Parts Of Speech
#$SpeechPart parts of speech
The collection of all parts of speech -- a specialization of #$LinguisticObjectType.
Instances of #$SpeechPart include #$Preposition, #$Adverb, #$CountNoun,
#$Determiner, #$QuantifyingIndexical, #$Punctuation-SP, #$Pronoun). To link a
specific word with the parts of speech for which it has forms, see #$posForms; e.g.,
#$You-TheWord has a #$Pronoun form, #$And-TheWord has a
#$CoordinatingConjunction form, #$Hit-TheWord has both #$CountNoun and #$Verb
forms.
guid: bd588172-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SecondOrderCollection
#$AtemporalNecessarilyEssentialCollectionType
direct specialization of: #$TermPhrasesConstraint #$LinguisticObjectType
#$posForms pos forms **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT
REVIEWED**
The predicate #$posForms is used to indicate the different parts of speech that a
particular English word has associated with it. (#$posForms WORD POS) means that the
#$EnglishWord WORD has a form that can serve as the #$SpeechPart POS. For example,
#$Dot-TheWord has forms for both #$SimpleNoun and #$Verb. Forms of a word used
for different parts of speech may or may not differ from each other in sound and/or
spelling. To find out, or to specify, the string that represents a particular POS form of a
specific word, use #$partOfSpeech.
guid: bd5e4f4d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$NLSyntacticPredicate #$BinaryPredicate
#$CountNoun count nouns **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT
REVIEWED**
The collection of all simple nouns, also called common nouns. Simple nouns can
typically be preceded by a determiner, and in English they inflect for number. These
nouns, unlike mass nouns, are countable. Example: 'dog'.
guid: bd588078-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SpeechPart
direct specialization of: #$CountNoun-Generic
direct generalization of: #$CountNoun-Neuter #$CountNoun-Masculine #$CountNounFeminine #$Number-SP
#$AgentiveNoun agentive nouns
A specialization of #$DeVerbalNoun. Each instance of #$AgentiveNoun is a noun in the
agentive form. Agentive nouns usually denote the `doer' or `performer' of some action,
and often end in `-er' or `-or'. Example: `runner'.
guid: bd588033-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SpeechPart
direct specialization of: #$DeVerbalNoun
#$ProperCountNoun proper count nouns **COMMENT NOT
REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of all proper count nouns. Proper nouns are usually capitalized, and they
usually denote some particular person, place, or thing. Many proper nouns cannot be
preceded by a determiner, and many have no plural form. Example: `Dallas'. Although
one might think that names for languages e.g. ``Cherokee'' are #$ProperCountNouns,
they are actually #$MassNouns. One test is to see if you can ``too much X'' or ``a lot of
X'' without a distinct plural form. For example ``too much Crest'' vs *``too much Q-tips''
and ``a lot of Coke'' vs *``a lot of Q-tip'' suggest that ``crest'' and ``coke'' are mass nouns,
whereas ``Q-tip'' is a count noun.
guid: c0f2a028-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SpeechPart
direct specialization of: #$CountNoun-Generic #$ProperNoun
#$ProperMassNoun proper mass nouns **COMMENT NOT
REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of all proper mass nouns. Proper mass nouns are usually capitalized.
guid: bf668bab-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SpeechPart
direct specialization of: #$MassNoun-Generic #$ProperNoun
#$Pronoun pronouns **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT
REVIEWED**
The collection of all pronouns. Pronouns are indexicals which can replace nouns.
Example: `she'.
guid: c0fe02b2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SpeechPart
direct specialization of: #$ClosedClassWord
direct generalization of: #$IndefinitePronoun #$ExpletivePronoun #$Number-SP
#$ReciprocalPronoun #$PossessivePronoun-Post #$WHPronoun #$ReflexivePronoun
#$ObjectPronoun #$SubjectPronoun #$PossessivePronoun
#$SubjectPronoun subject pronouns **COMMENT NOT
REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of all subject pronouns. Subject pronouns can replace the subject noun in a
sentence, but not the direct object, indirect object, or oblique object noun. Example: 'he'.
guid: bd588501-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SpeechPart
direct specialization of: #$Pronoun
#$ObjectPronoun object pronouns **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs
NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of all object pronouns. Object pronouns can replace the direct object,
indirect object, or oblique object noun in a sentence, but not the subject noun. Example:
'them'.
guid: bd58be1c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SpeechPart
direct specialization of: #$Pronoun
#$ReciprocalPronoun reciprocal pronouns **COMMENT NOT
REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of all reciprocal pronouns. Reciprocal pronouns are indexicals which are
used in reciprocal contexts. Example: 'each other'.
guid: bd657813-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SpeechPart
direct specialization of: #$Pronoun
#$ReflexivePronoun reflexive pronouns **COMMENT NOT
REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of all reflexive pronouns. Reflexive pronouns can replace nouns in the
context of an action which one does to oneself. Example: 'himself'.
guid: bd58bde1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SpeechPart
direct specialization of: #$Pronoun
#$PossessivePronoun possessive pronouns **COMMENT NOT
REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of all possessive pronouns. Possessive pronouns can replace possessive
nouns. Example: 'my'.
guid: c0f2b35d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SpeechPart
direct specialization of: #$Determiner #$Pronoun
direct generalization of: #$PossessivePronoun-Pre #$WHPronoun-Possessive
#$PossessivePronoun-Post possessive pronouns **COMMENT NOT
REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of all possessive pronouns which occur as predicative complements.
