Matakuliah
Tahun
Versi
: MPG09344-010 / Leadership and Organisation
: 2007
: versi/revisi 1
Pertemuan 26
Overview and Integration
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Learning Outcomes
After studying this chapter students should be able to:
• Summarizes major findings about leadership traits, skills, behaviour,
influence processes, and situational variables.
• Understand the key points of convergence in findings from these
different approaches for studying leadership.
• Understand what progress has been made in integrating the findings
in different approaches for studying leadership.
• Understand how biases in the conceptualization of leadership affect
theory and research.
• Understand how the methods used for studying leadership affect
what is learned about it.
• Understand the advantages offered by multi method research on
leadership.
• Understand what has been learned about the essence of effective
leadership.
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Outline Materi
• Major findings in Leadership Research
• Toward an Integrating Conceptual
Framework
• Biases in the Conceptualization of
Leadership
• Controversies about Research Methods
• Concluding Thoughts
• Review and Discussion Questions
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Major findings in Leadership Research
• The leadership situation
– Actions are limited by many internal and
external constraints, such as policies, rules,
standard procedures, budgetary limitations
and labor laws
– Aspects of the situation also determine the
importance of leadership and can substitute
for some aspects of it
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• Leadership behavior
– Effective leaders develop a mental agenda of
short-term and long-term objectives and
strategies
– Different taxonomies for learning leaders’
behaviors:
• task-oriented
• Relations-oriented
• Change-oriented
– Effective leaders mix them up
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• Power and influence
– Influence is the essence of Leadership
– Position Power
• Referent power
• Expert power
– The manner in which leader exercises power
– Social influence techniques
– Distribution and sharin gof power
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• Traits and skills
– Technical, conceptual, and interpersonal skills
are needed for most leadership roles and
functions.
• Cognitive skills
• Interpersonal skills
• Technical skills
– Personality traits relevant;
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To the accumulation and use of power
For effective task-oriented leadership
Effective relations-oriented leadership
Effective change-oriented leadership
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• Toward an integrating conceptual
framework
• Biases in the conceptualization of
Leadership
– Heroic individuals versus shared leadership
– Dyadic versus collective focus
– Importance of explanatory processes
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• Controversies about research methods
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Qualitative versus quantitative methods
Survey versus experimental studies
Level of analysis
Other methodological weakness
• Concluding thoughts
– The essence of effective leadership
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Help interpret the meaning of events
Create alignment on objectives and strategies
Build task commitment and optimism
Build mutual trust and cooperation
Strengthen collective identity
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Organize and coordinate activities
Encourage and facilitate collective learning
Obtain necessary resources and support
Develop and empower people
Promote social justice and morality
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Closing
• Review and Discussion Questions
• Companion Website : Exercises and
Reading
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