vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
1
2
TITLE
PAGE
DECLARATION
ii
DEDICATION
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
iv
ABSTRACT
v
ABSTRAK
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
vii
LIST OF TABLES
x
LIST OF FIGURES
xi
LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABREVIATIONS
xv
LIST OF APPENDICES
xvii
INTRODUCTION
1
1.1
Introduction
1
1.2
Problem Statement
3
1.3
Objective of the Study
5
1.4
Scope of the Study
5
1.5
Important of the Study
6
LITERATURE REVIEW
7
2.1
Introduction
7
2.2
An Overview of Leachate
8
2.2.1
Leachate Generation
8
2.2.2
Leachate Characterization
10
viii
2.2.3
2.3
Leachate Composition
13
Treatment of Leachate
16
2.3.1
Biological Treatment of Leachate
16
2.3.2
Physical-Chemical Treatment of
Leachate
18
2.4
Problem in Leachate Treatment
27
2.5
Wetland
28
2.6
Constructed Wetland
29
2.7
Types of Constructed Wetland
30
2.7.1
Free Water Surface Wetlands
31
2.7.2
Subsurface Flow Wetlands
34
2.7.3
Combine FWS-SSF Constructed
Wetland System in Wastewater
Treatment
2.8
Pollutants Removal Process Mechanisms
40
2.9
Wetland Plant
45
2.10
Role of Wetland Vegetation
47
2.11
Application of Constructed Wetlands in
2.12
3
37
Treating Landfill Leachate
49
Conclusion
57
METHODOLOGY
59
3.1
Introduction
59
3.2
Research Design and Operational Framework
59
3.3
Leachate Sample Collection and Preparation
61
3.4
Experiment Set up
61
3.5
Plants
64
3.6
Media
67
3.7
Sampling and Analysis
67
3.8
Analysis Procedure
67
3.8.1
3.9
Analysis of Heavy Metals in Plant
Tissues
68
Performance Evaluation
69
ix
4
5
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
70
4.1
Introduction
70
4.2
Basic Characteristics of the Landfill Leachate
71
4.3
Nutrients Removal
71
4.3.1
Ammonia Nitrogen
71
4.3.2
Nitrate Nitrogen
75
4.3.3
Orthophosphate
78
4.4
Suspended Solid Removal
81
4.5
Turbidity
84
4.6
Heavy Metals Removal
87
4.6.1
Ferum
87
4.6.2
Manganese
90
4.7
Heavy Metal in Plant’s Tissues
93
4.8
Comparison with Other Researchers
96
4.9
Conclusion
98
CONCLUSIONS
100
5.1
Conclusion
100
5.2
Recommendations
101
REFERENCE
102
APPENDICES
113
x
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO.
TITLE
PAGE
2.1
Data on the composition of leachate from landfill
14
2.2
Leachate sampling parameters
15
2.3
Physical, chemical and biological treatment processes
applicable to process trains for leachate treatment
2.4
Summary of biological and physical-chemical
treatment processes applied to leachate treatment
2.5
24
Advantages and disadvantages of Free Water Surface
Flow wetlands
2.6
21
32
Advantages and disadvantages of Subsurface Flow
wetlands
35
2.7
Overview of pollutant removal process
41
2.8
Roles of macrophytes in constructed wetlands
48
2.9
Wastewater pollutants removal in constructed
wetland
51
2.10
Leachate pollutants removal in constructed wetland
54
3.1
Summary of experimental design
64
3.2
The parameter observed in leachate analysis
68
4.1
Influent characteristics of the Pasir Gudang leachate
71
4.2
Comparison of different models of constructed
wetlands for landfill leachate treatment
97
xi
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO.
TITLE
2.1
How leachate is generated
2.2
Factors influencing gas and leachate composition in
PAGE
9
landfills
10
2.3
Wetland design categories
31
2.4
Types of Free Water Surface (FWS) treatment
wetlands
2.5
Typical arrangement of horizontal subsurface flow
constructed wetland system
2.6
37
Plan view of constructed wetland at Munroe Country
wastewater treatment , New York
2.8
36
Typical arrangement of vertical subsurface flow
constructed wetland system
2.7
33
38
Layout of the pilot-scale FW-SSF series constructed
wetlands system for treating fishpond water. (A)
Sampling location for the influent; (B) sampling
location for the FWS effluent; (C) sampling location
for the SSF effluent
2.9
Schematic diagram of the recirculating aquaculture
system
2.10
2.11
39
40
Major pollutants uptake and release pathway in
wetland system
41
Nitrogen transformation in wetland system
43
xii
2.12
Summary of the major physical, chemical and
biological processes controlling contaminant removal
in wetlands
45
2.13
Types of wetland plants
46
3.1
Frameworks and experimental design
60
3.2
Schematic diagram of SSF-FWS constructed wetland
used in experiment. (1) Storage tank; (2) Media
without plant; (3) water tank without plant; (4) SSF
tank with Limnocharis flava (5) FWS tank with
Eichhornia crassipes; (6) Settling tank; and (A)
Sampling location for the influent; (B) sampling
location for the SSF effluent; (C) sampling location
for the FWS effluent.
