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: G1112, Scientific Writing I
: 2006
: v 1.0 rev 1
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• Citing is the process of giving credit to the sources you used to write your paper. Citations can be located in the text or at the end of the work in a bibliography. It can be difficult to figure out what needs to be credited.
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If you knew a piece of information before you started doing research, generally you do not need to credit it. You also do not need to cite well-known facts, such as dates, which can be found in many encyclopedias. All other information such as quotations, statistics, and ideas should always be cited in your papers.
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As you create your list of cited sources, it is helpful to know what type of information you need to write down.
Parts of a Citation
Orenstein, David. There is Intelligent Life on the Web. Computerworld. 32:39-42. Nov 30 1999.
Author: Orenstein, David.
Title: There is Intelligent Life on the Web.
Title of Periodical: Computerworld.
Volume: 32:
Page(s): 39-42.
Date: Nov 30 1999.
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Formats for citing are consistent so that other researchers may quickly identify the sources you used and easily locate them. To find the guidelines for a particular format, you will need to look in a style manual. Your instructor will probably recommend a particular style manual such as APA ,
MLA , or Chicago Manual of Style . Each style manual format includes the same basic parts of that citation but may organize them slightly differently.
Look at the examples of citations in APA format:
• Book:
Jennings, C. (2000). The hundredth window: Protecting your privacy and security in the age of the Internet.
New York: Free Press.
• Article:
Higgins, M. (1999). High tech, low privacy. ABA Journal, 85, 52-58.
• Web page:
Computer and Internet Security.
(2000). Retrieved March 24, 2002, from
Library of Congress
Web site: http://lcweb.loc.gov/global/internet/security.html
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APA Citation Style
Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 5th edition
Follow these color codes:
Author(s) Date Title of Book Title of Article Title of Periodical
Volume Pages Place of Publication Publisher Other Information
Journal or Magazine Article
(use for journals that start each issue with page one)
Wilcox, R. V. (1991). Shifting roles and synthetic women in Star Trek:
The Next Generation. Studies in Popular Culture, 13(2), 53-65.
Journal or Magazine Article
(use for journals where the page numbering continues from issue to issue)
Dubeck, L. (1990). Science fiction aids science teaching. Physics
Teacher, 28, 316-318.
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• Newspaper Article
Di Rado, A. (1995, March 15). Trekking through college: Classes explore modern society using the world of Star Trek. Los Angeles
Times, p. A3.
Article from an Internet Database
(for more details, see the American Psychological Association 's official site)
Mershon, D. H.
(1998, November-December).
Star Trek on the brain:
Alien minds, human minds.
American Scientist, 86 , 585.
Retrieved
July 29, 1999, from Expanded Academic ASAP database.
Book
Okuda, M., & Okuda, D. (1993). Star Trek chronology: The history of the future.
New York: Pocket Books.
Book Article or Chapter
James, N. E. (1988). Two sides of paradise: The Eden myth according to Kirk and Spock. In D. Palumbo (Ed.), Spectrum of the fantastic
(pp. 219-223). Westport, CT: Greenwood.
Encyclopedia Article
Sturgeon, T. (1995). Science fiction. In The encyclopedia Americana
(Vol. 24, pp. 390-392). Danbury, CT: Grolier.
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• ERIC Document
Fuss-Reineck, M. (1993). Sibling communication in Star Trek: The Next
Generation: Conflicts between brothers.
Miami, FL: Annual Meeting of the Speech Communication Association. (ERIC Document
Reproduction Service No. ED 364932)
Website
(for more details, see the American Psychological Association 's official site)
Lynch, T. (1996). DS9 trials and tribble-ations review.
Retrieved
October 8, 1997, from Psi Phi: Bradley's Science Fiction Club
Web site: http://www.bradley.edu/campusorg/psiphi/DS9/ep/503r.html
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Notes
If you are using the style for Copy Manuscripts , doublespace all lines.
If you are using the style for Final Manuscripts , singlespace all lines and skip a line in between each reference. Ask your professor which style to follow.
Arrange the items on your reference list interfiling books, articles, etc. alphabetically by author ,
Indent the second and following lines 5 to 7 spaces or one half inch.
Use only the initials of the authors' first (and middle) names.
If no author is given, start with the title and then the date.
If you are using a typewriter that cannot produce underlining instead. italics , then use
Magazine articles
Newspapers.
: include the month (and day) as shown under
Websites : if the date the page was created is not given, use
The rules concerning a purposes of clarity. title within a title are not
(n.d.) . displayed here for
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• Book
Okuda, Michael, and Denise Okuda. Star Trek Chronology: The History of the Future. New York: Pocket, 1993.
Journal Article
Wilcox, Rhonda V. "Shifting Roles and Synthetic Women in Star
Trek: The Next Generation." Studies in Popular Culture 13.2 (1991):
53-65.
Newspaper or Magazine Article
Di Rado, Alicia. "Trekking through College: Classes Explore Modern
Society Using the World of Star Trek." Los Angeles Times 15 Mar.
