Matakuliah
Tahun
: G1062/Public Speaking
: September 2006
Debate
Pertemuan 13
1
• The Elements
• The Factors
• Methods of Debating
• Mechanism
• The Language
2
The Elements
• Critical thinking is the main element of a debate.
• Persuading the judge/audience that your team’s
argument is the better one is the main purpose of
any debate: use reasoning – facts, examples, etc.
– and appeal to the emotions.
• Team planning is all-important
3
Factors
taken into account in assessing
the performance of individual speaker
in a debate team
4
Constructing and Supporting the
Contents
 Selection of relevant material as the basis of the arguments.
 The commonsense or logical basis to the argument/s.
 Demonstration of a wide field of knowledge about the topic.
 Understanding of social and cultural beliefs or attitudes relevant
to the topic.
 The use of relevant authorities (evidence) to support contentions.
 (Except for the first speaker) The ability to deal with the
argument/s put forward by the opposing side.
5
The actual presentation of
the argument
Keeping in mind that an oral presentation must
engage the listener, the following are criteria
that focus on the appearance and manner of each
speaker.
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The Appearance and Manner
The speaker’s voice is clear and easy to hear.
The language selection is both effective and
persuasive.
The use of a variety of language structure and tone
appropriate to the development of the argument/s.
The ability to engage the audience by eye contact and
gesture where applicable.
The degree of confidence or conviction shown by the
speaker.
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Criteria for Assessment
Presented through an easy to follow
development.
Clear direction of the argument.
Sequential order or connection between points.
Use of relevant logic and emotion as opposed
to reliance on bias or prejudice.
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More on Assessment …
As well as considering each individual speaker,
the team as a whole will be considered in their
ability to interact and cohesively develop the
overall argument as a group effort.
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Mechanism
Team A
Team B
1st speaker
General statement stating the
team’s position and main
argument.
1st speaker
Rebut + general statement
stating the team’s postion and
main argument.
2nd speaker
Rebut + arguments
2nd speaker
Rebut + arguments
3rd speaker
Rebut + arguments
3rd speaker
Rebut + arguments
Concluding statement
Concluding statement
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The Language
Affirmative
As the first speaker, I would like to
introduce the topic …
Our team will argue that indeed it is …
The first reason why we agree is …
Speaking for the affirmative …
In support of the statement, it is a fact
that …
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The Language
Negative
I would like to refute the argument that
…
The first speaker said that …
She/he claims that …
12
The Language
She/he said that …
She/he argued that …
In contrast to the first argument …
Contradictory to the second argument
for the affirmative …
Speaking for the negative…
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The Language
Speakers
 I would like to present our third argument that …
 Thirdly, …
 I reject the claim made by the opposing team that …
 I would like to contend the issue that …
 I object to the claim being made by the second
speaker.
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Final Speakers
In conclusion we have argued …
To sum up our team strongly agrees with
the statement …
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Remember …..
BACK YOUR ARGUMENT UP BY USING
EXAMPLES
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