our record cover crop announcement is great news for
our farmers who continue to voluntarily take strong
conservation actions on their farms, diversify their
operations and use new technologies as they become
available.”
The Potential Impacts of Mandatory
Labeling for Genetically Engineered
Food in the United States
“Not only is Maryland’s cover crop program a very
attractive and flexible program, it has the potential to do
more for the Bay than ever before,” said Agriculture
Secretary Bartenfelder. “We commend and thank all
farmers who, together, have applied to plant more than
half a million acres of small grain crops that protect our
soil and water by taking up any remaining nutrients and
preventing soil erosion over the winter.”
http://www.castscience.org/publications/?the_potential_impacts_of
_mandatory_labeling_for_genetically_engineered_f
ood_in_the_united_states_qc&show=product&prod
uctID=282272
For a chart showing cover crop acres and applications, 2007 to
2015:
http://www.mda.maryland.gov/resource_conservation/Docu
ments/CC_2015_Poster.pdf
For enrollment statistics by county, visit:
www.mda.maryland.gov/resource_conservation/Documents/
cc_by_county15.16.pdf
6
Pesticide Regulation
The Pesticide
Regulation
Section
administers
Maryland's
Pesticide
Applicator's
Law,
approves training courses in the handling, storage
and use of pesticides, conducts examinations to
determine that pesticide applicators are competent to
follow prescribed pest control practices, enforces
federal laws on the sale and use of pesticides, and
investigates pesticide accidents or incidents and
consumer complaints on pesticide misuse.
See the Attachments!
1) 2015 Wheat & Barley Trial
Results
Agronomy News
A timely publication for commercial agronomic field
crops and livestock industries available electronically in
2015 from April through October on the following dates:
New! Online Pesticide
Licensing and Certification
renewal & Pesticide Search
April 16; May 14; June 11; July 9; August 13; September 11; and
October 22 Research Edition.
Pesticide Regulation
Published by the University of Maryland
Extension Focus Teams 1) Agriculture and Food
Systems; and 2) Environment and Natural
Resources.
• Pesticide Regulation Home
Submit Articles to:
Editor,
R. David Myers, Extension Educator
Agriculture and Natural Resources
97 Dairy Lane
Gambrills, MD 21054
410 222-3906
• Searchable Pesticide Database
• Pesticide Information for Consumers
• Pesticide Information for Professionals
• Integrated Pest Management (IPM) in Schools
• Pesticide Applicator Certification and Business
Licensing Requirements
myersrd@umd.edu
To find out more, call Pesticide Regulation at (410)
841-5710.
Article submission deadlines for 2015 at 4:30
p.m. on: April 15; May 13; June 10; July 8; August 12;
September10; and October 21.
The University of Maryland Extension programs are open to all
and will not discriminate against anyone because of race, age,
sex, color, sexual orientation, physical or mental disability,