Example: 'mine', as in 'This book is mine'.
guid: bd662f6e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SpeechPart
direct specialization of: #$Pronoun
#$Verb verbs **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of all verbs. Verbs usually denote events, states, or processes. Verbs can
be conjugated. Example: `eat'.
guid: bd58807c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SpeechPart
direct specialization of: #$OpenClassWord
direct generalization of: #$AuxVerb #$MainVerb #$DenominalVerb
#$DeAdjectivalVerb
#$MainVerb main verbs **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT
REVIEWED**
The collection of verbs, excluding auxiliary verbs and modals (but including participles).
guid: bd5f6836-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SpeechPart
direct specialization of: #$Verb
#$Aux-Negated negated auxiliary verbs **COMMENT NOT
REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of all auxiliary verbs negated by contraction. Example: 'hadn't'.
guid: bd6621bb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SpeechPart
direct specialization of: #$AuxVerb
#$DoAux the auxiliary verb 'do' **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs
NOT REVIEWED**
The auxiliary verb 'do'. It has unique syntactic functions, for example, do-support in
yes/no questions, so it is treated as a separate part of speech.
guid: bd598127-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SpeechPart
direct specialization of: #$AuxVerb
#$HaveAux have aux **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT
REVIEWED**
The auxiliary verb 'have'. It has unique syntactic functions, for example, in forming
compound tenses, so it is treated as a separate part of speech.
guid: bd6803e9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SpeechPart
direct specialization of: #$AuxVerb
#$BeAux the auxiliary 'Be' **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT
REVIEWED**
The auxiliary verb 'be'. It has unique syntactic functions, for example, in forming
compound tenses, so it is treated as a separate part of speech.
guid: bd588797-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SpeechPart
direct specialization of: #$AuxVerb
#$Verb-Contracted contracted verbs **COMMENT NOT
REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of all contracted verbal endings. The only main verbs which can contract
are 'have' and 'be'. Example: -ve, from 'have'.
guid: bd5999c0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SpeechPart
direct specialization of: #$ClosedClassWord
#$Adjective adjectives **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT
REVIEWED**
The collecton of all adjectives. Adjectives are words which can modify nouns. Many
adjectives have comparative and superlative forms. Example: `red'.
guid: bd588031-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SpeechPart
direct specialization of: #$OpenClassWord
direct generalization of: #$DeverbalAdjective #$DeAdjectivalAdjective
#$DenominalAdjective #$NongradableAdjective
#$Adverb adverbs **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT
REVIEWED**
The collection of all adverbs. Adverbs are words which can modify adverbs, verbs, or
adjectives. Many adverbs are morphologically derived from adjectives. Example: `slowly'.
guid: bd58802c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SpeechPart
direct specialization of: #$NLWordForm
direct generalization of: #$WHAdverb #$ConjunctAdverb #$DenominalAdverb
#$DeAdjectivalAdverb
#$ConjunctAdverb conjunct adverbs **COMMENT NOT
REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
Adverbials which are neither disjuncts nor subjuncts. #$ConjunctAdverbs can generally
act as sentential modifiers, however, they cannot appear as the focus of a cleft sentence.
Semantically, these conjuncts generally indicate how the speaker views the connection
between two linguistic units.
guid: bd61db6f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SpeechPart
direct specialization of: #$Adverb
#$Modal modal verbs **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT
REVIEWED**
The collection of all modal auxiliary verbs. Modals have only tensed forms, do not inflect
for person and number, and can take contracted negation. Example: `should'.
guid: bd5884c6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SpeechPart
direct specialization of: #$AuxVerb
#$Modal-Contracted contracted modal verbs **COMMENT NOT
REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of all contracted modal forms. The only modals which can contract are
'would' and 'will'. Example: -ll from 'will'.
guid: bd61a6e3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SpeechPart
direct specialization of: #$ClosedClassWord
#$VerbParticle verb particles **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT
REVIEWED**
The collection of all particles which can combine with verbs. Verb particles may appear
before the object noun phrase, or may appear after it, as in 'I put down the phone' and 'I
put the phone down'. Verb particles are usually prepositions, although they may be
adverbials.
guid: bd5897c7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SpeechPart
direct specialization of: #$ClosedClassWord
#$Preposition prepositions **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT
REVIEWED**
The collection of all prepositions. Prepositions are function words which usually take a
noun phrase complement. They usually express temporal, spatial, or other relations.
Example: `at'.
guid: bd59095f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SpeechPart
direct specialization of: #$ClosedClassWord
direct generalization of: #$Preposition-Of
#$Preposition-Spatial spatial prepositions **COMMENT NOT
REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of all prepositions which express spatial relations. This includes locative
and directional prepositions. Example: 'under', as in 'the dog is under the table'.
guid: bd5c2741-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SpeechPart
direct specialization of: #$Preposition
#$Preposition-Locative locative prepositions **COMMENT NOT
REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of all prepositions which express a locative, static spatial relation.
Example: 'beside', as in 'the desk is beside the bookcase'.
guid: bd5aea49-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SpeechPart
direct specialization of: #$Individual
#$Preposition-Directional directional prepositions **COMMENT NOT
REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of all prepositions which express a directional, dynamic spatial relation.
Example: 'into', as in 'the man walked into the room'.
guid: bd62c6c9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SpeechPart
direct specialization of: #$Individual
#$Preposition-Temporal temporal prepositions **COMMENT NOT
REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of all prepositions which express temporal relations. Example: 'on', as in
'we arrived on Tuesday'.
guid: bd604624-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SpeechPart
direct specialization of: #$Preposition
#$Preposition-Of preposition - of **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs
NOT REVIEWED**
The preposition 'of'. It has unique syntactic functions, for example, occurring after
quantifiers, so it is treated as a separate part of speech.
guid: bd5a055c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SpeechPart
direct specialization of: #$Preposition
#$Complementizer complementizers **COMMENT NOT
REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of all complementizers. In English, this is only the word 'that'.