1995: A3.
Book Article or Chapter
James, Nancy E. "Two Sides of Paradise: The Eden Myth According to
Kirk and Spock." Spectrum of the Fantastic. Ed. Donald Palumbo.
Westport: Greenwood, 1988. 219-223.
Encyclopedia Article (well known reference books)
Sturgeon, Theodore. "Science Fiction." The Encyclopedia Americana.
International ed.
1995.
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Encyclopedia Article (less familiar reference books)
Horn, Maurice. "Flash Gordon." The World Encyclopedia of Comics.
Ed. Maurice Horn. 2 vols.
New York: Chelsea, 1976.
Gale Reference Book (and other books featuring reprinted articles)
Shayon, Robert Lewis.
"The Interplanetary Spock." Saturday Review
17 June 1967: 46.
Rpt. in Contemporary Literary Criticism.
Ed.
Sharon R. Gunton.
Vol. 17.
Detroit: Gale Research, 1981.
403.
ERIC Document
Fuss-Reineck, Marilyn. Sibling Communication in Star Trek: The Next
Generation: Conflicts between Brothers. Miami: Speech
Communication Assn., 1993. ERIC Document Reproduction Service
ED364932.
Website
Lynch, Tim. "DSN Trials and Tribble-ations Review." Psi Phi: Bradley's
Science Fiction Club. 1996. Bradley University. 8 Oct. 1997 <http:// www.bradley.edu/campusorg/psiphi/DS9/ep/503r.html>.
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Newspaper or Magazine Article on the Internet
Andreadis, Athena. "The Enterprise Finds Twin Earths Everywhere It
Goes, But Future Colonizers of Distant Planets Won't Be So Lucky."
Astronomy Jan. 1999: 64- .
Academic Universe. Lexis-Nexis. B.
Davis Schwartz Memorial Lib., Brookville, NY. 7 Feb. 1999 <http:// web.lexis-nexis.com/universe>.
Literature Resource Center
Shayon, Robert Lewis.
"The Interplanetary Spock." Saturday Review
17 June 1967: 46.
Rpt. in Contemporary Literary Criticism.
Ed.
Sharon R. Gunton.
Vol. 17.
Detroit: Gale Research, 1981.
403.
Literature Resource Center. Gale Group.
B. Davis Schwartz
Memorial Lib., Brookville, NY. 16 Oct. 2001 <http:// infotrac.galegroup.com/menu>.
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Arrange the items on your reference list alphabetically by author , interfiling books, articles, etc.
Doublespace all lines.
Indent the second and following lines 5 spaces (or one half inch).
If no author is given, start with the title.
Abbreviate the names of all months except May, June, and July.
If the paging of a magazine or newspaper article is continued elswhere in the issue, include only the first page followed by a plus sign (ex. 25+.
).
If the encyclopedia does not arrange its articles alphabetically, treat the encyclopedia article as if it were a book article . Specific volume and page numbers are cited in the text , not in the list of references.
Gale Reference Book : cite the original source being reprinted as shown under Book, Journal Article, Newspaper or Magazine Article, etc. The example shows a Magazine Article. Then include the citation information for the reference book.
Websites : include the title of the web page , the name of the entire web site , the organization that posted it (this may be the same as the name of the website). Also include the full date the page was created or last updated (day, month, year if available) and the date you looked at it . 13

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: Include:
– The name of the database (underlined) and the company that created it and its home webpage ;
– The full date of the article (day, month, year if available) and the date you looked at it ;
• If you are citing a journal instead of a magazine , include the volume (and issue number) and date as shown under the Journal
Style above.
– The library or other organization (and its location) that provided you with access to the database.
– As for page numbers , different databases will provide different information. Include the range of pages (ex. 25-28.
); or the starting page followed by a hyphen, a blank space, and a period
(ex. 64- .
); or the total number of pages or paragraphs (ex. 12 pp.
or 33 pars.
). If no page information is given, then leave it out.
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There are two different Chicago Styles. The one shown above is for a Reference
List which is starting to become the more common one. See the printed manual for the other.
Arrange the items on your reference list alphabetically by author , interfiling books, articles, etc. (section 16.93).
Doublespace all lines (section 2.29).
Indent the second and following lines (section 2.29).
For ranges of page numbers , use an en dash instead of a hyphen (section 9.62).
If no author is given, start with the title and then the date (section 17.32) - except with newspapers (see above).
Journal, magazine, or newspaper article from a database : Follow the examples shown above. Then add the URL of the database's homepage after the period (it is not necessary to include the long link directly to the article). End the
URL with a period (section 17.359). If the database gives the first page number of the article but not the last, use " ff.
" after the first number: 126ff. (section 17.131).
Websites : (section 17.237) Include the title of the web page , the title of the entire website ( or the owner of the website - these two might be the same, as in this example). Including the date you accessed the page is optional if it is not important that the contents might get revised or updated (section 17.12).
The rules concerning a title within a title are not displayed here for purposes of clarity.
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