religion, ancestry, national origin, marital status, genetic
information, political affiliation, and gender identity or
expression.
Note: Registered Trade Mark® Products, Manufacturers, or Companies
mentioned within this newsletter are not to be considered as sole
endorsements. The information has been provided for educational
purposes only.
7
Maryland State Wheat Trials 2014-15 Yield Summary Table
Wye
Yield
Entry
USG 3523
Beltsville
Test Wt
Yield
Clarksville
Test Wt
Yield
bu ac-1 lbs bu-1 bu ac-1 lbs bu-1 bu ac-1
80.9 *
55.4
68.5 *
54.9
70.4
Keedysville
-1
lbs bu-1 bu ac-1
lbs bu-1 bu ac
56.0 57.8 *
51.8 69.4 *
SC 1325TM
USG 3895
USG EXP 3756
MAS #49
VA10W-21
9233
SS EXP 8513
Jamestown
Hilliard
MD07W64-13-4
MD04W249-11-7
SY547
SW550
LCS 3211
FSX 866
FSX 860
MAS #46
USG 3404
MAS #37
FSX 867
FSX 862
9522
Shirley
SS 8415
LCS 2564
MD04W249-11-12
FS 850
MDC07026-F2-19-13-4
MAS #51
FSX 869
Newport
USG 3251
USG 3013
EXP 1510
FSX 868
MBX 11-V-258
TN 1201
79.5 *
77.9 *
75.8 *
75.1 *
71.4
74.0 *
74.5 *
77.1 *
73.6
66.9
73.1
69.7
72.2
79.6 *
77.1 *
76.4 *
75.9 *
71.3
71.1
75.5 *
76.4 *
78.4 *
74.0 *
65.6
68.3
77.5 *
66.6
68.3
74.5 *
71.3
77.8 *
72.8
77.5 *
72.3
77.1 *
56.7
76.8 *
53.5
53.6
55.8
55.6
57.9
55.2
54.5
57.0
56.4
56.1
56.9
54.5
55.0
56.4
55.4
55.2
54.2
54.0
56.0
53.3
55.9
54.9
55.4
55.7
57.0
58.1
56.5
57.7
54.0
54.2
51.8
54.1
55.6
55.4
53.8
56.6
54.5
60.6 *
60.5 *
67.2 *
59.4 *
63.9 *
61.6 *
66.3 *
57.4
59.6 *
62.4 *
61.9 *
68.9 *
65.9 *
62.3 *
59.6 *
60.2 *
63.6 *
56.7
58.7 *
63.7 *
57.6
64.1 *
69.5 *
64.8 *
62.0 *
62.6 *
53.7
62.3 *
57.1
59.4 *
58.8 *
61.5 *
61.1 *
54.1
55.7
65.6 *
58.0
52.9
52.9
53.5
52.6
55.4
54.1
54.6
56.3
54.9
54.9
56.2
55.6
54.3
54.9
52.7
53.6
52.4
53.6
53.9
53.2
54.6
52.7
53.6
54.3
55.8
56.2
54.4
55.9
54.5
52.9
53.5
54.1
54.5
54.3
53.9
55.0
53.4
68.1
79.1 *
74.8 *
65.1
69.6
63.0
76.2 *
63.3
69.7
63.6
70.1
71.5
70.7
69.1
na
63.5
68.1
76.2 *
71.5
67.2
66.7
66.8
52.4
74.1 *
70.6
70.6
71.4
65.9
70.6
69.1
71.2
67.0
60.1
70.4
57.7
72.3 *
61.1
55.5
57.2
56.0
55.9
57.1
57.5
57.0
58.6
57.0
56.4
57.3
57.4
57.6
55.8
na
54.9
56.7
57.9
56.3
56.1
56.5
57.9
56.9
57.0
57.2
57.6
56.9
58.8
57.7
56.2
55.0
56.9
57.4
56.6
55.3
57.5
56.4
na
57.3
50.9
na
60.3
na
44.0
61.5
54.9
na
51.1
45.8
47.0
43.8
53.5
52.3
44.9
47.5
50.1
44.8
50.4
41.4
53.5
44.6
48.2
38.1
56.8
51.7
45.4
47.6
39.3
45.8
48.3
50.0
55.6
50.8
49.4
SC 1315TM
MAS #59
GA04417-12E33
MAS #32
MBX 14-S-210
USG 3201
MAS #6
MAS #35
LCS NEWS 13EF171
FS 854
FSX 863
69.4
71.2
72.2
76.2 *
72.0
72.1
75.2 *
76.0 *
69.7
76.2 *
75.9 *
57.6
55.7
58.6
54.6
56.7
58.3
52.5
55.1
58.1
53.7
55.2
54.1
54.8
60.8 *
59.7 *
61.6 *
58.0
60.7 *
67.0 *
56.5
56.0
62.3 *
53.2
54.2
56.0
53.0
54.6
55.7
52.2
54.4
53.9
54.2
55.6
68.7
71.2
58.7
na
66.8
na
56.6
62.0
63.7
67.9
na
55.7
56.8
58.6
na
54.9
na
54.9
56.5
59.1
57.2
na
SC 1342TM
SS EXP 8530
MAS #42S
MAS #45
FS 888
WX 14611
SS 8360
LCS 2141
MAS #53
9552
Featherstone 73 (VA09W-73)
SW 52
SY483
GA03564-12E6
SY474
MAS # 7
VA 11W-106
MBX 15-E-229
Laurel
WX 15733