Complementizers introduce a tensed clauses.
guid: bd588595-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SpeechPart
direct specialization of: #$ClosedClassWord
#$InfinitiveComp infinitive complementizers **COMMENT NOT
REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of all infinitive complementizers. In English, this is only the word 'to'.
Infinitive complementizers introduce non-tensed clauses.
guid: c0f2a1b1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SpeechPart
direct specialization of: #$ClosedClassWord
#$WHAdverb wh-adverbs **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT
REVIEWED**
The collection of all wh-words which can act as adverbs. Example: 'when'.
guid: bd6156f3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SpeechPart
direct specialization of: #$WHWord #$Adverb
#$WHPronoun wh-pronouns **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT
REVIEWED**
The collection of all wh-words which can stand in for nouns. Example: 'whatever'.
guid: bd5b7e6d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SpeechPart
direct specialization of: #$WHWord #$Pronoun
direct generalization of: #$WHPronoun-Possessive #$WHPronoun-Object
#$WHPronoun-Subject
#$WHPronoun-Possessive possessive wh-pronouns **COMMENT NOT
REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
This is the collection of #$WHPronouns that can be used in the genitive case. For
example, `Whose book in on the table?'.
guid: be74b0f7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SpeechPart
direct specialization of: #$WHPronoun #$PossessivePronoun
#$WHDeterminer wh-determiners **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs
NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of all wh-words which can act as determiners. Example: 'which'.
guid: c10c5668-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SpeechPart
direct specialization of: #$Determiner #$WHWord
#$Determiner determiners **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT
REVIEWED**
The collection of all determiners. Determiners are function words which can precede
nouns. Example: 'these'.
guid: bd588077-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SpeechPart
direct specialization of: #$ClosedClassWord
direct generalization of: #$Determiner-Numeric #$Determiner-ClassC #$DeterminerClassD #$Determiner-Definite #$Determiner-Indefinite #$Determiner-ClassA
#$Determiner-ClassB #$PossessivePronoun #$WHDeterminer #$Determiner-Central
#$Determiner-ClassA class A determiners **COMMENT NOT
REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of determiners which can occupy the initial position in a string of
prenominal modifiers. Example: 'all', as in 'all the many books.' These are often called
'predeterminers'.
guid: bd615545-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SpeechPart
direct specialization of: #$Determiner
#$Determiner-ClassB class B determiners **COMMENT NOT
REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of pronoun determiners which can occupy the second position in a string
of prenominal modifiers. Example: 'you', as in 'all you people.'
guid: bd62aa46-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SpeechPart
direct specialization of: #$Determiner
#$Determiner-ClassC class C determiners **COMMENT NOT
REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of determiners which can occupy the first position in a string of
prenominal modifiers. Example: 'another', as in 'another three people.' This class is
distinct from #$Determiner-ClassA, the predeterminers. Unlike predeterminers, members
of this class cannot appear in the initial determiner position in constructions like '*some
you people' or '*more this gold'.
guid: bd5b955b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SpeechPart
direct specialization of: #$Determiner
#$Determiner-ClassD class D determiners **COMMENT NOT
REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of determiners which can occupy the third position in a string of
prenominal modifiers. Example: 'many', as in 'all her many friends.' This class is
sometimes called 'postdeterminers'.
guid: bd683ffd-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SpeechPart
direct specialization of: #$Determiner
#$Determiner-Definite definite determiners **COMMENT NOT
REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The class of definite determiners, such as 'these'. With #$Determiner-Indefinite often
called the class of central determiners.
guid: bd5e419a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SpeechPart
direct specialization of: #$Determiner-Central
direct generalization of: #$PossessivePronoun-Pre
#$Determiner-Indefinite indefinite determiners **COMMENT NOT
REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
guid: bd5b258a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SpeechPart
direct specialization of: #$Determiner-Central
#$Number-SP number speech parts **COMMENT NOT
REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of all numbers used as words. This includes spelled-out numbers, like
'five', and digits, like '5'.
guid: c0f2ae77-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SpeechPart
direct specialization of: #$Determiner-Numeric #$CountNoun #$Pronoun
#$Quantifier-SP quantifier **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT
REVIEWED**
The collection of all quantifying words. Quantifiers can modify nouns. Example: 'most'.
guid: c0f2aa93-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SpeechPart
direct specialization of: #$ClosedClassWord
#$QuantifyingIndexical quantifying indexicals **COMMENT NOT
REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of all inherently quantified indexicals. Example: 'everything'.
guid: c0f2b07c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SpeechPart
direct specialization of: #$ClosedClassWord
#$PostQuant-SP post-nominal quantifier **COMMENT NOT
REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of all quantifiers which can appear post-nominally. Example: 'all'.
guid: c0f2b148-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SpeechPart
direct specialization of: #$ClosedClassWord
#$PossessiveMarker possessive marker **COMMENT NOT
REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of all contracted possessive endings which attach to nouns.
guid: bd5c425d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SpeechPart
direct specialization of: #$ClosedClassWord
direct generalization of: #$PossessiveMarker-Sg #$PossessiveMarker-Pl
#$PossessiveMarker-Sg singular possessive marker **COMMENT NOT
REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of all contracted possessive endings which attach to singular nouns. In
English, this is only 's, as in 'boy's'.
guid: bd5a18ed-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SpeechPart
direct specialization of: #$PossessiveMarker
#$PossessiveMarker-Pl plural possessive marker **COMMENT NOT
REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of all contracted possessive endings which attach to plural nouns. In
English, this is only s', as in 'boys''.
guid: bd5d8800-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SpeechPart
direct specialization of: #$PossessiveMarker
#$Punctuation-SP punctuation marks **COMMENT NOT
REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of all punctuation marks. Example: '?' or ','.
