Chapter 1 Notes

• Anatomy
– the scientific discipline that investigates the body’s structure. Ex. Anatomy describes the shape and size of bones.
• Physiology
– the scientific investigation of the processes or functions of living things.
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• Gross Anatomystructures examined without a microscope.
– Systemicstudied system by system.
– Regionalstudied area by area.
– Surfaceexternal form and relation to deeper structures as x-ray in anatomic imaging.
• Microscopic Anatomystructures seen with a microscope.
– Cytology: cellular anatomy.
– Histology: study of tissues.
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• Reveals dynamic nature of living things.
• Considers operations of specific organ systems.
– Cell physiologyexamines processes in cells
– Neurophysiologyfocuses on the nervous system
– Pathology
– Exercise Physiology
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• Chemical level
– Atoms
– Molecules
• Cell level
• Tissue level
• Organ level
• Organ system level
• Organism level
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• Anatomical Positionbody erect, face forward, feet together and palms face forward
• Other Body Positions
– Supine : lying face upward.
– Prone: lying face downward.
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SuperiorA structure above another.
InferiorA structure below another.
AnteriorThe front of the body.
PosteriorThe back of the body.
Dorsal-Back area.
Ventral-Stomach area.
ProximalCloser to the point of attachment to the body than another structure.
DistalFarther from the point of attachment to the body than another structure.
MedialToward the midline of the body.
LateralAway from the midline of the body.
SuperficialToward or on the surface.
DeepAway from the surface, internal.
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• Organizationcondition in which there are specific relationships and functions.
• Metabolismall chemical reactions of the body.
• Responsivenessability to sense changes and adjust.
• Growth
• Developmentchanges over time.
– Differentiationchange from general to specific.
– Morphogenesischange in shape of tissues, organs.
• Reproductionnew cells or organisms.
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1. What is the difference between anatomy and physiology ?
-A: study of the structures & parts of an organism
-P: study of the processes & functions
2. What are the levels of organization of living things? Describe them.
-cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms
3. What is metabolism ?
-all the chemical reactions in the body
4. What is the difference between growth and development ?
-growth: increase in height or mass
-development: changes over time (differentiation & morphogenesis)
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• Upper limbconsists of the arm, forearm, wrist,
& hand.
• Lower limbconsists of the thigh, leg, ankle, and foot.
• Central region of body- consists of the head, neck and trunk.
– Trunk : divided into the thorax (chest), abdomen, and pelvis.
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• Sagittal planedivides the body vertically into right & left portions
– Midsagittal/Mediandivides the body into equal right and left halves.
– Parasagittalruns vertically through the body to one side of the midline
• Transverse (Horizontal)divides the body into superior & inferior portions.
• Frontal (Coronal)divides the body into anterior and posterior parts.
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• Thoracic Cavitysurrounded by the rib cage
– Mediastinumcontains the heart, thymus gland, trachea, esophagus, blood, & vessels.
– Diaphragm - large muscle that separates upper & lower cavities
• Abdominal Cavity
– Contains the stomach, intestines, liver, spleen, pancreas, and kidneys.
• Pelvic Cavity
– Contains the urinary bladder, part of the large intestines, and the internal reproductive organs.
• Ambdominopelvic - large double cavity below breathing muscle
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• Serous membranescovers the organs & lining of the trunk cavities.
– Visceralthin membrane that covers the organs within the cavity.
– Parietalwall of body cavity that covers its surface.
• Pericardial cavitysurrounds the heart
• Pleural cavitysurrounds each lung.
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Systems Studied 
• Integumentary -consists of skin, hair, nails & sweat glands
• Skeletal -protects/supports body, produces blood cells, & stores minerals (bones)
• Muscular -consists of muscles (movement)
• Nervous -consists of brain & spinal cord, nerves & receptors
• Vascular -blood
• Circulatory -consists of the heart and blood vessels
• Respiratory -exchanges gases btn the blood & air & regulates blood pH
• Digestive -breaks down food & absorbs nutrients
• Reproductive -ability to reproduce new offspring
Not Studied…But still important to the body 
• Endocrine -consists of glands that secrete hormones
• Lymphatic -maintains tissue fluid balance & absorbs fat
• Urinary -removes waste products from the circulatory system & regulates blood pH
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• Values of variables fluctuate around the set point to establish a normal range of values.
• Set pointthe ideal normal value of a variable.
– What is the set point for body temperature?
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• Most systems of the body are regulated by negative-feedback mechanisms that maintain homeostasis.
• 3 Components
– Receptor: monitors the value of some variable (Ex. Blood Pressure)
– Control Center: establishes the set point around which the variable is maintained
– Effector: can change the value of the variable.
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• When a deviation occurs, response is to make deviation greater.
– Leads away from homeostasis.
– Can result in death. 
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