MERL
USG 3315
GA04434-12LE28
FS 820
MBX 14-K-297
MAS #47
MBX 12-V-251
SS 8340
FSX 861
SS 5205
MD09W272-8-4-13-3
EXP 1502
SY007
Mean
Coefficient of Variation (%)
LSD05‡
75.9 *
76.2 *
75.0 *
77.0 *
72.6
71.2
71.0
71.5
64.1
78.1 *
63.8
68.0
66.2
71.5
65.8
70.7
68.7
67.5
76.9 *
71.2
72.6
72.6
63.9
77.4 *
69.4
68.4
62.0
81.9 *
73.0
65.0
62.7
67.1
69.2
72.3
8.9
54.4
53.6
55.8
55.5
57.2
54.7
55.2
55.6
58.4
55.4
56.7
57.1
54.4
57.5
56.5
55.2
55.3
53.8
53.0
52.5
55.9
57.4
53.8
58.0
55.2
53.7
54.2
55.9
55.0
56.4
58.4
54.6
57.5
55.5
3.4
62.9 *
63.9 *
58.4 *
48.9
54.2
60.3 *
57.0
60.5 *
56.5
59.3 *
59.7 *
56.7
69.9 *
55.4
61.3 *
66.0 *
65.8 *
59.5 *
60.6 *
59.4 *
62.2 *
64.2 *
59.6 *
59.7 *
60.1 *
55.7
60.0 *
69.3 *
57.2
63.2 *
49.7
57.6
52.8
60.4
11.6
53.5
52.9
54.3
54.6
55.6
54.8
54.8
53.2
56.8
53.4
54.9
55.5
53.3
56.5
56.1
53.1
54.4
53.8
53.8
51.1
56.8
54.1
56.1
56.2
55.1
53.0
54.8
56.1
55.2
54.9
55.3
53.6
53.7
54.3
2.9
63.8
64.6
67.4
72.2
68.5
63.9
75.0 *
64.8
67.3
64.3
68.0
73.0 *
62.0
62.5
61.6
51.5
56.1
64.7
43.3
63.7
50.6
51.5
57.2
45.5
56.2
57.8
67.2
36.3
45.1
54.9
53.8
50.9
52.5
63.6
14.0
8.0
2.1
2.4
6.8
†
10.4
Statewide
Test Wt Yield†
Test Wt Yield
Test Wt†
lbs bu-1
52.9
na
52.6
54.2
na
54.4
na
51.1
52.1
54.3
na
56.3
55.8
52.9
50.2
53.4
54.2
51.7
50.8
52.9
49.2
48.9
54.8
54.1
54.9
53.5
52.8
50.9
56.6
52.6
50.9
50.8
50.0
52.5
52.4
54.0
54.9
53.1
69.4 *
68.7 *
67.2 *
66.5 *
66.3 *
66.2 *
65.3 *
64.8 *
64.4 *
64.3 *
64.0 *
64.0 *
63.9 *
63.7 *
63.4 *
63.1 *
63.1 *
62.9 *
62.9 *
62.8 *
62.8 *
62.7 *
62.3 *
62.3 *
62.3 *
62.2 *
62.1 *
62.1 *
61.9 *
61.9 *
61.8 *
61.8 *
61.8 *
61.7 *
61.5 *
61.4 *
61.3 *
52.8
52.8
53.3
53.3
54.4
55.6
53.0
54.4
54.0
54.4
55.0
54.2
53.4
52.6
52.6
53.1
52.5
52.7
52.5
50.5
52.2
55.1
53.5
53.8
54.4
54.1
54.7
54.9
52.0
52.2
51.8
51.6
53.3
54.7
52.3
53.2
53.4
52.8
47.7
52.5
47.3
43.2
52.6
50.9
38.3
53.1
42.8
43.8
52.5
52.9
56.7
53.6
52.9
52.8
53.5
52.5
56.1
53.0
53.6
61.3 *
61.2 *
61.1 *
61.0
60.9
60.9
60.9
60.8
60.7
60.7
60.7
53.3
53.3
55.7
52.7
53.2
54.3
52.2
53.3
55.0
52.9
53.6
56.1
55.0
56.6
56.4
57.3
55.9
56.9
56.1
59.6
57.4
55.9
58.0
56.7
57.1
55.0
55.2
58.4
56.1
56.5
53.8
59.0
58.8
57.6
58.0
57.8
55.9
56.7
58.2
54.6
57.3
59.3
56.8
56.3
56.8
2.3
39.0
36.1
39.8
41.8
43.8
43.6
35.7
41.7
50.4
35.7
45.4
39.3
38.8
45.5
46.0
46.1
43.5
42.0
52.4
37.2
45.7
41.9
48.8
45.4
39.2
42.1
34.7
35.9
47.1
38.1
52.0
38.3
37.8
46.1
16.1
51.6
54.5
54.1
52.2
54.0
49.7
49.4
49.6
53.0
52.3
54.4
53.6
51.2
57.4
55.4
53.4
54.2
50.1
51.8
51.1
52.7
52.0
53.4
54.3
51.0
55.7
53.4
49.5
50.8
53.7
57.7
51.5
50.0
52.8
4.5
60.4
60.2
60.2
60.0
59.8
59.7
59.7
59.6
59.6
59.3
59.2
59.2
59.2
58.7
58.7
58.6
58.5
58.4
58.3
57.9
57.8
57.6
57.4
57.0
56.2
56.0
56.0
55.9
55.6
55.3
54.6
53.5
53.1
60.8
16.4
52.3
52.7
53.5
53.3
54.3
52.6
52.3
52.1
54.2
54.6
55.5
54.5
52.5
54.1
54.0
52.6
54.0
52.3
52.3
51.2
54.5
53.7
53.8
56.6
51.9
53.1
53.5
53.4
52.7
54.1
56.0
54.1
51.7
53.4
4.1
1.3
7.0
3.6
8.0
1.9
All yields and test weights are reported at a 13.5% grain moisture content.