guid: bd588449-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SpeechPart
direct specialization of: #$ClosedClassWord
#$SubordinatingConjunction subordinating conjunctions **COMMENT NOT
REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of all conjunctions which can introduce a subordinate clause. Example:
'after'.
guid: bd650413-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SpeechPart
direct specialization of: #$Conjunction
#$CoordinatingConjunction coordinating conjunctions **COMMENT NOT
REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of all coordinating conjunctions. Typically, coordinating conjunctions can
appear in phrases with any number of conjuncts. Coordinating conjunctions can link
terms of any functional category. Example: 'and'.
guid: bd644b08-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SpeechPart
direct specialization of: #$Conjunction
#$There-Existential existential indicator **COMMENT NOT
REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of all existential indicators. In English, this is only the word 'there'.
guid: bd5c4188-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SpeechPart
direct specialization of: #$ClosedClassWord
Predicates Linking Word Units To Strings
#$singular singular **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT
REVIEWED**
(#$singular WORD STRING) means that STRING is the singular noun form of WORD.
For example, the #$singular form of #$Hit-TheWord is `hit'.
guid: bd6757b8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SpeechPartPredicate
direct specialization of: #$singular-Generic #$simpleNounStrings
#$plural plural
(#$plural WORD STRING) means that the #$CharacterString STRING is the plural noun
form of the #$LexicalWord WORD. For example, the #$plural form of #$Hit-TheWord
is `hits', and the plural form of #$Goose-TheWord is `geese'. Note that this is the plural
form corresponding to the #$CountNoun part of speech. See also #$pnPlural for
#$ProperCountNoun forms, and #$agentive-Pl for #$AgentiveNoun forms.
guid: bd5a6853-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SpeechPartPredicate
direct specialization of: #$plural-Generic #$simpleNounStrings
#$massNumber mass number (speech part predicate) (language describing
predicate) (intangible object describing predicate)
(#$massNumber WORD STRING) means that STRING is the mass noun form of WORD.
For example, paper is the mass noun form of #$Paper-TheWord.
guid: bd60ad01-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SpeechPartPredicate
direct specialization of: #$massNumber-Generic
#$pnSingular pn singular **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT
REVIEWED**
The relationship between an #$EnglishWord and its singular proper noun form. Proper
nouns often are names of individuals or organizations. Singular forms denote one
instance of the proper noun. Example: 'Mary'.
guid: bd5bedf8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SpeechPartPredicate
direct specialization of: #$pnNonPlural-Generic #$singular-Generic
#$pnPlural pn plural **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT
REVIEWED**
The relationship between an #$EnglishWord and its plural proper noun form. Proper
nouns often are names of individuals or organizations. The regular form of the plural can
usually be made by adding 's' to the singular form. Plural forms denote more than one.
Example: 'Czechs'.
guid: bd599548-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SpeechPartPredicate
direct specialization of: #$plural-Generic
#$pnMassNumber pn mass number **COMMENT NOT
REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The relationship between an #$EnglishWord and its mass proper noun form. Proper
nouns often are names of individuals or organizations;they may also be product brand
names. Mass forms denote non-countable quantities. Syntactically singular in form and
agreement properties. Example: 'Coke'.
guid: bd5da200-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SpeechPartPredicate
direct specialization of: #$pnNonPlural-Generic #$massNumber-Generic
#$agentive-Sg agentive - sg **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT
REVIEWED**
The relationship between an #$EnglishWord and its agentive singular noun form.
Agentive nouns usually denote the 'doer' of some action, and often end in -er or -or.
Example : 'writer'.
guid: bd66e63b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SpeechPartPredicate
direct specialization of: #$singular-Generic #$agentiveNounStrings
#$agentive-Pl agentive - pl **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT
REVIEWED**
The relationship between an #$EnglishWord and its agentive plural noun form. Agentive
nouns usually denote the 'doer' of some action. The regular form of the plural can usually
be made by adding 's' to the singular form. Example: 'runners'.
guid: bd5b8522-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SpeechPartPredicate
direct specialization of: #$plural-Generic #$agentiveNounStrings
#$agentive-Mass agentive - mass **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs
NOT REVIEWED**
The relationship between an #$EnglishWord and its agentive mass noun form. Agentive
nouns usually denote the 'doer' of some action. Syntactically singular in form and
agreement properties. Example: 'filler'.
guid: bd66f62a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SpeechPartPredicate
direct specialization of: #$agentiveNounStrings #$massNumber-Generic
#$infinitive infinitive
This predicate relates #$LexicalWords (q.v.) to their corresponding infinitive verb forms.
(#$infinitive WORD STRING) means that STRING is an infinitive verb form of WORD.
But note that for the sake of convenience STRING does _not_ include the marker `to' that
is commonly given at the beginning of an (English) infinitive. For example, #$infinitive
relates #$Hit-TheWord simply to the string `hit' (rather than `to hit'). Note also that, in the
Knowledge Base (KB), the closed atomic sentences (i.e. GAF s) built with #$infinitive
typically have #$SubLStrings (q.v.) as their second arguments, as indicated by a
surrounding pair of double-quotation marks. So the above example actually appears in
the KB as `(#$infinitive #$Hit-TheWord hit )'.
guid: bd5d6824-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SpeechPartPredicate
direct specialization of: #$untensed
#$pastTense-Universal past tense - universal
(#$pastTense-Universal WORD STRING) means that STRING is the past tense verb
form of WORD. The regular past tense form is formed from the infinitive verb form with
an `-ed' suffix. Since regular forms are generated by the morphology component, verbs in
the Cyc lexicon should have a #$pastTense-Universal entry only if they are irregular.
