Matakuliah
Tahun
: G0362/Sociolingustics
: 2007
Fungsi kalimat, kesopanan dan komunikasi
antar budaya
(sumber Holmes Ch. 11)
Pertemuan 12
Learning Outcomes
Pada akhir pertemuan ini, diharapkan mahasiswa
akan mampu :
• Mahasiswa dapat mengidentifikasikan fungsi-fungsi
kalimat
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Outline Materi
• Fungsi kalimat
• Komunikasi antar budaya
• Bentuk nama panggilan
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The Functions of Speech
• There are several categories:
– Expressive  express the speaker’s feelings
– Directive  get someone to do something
– Referential provide information
– Metalinguistic comment on the language itself (e.g.
‘hegemony’ is not a common word)
– Poetic  focus on aesthetic feature of a language,
e.g. a poem, a rhyme, etc.
– Phaticexpress solidarity and emphaty
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• The categories are useful as guides for analysis but they
are not mutually exclusive. For example, a love poem is
poetic as well as expressive. An advertisement slogan
can be poetic, directive, amusing and informative at the
same time.
– A Mars a day, helps you work, rest and play.
– Beanz Buildz Kidz
– Have a break, have a Kit Kat
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Directives
Directives are utterances that aim to get people do things. The speech
acts* which express directive force vary in strength. Consider:
Sit down
Imperative
You sit down
You imperative
Could you sit down?
Interrogative with modal
Sit down, will you?
Interrogative with tag
Won’t you sit down?
Interrogative with negative modal
I want you to sit down.
declarative
I’d like you to sit down
declarative
You’d be more comfortable sitting down
declarative
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Speech Acts
• Speech Acts (see supporting materials #2) deals with
how utterances are structured and interpreted.
• An utterance has propositional meaning and illocutionary
meaning.
• Propositional meaning is literal meaning, conveyed by
the words and structure of the utterance
• Illocutionary meaning is the effect on the reader/hearer
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Examples
• A teacher to a student:
– “I hear talking.”
– Proposition: the teacher hears talking
– Illocutionary force: “Stop talking.”
So, the sentence type and the function are different.
• “Fire!”
– This means there is a fire and we should be out of
here.
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Politeness and Address Forms
• What you can say to another person depends on your
status/power relationship with that person.
• It also depends very much on the culture of both the
speaker and the interlocutor.
– For example, in western country a grown up daughter
can call her mother by her first name. In Indonesia,
this would be rude.
– In NZ (or in most western countries), university
students can call their lecturers by their first names.
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Polite choice of Address Forms
• What someone calls another person will follow the
following flowchart: (Holmes, 2001:270)
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Types of Politeness
• Positive Politeness
– Is solidarity oriented. It is when, for example, your
boss says to you that you can call him/her by his/her
FN (First name)
• Negative Politeness
– The opposite of above. That is when someone
deliberately tells you to call him/her by TLN (Title Last
Name)
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Politeness in Different Cultures
• What you can ask someone in the first meeting depends
on the culture of the person involved.
• Some cultures would consider someone to be rude when
they ask personal questions to someone they just met.
But to some others it may well be normal.
• Chinese and some other Asian would ask “have you
eaten?” the moment the guest arrives at their home for a
social call.
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Conclusions
• Besides the four factors and dimensions mentioned in
Chapter 1, what you can say to others also depends on
the tone, intonation that you say the utterance, and how
it is received by the hearer/reader.
• Address forms depend on the relationships between the
speaker & hearer. It is also very cultural.
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