‡
Values followed by * are not significantly different from the leading entry.
*
*
*
*
*
*
Management and Results Notes:
An extraordinarily cold and wet planting and harvest season reduced tillering and raised variability in the
test sites. This increased our coefficients of variance to higher than normal, but the Fishers’LSD05, which
is the test used to separate which means are significantly different from each other, are acceptable.
However, Poplar Hill data were not published, because these data are not representative, due to values
being low and highly variable.
It is notable that as harvest dates progressed from Late June and into the first week of July, variability
increased. There were many rains throughout the state, which tends to and decrease grain test weight
and increase variability. The data exhibiting the lowest variability were those sites harvested earliest,
from the Wye and Beltsville locations, and as such may be considered more representative and with the
greatest ability to detect differences between entries.
Generally, it is recommended for producers to select entries that perform consistently as well as the top
entry across the majority of testing locations. These entries include, but are not limited to: USG 3523, SC
1325TM, MAS # 49, VA10W21, SS EXP 8513, and Hilliard. Choosing these varieties is not a guarantee of
yield, and many other entries could perform similarly to those previously stated under a given
environment and management system. Further, it is recommended for producers planting a new variety
to do so utilizing a relatively small acreage.
Management Summary:
Plant Date
Harvest Date
Tillage
20-Oct
25-Jun
Mi ni mum
9-Oct
1-Jul
Mi ni mum
Fertilization
100 l bs March
45l bs Mar., 45l bs Apr.10l bs Sept, 65 l bs Apr. 50 l bs Mar., 40 l bs Apr.
Weed Control
Harmony
Harmony Extra
9-Oct
2-Jul
Mi ni mum
Harmony SG
6-Oct
7-Jul
Conventi onal
Vol ta Extra
Maryland State Barley Trials 2014-15 Yield Summary Table
Statewide
Wye
Yield†
Test Wt†
Yield
bu ac-1
lbs bu-1 bu ac-1
AMAZE 10 (VA07H-31WS)
67.5 *
56.5
82.3
Atlantic
73.5 *
47.6
99.0 *
FS 501
70.2 *
44.6
88.8 *
FS 950
77.2 *
46.1
103.3 *
Nomini
72.2 *
44.4
94.7 *
Secretariat (VA08B-85)
74.7 *
47.7
96.7 *
Thoroughbred
67.6 *
47.2
84.2
Mean
71.8
47.7
92.7
Coefficient of Variation (%)
31.8
8.5
11.3
LSD05‡
8.4
0.7
16.6
† All yields and test weights are reported at a 13.5% grain moisture content.
‡ Values followed by * are not significantly different from the leading entry.
Plant Date
20-Oct
Harvest Date
25-Jun
Clarksville
Test Wt
lbs bu-1
58.1
48.8
46.1
47.6
45.1
48.2
48.9
49.0
8.3
0.9
Yield
bu ac-1
52.6 *
48.1 *
51.6 *
51.0 *
49.6 *
52.6 *
51.0 *
50.9
12.4
11.2
Test Wt
lbs bu-1
54.8
46.4
43.1
44.5
43.8
47.2
45.4
46.5
8.0
1.0
9-Oct
2-Jul
Tillage
Mi ni mum
Mi ni mum
Fertilization
80 l bs Ma rch
10l bs Sept, 55 l bs Apr.
Weed Control
Ha rmony
Ha rmony SG
More information can be found online at:
https://www.psla.umd.edu/extension/extension-project-pages/small-grains-maryland
Produced by:
Dr. Jason P. Wight, Field Trials Coordinator
Dr. Angus Murphy, Plant Science & Landscape Architecture Department Chair
Mr. Dave Myers, Principal Agent & Program Leader Agriculture, Maryland Extension
Mr. Aaron Cooper, Technician
Mr. Andy Bauer, Undergraduate Research Assistant
Ms. Alyssa Mills, Undergraduate Research Assistant
We gratefully acknowledge the assistance and experience of the personnel of the University of Maryland Research and
Experiment Centers.
Maryland Crop Improvement
Association, Inc.
P.O. Box 581
Preston, MD 21655
Serving Maryland Agriculture Since 1908
Maryland Grain Producers Utilization Board