Regular example: `helped'. Irregular example: `ate'.
guid: bd5d8eb7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SpeechPartPredicate
direct specialization of: #$perfective-Generic
#$perfect perfect
(#$perfect WORD STRING) means that STRING is the perfect verb form (also known as
the past participle) of WORD. The regular perfect verb form is often the same as the past
tense verb form. Verbs in the Cyc lexicon should have a #$perfect entry only if they are
irregular, since regular forms are generated by the morphology component. Regular
example: `helped'. Irregular example: `eaten'.
guid: bd62ff40-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SpeechPartPredicate
direct specialization of: #$untensed
#$gerund gerund
A #$SpeechPartPredicate (q.v.) and a specialization of #$massNumber-Generic.
(#$gerund WORD STRING) means that STRING is the gerund form of WORD. The
regular gerund is formed from the infinitive verb form with an `ing' suffix. Verbs in the
Cyc lexicon will have a #$gerund entry only if they are irregular. Regular forms are
generated by the morphology component.
guid: bd67b170-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SpeechPartPredicate
direct specialization of: #$massNumber-Generic #$untensed
#$firstPersonSg-Present first person sg - present **COMMENT NOT
REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The relationship between an #$EnglishWord and its first person singular verb form. This
predicate is only used for the auxiliary verbs 'be', 'have', and 'do'. Example: 'am'.
guid: bd5fcbb6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SpeechPartPredicate
direct specialization of: #$nonThirdSg-Present
#$secondPersonSg-Present second person sg - present **COMMENT NOT
REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The relationship between an #$EnglishWord and its second person singular verb form.
guid: bd61fc23-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SpeechPartPredicate
direct specialization of: #$nonThirdSg-Present
#$thirdPersonSg-Present third person sg - present **COMMENT NOT
REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The relationship between an #$EnglishWord and its third person singular verb form. The
regular third person singular for is generated from the infinitive verb form with an 's'
suffix. Verbs in the Cyc lexicon will have a #$thirdPersonSg entry only if they are
irregular. Regular forms are generated by the morphology component. Regular example:
'runs'. Irregular example: 'flies'.
guid: bd638e19-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SpeechPartPredicate
direct specialization of: #$thirdPersonSg-Generic #$presentTense-Generic
#$regularDegree regular degree **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs
NOT REVIEWED**
The relationship between an #$EnglishWord and its regular adjectival form. Example:
'strong'.
guid: bd5b53a9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SpeechPartPredicate
direct specialization of: #$adjStrings
#$comparativeDegree comparative degree **COMMENT NOT
REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The relationship between an #$EnglishWord and its comparative adjectival form. This is
often formed by suffixing 'er' to the regular form. Example: 'stronger'.
guid: bd5ad360-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SpeechPartPredicate
direct specialization of: #$adjStrings
#$superlativeDegree superlative degree **COMMENT NOT
REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The relationship between an #$EnglishWord and its superlative adjectival form. This is
often formed by suffixing 'est' to the regular form. Example: 'strongest'.
guid: bd65773f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SpeechPartPredicate
direct specialization of: #$adjStrings
#$regularAdverb regular adverb **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs
NOT REVIEWED**
The relationship between an #$EnglishWord and its regular adverbial form. Example:
'strongly'.
guid: bd600bb9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SpeechPartPredicate
direct specialization of: #$adverbStrings
#$comparativeAdverb comparative adverb **COMMENT NOT
REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The relationship between an #$EnglishWord and its comparative adverbial form.
Example: 'better'.
guid: bd6502ae-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SpeechPartPredicate
direct specialization of: #$adverbStrings
#$superlativeAdverb superlative adverb **COMMENT NOT
REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The relationship between an #$EnglishWord and its superlative adverbial form. Example:
'best'.
guid: bd64963c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SpeechPartPredicate
direct specialization of: #$adverbStrings
Transitivity Alternations
#$participatesInAlternation participates in alternation **COMMENT NOT
REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A relation between a verb sense and the type of transitivity alternations in which it
participates.
guid: bd59e1dd-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$TernaryPredicate #$OpenCycNLPredicate
#$TransitivityAlternationType transitivity alternation type **COMMENT
NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
Each instance of this collection is a type of alternation which affects a verb's transitivity.
Example: The transitive 'NP V NP' structure may alternate with the intransitive 'NP V' or
'NP V PP'.
guid: bd6355e5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SecondOrderCollection
direct specialization of: #$LinguisticObjectType
#$InducedActionAlternation induced action alternation **COMMENT NOT
REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
An alternation in which the transitive form specifies an action that the causer which,
when performed by the subject, also induces the same action to happen to the object. The
transitive forms also must have an overt or understood directional phrase accompanying
them. For example, in 'Kim drove Sandy to the airport', 'Kim' causes 'Sandy' to be
transported while in the alternation 'Kim drove to the airport', 'Kim' only causes herself to
be transported.
guid: bd604163-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$LinguisticObjectType
direct specialization of: #$Individual
#$Causative-InchoativeAlternation causative inchoative
alternation **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
An #$ObjOfTrans-SubjOfIntrans alternation in which the transitive use may be
interpreted as causing the intransitive form of the verb to occur. For example 'she burned
the house' may be interpreted as 'she caused the house to burn' where 'the house burned' is
the intransitive form. Verbs which occur in this alternation often denote a change of state
or position.
guid: bd674cd0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$LinguisticObjectType
direct specialization of: #$Individual
#$MiddleAlternation middle alternation **COMMENT NOT
REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
An #$ObjOfTrans-SubjOfIntrans alternation in which the intransitive form has an
understood agent and a non-specified time reference. Verbs which occur in this
alternation often have objects which are affected by a change of state denoted by the verb.