3.3
Arrangement of SSF-FWS constructed wetland
systems
3.4
62
63
Two-stage lab-scaled system comprised of a SSF and
FWS constructed wetland located outside of the
building in an open area
64
3.5
Short description of Limnocharis. flava
65
3.6
Short description of Eichhornia crassipes
66
3.7
Plants digestion for root and leaves
69
4.1
NH4-N concentration profile in Control and Planted
system through SSF constructed wetland within 18
days of treatment
4.2
72
NH4-N concentration in profile in Control and
Planted system through FWS constructed wetland
within 18 days of treatment
4.3
72
Comparison of NH4-N concentration (C/CO) for
overall performance in Control and Planted system
through SSF-FWS constructed wetland
4.4
73
NO3-N concentration profile in Control and Planted
system through SSF constructed wetland within 18
days of treatment
76
xiii
4.5
NO3-N concentration profile in Control and Planted
system through FWS constructed wetland within 18
days of treatment
4.6
76
Comparison of NO3-N concentration (C/CO) for
overall performance in Control and Planted system
through SSF-FWS constructed wetland
4.7
77
PO43- concentration profile in Control and Planted
system through SSF constructed wetland within 18
days of treatment
4.8
79
PO43- concentration profile in Control and Planted
system through FWS constructed wetland within 18
days of treatment
4.9
79
Comparison of PO43- concentration (C/CO) for
overall performance in Control and Planted system
through SSF-FWS constructed wetland
4.10
80
SS concentration profile in Control and Planted
system through SSF constructed wetland within 18
days of treatment
4.11
82
SS concentration in profile in Control and Planted
system through FWS constructed wetland within 18
days of treatment
4.12
82
Comparison of SS concentration (C/CO) for overall
performance in Control and Planted system through
SSF-FWS constructed wetland system
4.13
83
Turbidity measure in Control and Planted system
through SSF constructed wetland within 18 days of
treatment
4.14
85
Turbidity measure in Control and Planted system
through FWS constructed wetland within 18 days of
treatment
4.15
85
Comparison of turbidity value (C/CO) for overall
performance in Control and Planted system through
SSF-FWS wetland
86
xiv
4.16
Fe concentration profile in Control and Planted
system through SSF constructed wetland within 18
days of treatment
4.17
88
Fe concentration profile in Control and Planted
system through FWS constructed wetland within 18
days of treatment
4.18
88
Comparison of Fe concentration (C/CO) for overall
performance in Control and Planted system through
SSF-FWS wetland
4.19
89
Mn concentration profile in Control and Planted
system through SSF constructed wetland within 18
days of treatment
4.20
91
Mn concentration profile in Control and Planted
system through FWS constructed wetland within 18
days of treatment
4.21
91
Comparison of Mn concentration (C/CO) for overall
performance in Control and Planted system through
SSF-FWS wetland
4.22
92
Heavy metal (Fe) accumulation by Limnocharis flava
and Eichhornia crassipes in SSF-FWS wetland
systems
4.23
94
Heavy metal (Mn) accumulation by Limnocharis
flava and Eichhornia crassipes in SSF-FWS wetland
systems
95
xv
LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABREVIATIONS
BOD
-
Biochemical Oxygen Demand
cm/day
-
Centimeter per day
CAP
-
Consumers Association of Penang
Ca2-
-
Calcium
CaCO3
-
Calcium carbonate
C/CO
-
Present concentration over initial concentration
Cl
-
Clorine
Cl2
-
Chlorine gas
Cd
-
Cadmium
Cr
-
Chromium
COD
-
Chemical Oxygen Demand
CWs
-
Constructed wetland
Fe
-
Ferum
FWS
-
Free Water Surface
HCO3-
-
Bicarbonate
HF-SSF
-
Horizontal Subsurface Flow
HLR
-
Hydraulic Loading Rate
HRT
-
Hydraulic Retention Time
IUCN
-
International Union for the Conservation of Nature
kg
-
Kilogram
kg/m3
-
Kilogram per meter cube
m
-
Meter
mm
-
Millimeter
m/day
-
Meter per day
mg/g
-
Milligram per gram
xvi
mg/L
-
Milligram per liter
mL/s
-
Milliliter per second
Mg2+
-
Magnesium
MLVSS
-
Mix liquor Volatile Suspended Solid
Mn
-
Manganese
N2
-
Nitrogen gas
N2O
-
Nitrogen Oxides
NH4+
-
Ammonia
NH4-N
-
Ammonia Nitrogen
NO2-
-
Nitrite
-
-
Nitrate
NO2 -N
-
Nitrite Nitrogen
NO3 -N
-
Nitrate Nitrogen
P
-
Phosphorus
PO43-
-
Orthophosphate
SO4-
-
Sulfate
SSF
-
Subsurface Flow
SSF-FWS
-
Combine Subsurface Flow and Free Water Surface System
SS
-
Suspended Solid
TIN
-
Total Inorganic Carbon
TKN
-
Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen
TN
-
Total Nitrogen
TP
-
Total Phosphorus
TOC
-
Total Organic Carbon
TSS
-
Total Suspended Solid
VF
-
Vertical Flow
VF-SSF
-
Vertical Subsurface Flow
VFA
-
Volatile Fatty Acid
VOC
-
Volatile Organic Carbon
RBC
-
Rotating Biological Reactor
Zn
-
Zinc
µg/g
-
Microgram per gram
%
-
Percent
˚C
-
Degrees Celsius
NO3
xvii
LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX
TITLE
PAGE
A
Raw Data
113
B
Varian Analysis Calculation (ANOVA)
117
C
Lab Apparatus and Equipments
124