For example, 'Joan cut the bread' alternates with 'The bread cuts easily'.
guid: bd5c76a3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$LinguisticObjectType
direct specialization of: #$Individual
#$ObjOfTrans-SubjOfIntrans obj of trans subj of intrans **COMMENT NOT
REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
An alternation between the object of a transitive verb and the subject of an intransitive
verb. See its specs for examples.
guid: bd64f2bd-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$LinguisticObjectType
direct specialization of: #$Individual
Subcategorization Frames
#$ZeroArticleFrame zero article frame **COMMENT NOT
REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
This subcategorization frame is for count nouns which need not take an article, as in 'in
spring', or 'in prison'.
guid: bee8fd71-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$FrameForNouns #$Individual
#$DefiniteDeterminerFrame definite determiner frame **COMMENT NOT
REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
This frame applies to nouns which typically occur with the definite determiner, for
example, 'the Sun'; 'the flu'.
guid: be2a10d2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$FrameForNouns #$Individual
#$TransitiveInfinitivePhraseCompFrame transitive infinitive phrase comp
frame **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
This frame is used for transitive words (usually verbs or adjectives) that take exactly one
complement which is an infinitive phrase. In HPSG terms: [COMPS ] Example: 'I
decided to leave'.
guid: bd657e7f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$GenericTransitiveInfinitivePhraseCompFrame #$Individual
#$ForNPInfinitiveFrame for n p infinitive frame **COMMENT NOT
REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
This frame is used for verbs and adjectives which can be used with a 'for-NP-infinitival'
phrase. Examples: 'I would hate for him to leave' and 'I would be happy for you to join us'.
guid: bd665023-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$GenericTransitiveInfinitivePhraseCompFrame #$Individual
#$TransitiveThatClauseCompFrame transitive that clause comp
frame **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
This frame is used for transitive words that take exactly one finite clausal complement
such that the following is true: (i) that complement may be a finite that-clause
complement as in 'I think that John went to the party', and (ii) that complement may be a
simple (that-less and wh-less) finite clause as in 'I think John went to the party', and (iii)
that complement may *not* be a finite wh-clause as in 'I think why John went to the
party'. Examples of words in this class: 'think', 'suppose', 'assume'.
guid: bd5e3477-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$GenericTransitiveThatClauseCompFrame #$Individual
#$NounPremodifierFrame noun premodifier frame **COMMENT NOT
REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
This frame is for adjectives which can take a nominal premodifier. Example: 'He is six
feet tall.'
guid: bd5dd2a2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$PredicativeFrame #$Individual
#$ThatCl-PleonasticFrame that cl - pleonastic frame **COMMENT NOT
REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
This frame is used for transitive words (usually verbs or adjectives) that take an expletive
'it' subject and exactly one complement which is a that-clause, but can not take a thatclause as a subject. In HPSG terms: [SUBJ ], [COMPS . Example: 'it seems that he left',
'it appears that the candidate wins the election next year', but not *'that he left seems'. 'it
is likely that John and Mary will get along', 'it is nice that Fred invited us' do not have this
frame, since they can also be used with a clausal subject as in 'That Fred invited us to the
party is nice'. Use #$ClausalSubjectTransitiveNPCompFrame for those cases.
guid: bd5f4a4c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$GenericTransitiveThatClauseCompFrame #$Individual
#$Post-NounPhraseModifyingFrame post - noun phrase modifying
frame **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
This frame is used for adverbs which can postmodify a noun. Example: 'yesterday', as in
'the meeting yesterday'.
guid: c0302529-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$NounPhraseModifyingFrame #$Individual
#$AdverbModifyingFrame adverb modifying frame **COMMENT NOT
REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
This frame is used for adverbs which modify other adverbs. Example: 'very', as in 'He ran
very slowly'.
guid: bd63528c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$GenericAdverbPhraseModifyingFrame #$Individual
#$AdjectiveModifyingFrame adjective modifying frame **COMMENT NOT
REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
This frame is used for adverbs which modify adjectives. Example: 'very', as in 'He is very
happy'.
guid: bd5a32ec-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$FrameForAdverbs #$Individual
#$VerbPhraseModifyingFrame verb phrase modifying frame **COMMENT
NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
This frame is used for adverbs which can modify verb phrases by either right-attaching
them or left-attaching them. Example: 'slowly', as in 'He ate slowly'.
guid: bd5d6af0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$GenericPost-VerbPhraseModifyingFrame #$GenericPreVerbPhraseModifyingFrame #$Individual
#$ClauseModifyingFrame clause modifying frame **COMMENT NOT
REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
This frame is used for adverbs which modify clauses. Example: 'fortunately', as in
'Fortunately, they arrived on time'.
guid: bd659139-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$FrameForAdverbs #$Individual
#$IntransitiveVerbFrame intransitive verb frame **COMMENT NOT
REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
This frame is used for words which can be used intransitively, that is, without any
complements at all. In HPSG terms: [COMPS < >] Example: 'I dance'.
guid: bd5cff0a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$IntransitiveFrame #$FrameForVerbs #$Individual
#$UnderstoodReciprocalObjectFrame understood reciprocal object
frame **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
This frame is used for words whose (plural) subject acts as an understood reciprocal
object. Example: `They were flirting the whole night.
guid: bd605778-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$FrameForVerbs #$IntransitiveFrame #$Individual
#$UnderstoodReflexiveObjectFrame understood reflexive object
frame **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
This frame is used for words whose subject acts as an understood reflexive object.
Examples: `I dressed.' `The man shaved.'
guid: bd5f3e47-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$FrameForVerbs #$IntransitiveFrame #$Individual
#$TransitiveGerundPhraseCompFrame transitive gerund phrase comp
frame **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
This frame is used for transitive words that take exactly one complement which is a
gerund phrase. In HPSG terms: [COMPS ] Example: 'He started eating at noon'.
guid: bd67c39b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$FrameForVerbs #$Individual
#$TransitiveFrame transitive frame **COMMENT NOT
REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
This frame is used for words that take exactly one (not necessarily an NP) complement.
In HPSG terms: [COMPS ]
guid: c108f2ed-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$LinguisticObjectType
direct specialization of: #$FrameForVerbs
direct generalization of: #$GenericTransitiveThatClauseCompFrame
#$GenericTransitiveInfinitivePhraseCompFrame #$GenericTransitiveNPCompFrame
#$TransitivePPCompFrame
#$DitransitiveAdjectivePhraseCompFrame ditransitive adjective phrase comp
frame **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
This frame is used for words that take exactly two complements, the first of which is an
NP and the second an AdjP. In HPSG terms: [COMPS ] Examples: 'They consider Kim
stupid' and 'Chris ate the fish raw'.
guid: bd5b832d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$Individual #$Individual
#$DitransitiveBareInfinitiveCompFrame ditransitive bare infinitive comp
frame **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
This frame is used for words that take exactly two complements, the first of which is an
NP and the second a bare infinitive (a bse VP, in HPSG). In HPSG terms: [COMPS ]
Example: 'He watched them leave'.
guid: bd6252c9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$Individual #$Individual
#$DitransitiveGerundPhraseCompFrame ditransitive gerund phrase comp
frame **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
This frame is used for words that take exactly two complements, the first of which is an
NP and the second a gerund phrase. In HPSG terms: [COMPS ] Example: 'He heard them
laughing'.
guid: bd61192d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$Individual #$Individual
#$DitransitiveThatClauseCompFrame ditransitive that clause comp
frame **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
This frame is used for words that take exactly two complements, the first of which is an
NP and the second a that-clause. In HPSG terms: [COMPS ] Example: 'I assure you that
this car is new'.
guid: bd6262b8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ClausalComplementFrame #$Individual
#$ObligatoryReflexiveObjectFrame obligatory reflexive object
frame **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
This frame is used for transitive words that take exactly one complement which is a
reflexive pronominal. In HPSG terms: [COMPS ] Example: 'He perjured himself'.
guid: bd640cb5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$GenericTransitiveNPCompFrame #$Individual
#$DitransitiveNPCompFrame ditransitive n p comp frame **COMMENT NOT
REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
This frame is used for words that take exactly two NP complements. In HPSG terms:
[COMPS ] Example: 'I gave him a book'.
guid: c0fdf5c2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$PassivizableFrame #$Individual
#$DitransitiveWhClauseCompFrame ditransitive wh clause comp
frame **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
This frame is used for words that take exactly two complements, the first of which is an
NP and the second a wh-clause. In HPSG terms: [COMPS ] Example: 'I asked them
whether this car was new'.
guid: bd5a47e4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$Individual #$Individual
#$DitransitiveAdjectivePhraseCompFrame ditransitive adjective phrase comp
frame **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
This frame is used for words that take exactly two complements, the first of which is an
NP and the second an AdjP. In HPSG terms: [COMPS ] Examples: 'They consider Kim
stupid' and 'Chris ate the fish raw'.
guid: bd5b832d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$Individual #$Individual
#$DitransitiveInfinitivePhraseCompFrame ditransitive infinitive phrase comp
frame **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
This frame is used for words that take exactly two complements, the first of which is an
NP and the second an infinitive phrase. In HPSG terms: [COMPS ] Example: 'I told him
to make a sandwich'.
guid: bd5d3544-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$GenericDitransitiveInfinitivePhraseCompFrame #$Individual
#$TransitiveAdjectivePhraseCompFrame transitive adjective phrase comp
frame **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
This frame is used for transitive words that take exactly one complement which is an
AdjP. In HPSG terms: [COMPS ] Example: 'He got sick'.
guid: bd5afb55-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$FrameForVerbs #$Individual
#$TransitiveThatClauseCompFrame transitive that clause comp
frame **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
This frame is used for transitive words that take exactly one finite clausal complement
such that the following is true: (i) that complement may be a finite that-clause
complement as in 'I think that John went to the party', and (ii) that complement may be a
simple (that-less and wh-less) finite clause as in 'I think John went to the party', and (iii)
that complement may *not* be a finite wh-clause as in 'I think why John went to the
party'. Examples of words in this class: 'think', 'suppose', 'assume'.
guid: bd5e3477-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$GenericTransitiveThatClauseCompFrame #$Individual
#$TransitiveInfinitivePhraseCompFrame transitive infinitive phrase comp
frame **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
This frame is used for transitive words (usually verbs or adjectives) that take exactly one
complement which is an infinitive phrase. In HPSG terms: [COMPS ] Example: 'I
decided to leave'.
guid: bd657e7f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$GenericTransitiveInfinitivePhraseCompFrame #$Individual
#$TransitiveWhClauseCompFrame transitive wh clause comp
frame **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
This frame is used for transitive words that take exactly one complement which is a either
finite or infinitival wh-clause, but do not take either a that-clause or a that-less and whless 'bare' finite clause. In HPSG terms: [COMPS ] Example: 'I asked whether he had
eaten', 'I wonder why he left', but not 'I asked that he leaves' or 'I asked he leaves' (in the
question sense of ask) Another example is 'wonder'.
guid: bd60312e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ClausalComplementFrame #$Individual
#$ForNPInfinitiveFrame for n p infinitive frame **COMMENT NOT
REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
This frame is used for verbs and adjectives which can be used with a 'for-NP-infinitival'
phrase. Examples: 'I would hate for him to leave' and 'I would be happy for you to join us'.
guid: bd665023-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$GenericTransitiveInfinitivePhraseCompFrame #$Individual
#$subcatFrame subcat frame **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT
REVIEWED**
(#$subcatFrame WORD PART INT FRAME) means that the part of speech PART of
word WORD has the subcategorization frame FRAME, for word sense INT.
guid: bd64710d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$NLSyntacticPredicate #$QuaternaryPredicate
#$IntransitiveVerbFrame intransitive verb frame **COMMENT NOT
REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
This frame is used for words which can be used intransitively, that is, without any
complements at all. In HPSG terms: [COMPS < >] Example: 'I dance'.
guid: bd5cff0a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$IntransitiveFrame #$FrameForVerbs #$Individual
#$TransitiveFrame transitive frame **COMMENT NOT
REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
This frame is used for words that take exactly one (not necessarily an NP) complement.
In HPSG terms: [COMPS ]
guid: c108f2ed-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$LinguisticObjectType
direct specialization of: #$FrameForVerbs
direct generalization of: #$GenericTransitiveThatClauseCompFrame
#$GenericTransitiveInfinitivePhraseCompFrame #$GenericTransitiveNPCompFrame
#$TransitivePPCompFrame
#$DitransitiveNPCompFrame ditransitive n p comp frame **COMMENT NOT
REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
This frame is used for words that take exactly two NP complements. In HPSG terms:
[COMPS ] Example: 'I gave him a book'.
guid: c0fdf5c2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$PassivizableFrame #$Individual
#$TransitiveInfinitivePhraseCompFrame transitive infinitive phrase comp
frame **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
This frame is used for transitive words (usually verbs or adjectives) that take exactly one
complement which is an infinitive phrase. In HPSG terms: [COMPS ] Example: 'I
decided to leave'.
guid: bd657e7f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$GenericTransitiveInfinitivePhraseCompFrame #$Individual
#$DitransitiveInfinitivePhraseCompFrame ditransitive infinitive phrase comp
frame **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
This frame is used for words that take exactly two complements, the first of which is an
NP and the second an infinitive phrase. In HPSG terms: [COMPS ] Example: 'I told him
to make a sandwich'.
guid: bd5d3544-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$GenericDitransitiveInfinitivePhraseCompFrame #$Individual
#$DitransitiveAdjectivePhraseCompFrame ditransitive adjective phrase comp
frame **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
This frame is used for words that take exactly two complements, the first of which is an
NP and the second an AdjP. In HPSG terms: [COMPS ] Examples: 'They consider Kim
stupid' and 'Chris ate the fish raw'.
guid: bd5b832d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$Individual #$Individual
#$DitransitiveWhClauseCompFrame ditransitive wh clause comp
frame **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
This frame is used for words that take exactly two complements, the first of which is an
NP and the second a wh-clause. In HPSG terms: [COMPS ] Example: 'I asked them
whether this car was new'.
guid: bd5a47e4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$Individual #$Individual
#$DitransitiveThatClauseCompFrame ditransitive that clause comp
frame **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
This frame is used for words that take exactly two complements, the first of which is an
NP and the second a that-clause. In HPSG terms: [COMPS ] Example: 'I assure you that
this car is new'.
guid: bd6262b8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ClausalComplementFrame #$Individual
#$ObligatoryReflexiveObjectFrame obligatory reflexive object
frame **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
This frame is used for transitive words that take exactly one complement which is a
reflexive pronominal. In HPSG terms: [COMPS ] Example: 'He perjured himself'.
guid: bd640cb5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$GenericTransitiveNPCompFrame #$Individual
#$FrameForAdjectives adjectival frames **COMMENT NOT
REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The class of #$SubcategorizationFrames which make sense for #$Adjectives.
guid: c0940067-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$LinguisticObjectType
direct specialization of: #$SubcategorizationFrame
direct generalization of: #$PredicativeFrame
#$TransitiveWhClauseCompFrame transitive wh clause comp
frame **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
This frame is used for transitive words that take exactly one complement which is a either
finite or infinitival wh-clause, but do not take either a that-clause or a that-less and whless 'bare' finite clause. In HPSG terms: [COMPS ] Example: 'I asked whether he had
eaten', 'I wonder why he left', but not 'I asked that he leaves' or 'I asked he leaves' (in the
question sense of ask) Another example is 'wonder'.
guid: bd60312e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ClausalComplementFrame #$Individual
#$TransitiveThatClauseCompFrame transitive that clause comp
frame **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
This frame is used for transitive words that take exactly one finite clausal complement
such that the following is true: (i) that complement may be a finite that-clause
complement as in 'I think that John went to the party', and (ii) that complement may be a
simple (that-less and wh-less) finite clause as in 'I think John went to the party', and (iii)
that complement may *not* be a finite wh-clause as in 'I think why John went to the
party'. Examples of words in this class: 'think', 'suppose', 'assume'.
guid: bd5e3477-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$GenericTransitiveThatClauseCompFrame #$Individual
#$VerbPhraseModifyingFrame verb phrase modifying frame **COMMENT
NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
This frame is used for adverbs which can modify verb phrases by either right-attaching
them or left-attaching them. Example: 'slowly', as in 'He ate slowly'.
guid: bd5d6af0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$GenericPost-VerbPhraseModifyingFrame #$GenericPreVerbPhraseModifyingFrame #$Individual
#$AdverbModifyingFrame adverb modifying frame **COMMENT NOT
REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
This frame is used for adverbs which modify other adverbs. Example: 'very', as in 'He ran
very slowly'.
guid: bd63528c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$GenericAdverbPhraseModifyingFrame #$Individual
#$AdjectiveModifyingFrame adjective modifying frame **COMMENT NOT
REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
This frame is used for adverbs which modify adjectives. Example: 'very', as in 'He is very
happy'.
guid: bd5a32ec-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$FrameForAdverbs #$Individual
#$ClauseModifyingFrame clause modifying frame **COMMENT NOT
REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
This frame is used for adverbs which modify clauses. Example: 'fortunately', as in
'Fortunately, they arrived on time'.
guid: bd659139-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$FrameForAdverbs #$Individual
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