DECEMBER 11, 2015
PROJECT PROPOSAL FEASIBILITY STUDY
TEAM #15: COACHJAV
KWESI ASARE, LANDON POTTS, DAVID DADZIE, OFILIOJO ICHABA
CALVIN COLLEGE ENGINEERING DEPT
ENGR 339/340 SENIOR DESIGN PROJECT
© Kwesi Asare, David Dadzie, Landon Potts, Ofiliojo Ichaba Calvin College, Calvin Engineering Dept. 2015-2016
1 Table of Contents
1. Tables of Figures ................................................................................................................................... 4 2. Table of Tables ..................................................................................................................................... 4 3. Executive Summary .............................................................................................................................. 5 4. Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 6 5. Project Requirements/Description ........................................................................................................ 8 6. Scope and Constraints ........................................................................................................................... 9 7. Project Management ........................................................................................................................... 10 7.1. The Team .................................................................................................................................... 10 7.2. Team Organization ...................................................................................................................... 11 7.3. Schedule ...................................................................................................................................... 12 7.4. Budget ......................................................................................................................................... 12 7.5. Method of Approach ................................................................................................................... 13 8. Designing the Project .......................................................................................................................... 14 8.1. Research ...................................................................................................................................... 14 8.2. Design Criteria and Project Requirements Overview ................................................................. 14 8.3. Design Alternatives/ Decisions ................................................................................................... 15 8.3.1. Sensors ................................................................................................................................ 15 8.3.2. Power .................................................................................................................................. 16 8.3.3. Data Communication .......................................................................................................... 17 8.3.4. User Interface ...................................................................................................................... 18 8.4. Design Norms ............................................................................................................................. 19 8.5. Final Design ................................................................................................................................ 20 1. 9. Proof of Concept ............................................................................................................................. 20 Business Plan ...................................................................................................................................... 24 9.1. Market Study ............................................................................................................................... 24 9.2. Cost Estimate .............................................................................................................................. 24 9.3. Company Description ................................................................................................................. 26 9.3.1. Team ................................................................................................................................... 28 9.3.2. Board of Directors ............................................................................................................... 28 9.3.3. Company Structure ............................................................................................................. 28 9.3.4. Operations ........................................................................................................................... 29 Financial Forecasts .............................................................................................................................. 29 2 Key Assumptions ................................................................................................................................. 29 Financial Statements ........................................................................................................................... 29 Income Statement (Annual, 3 years) ............................................................................................. 30 Balance Sheet................................................................................................................................... 30 Cash Flow Statement (Annual, 3 years) ....................................................................................... 30 Break-Even Analysis ............................................................................................................................ 30 Ratio Analysis ....................................................................................................................................... 30 10. Conclusion ...................................................................................................................................... 31 11. Appendix ......................................................................................................................................... 32 A. Gantt Chart: .................................................................................................................................... 34 B. Financial Tables ................................................................................................................................ 35 3 1. Tables of Figures
Figure 1. Team #15 Photo ........................................................................................................................... 10 Figure 2: Organizational Structure .............................................................................................................. 12 Figure 3: System Overview of Final Design ............................................................................................... 20 Figure 4. ADXL 335 accelerometer used for Proof of Concept ................................................................... 22 Figure 5. Setup for Testing Angles as Proof of Concept .............................................................................. 22 Figure 6: Company Organization Structure ................................................................................................ 29 2. Table of Tables
Table 1: Decision Matrix for Data Communication ................................................................................... 18 Table 2: Decision Matrix of User Interface ................................................................................................ 19 Table 3. Pro‐Forma Statement of Income .................................................................................................. 35 Table 4. Statement of Cash Flows ............................................................................................................... 37 Table 5. Break Even Analysis ....................................................................................................................... 38 Table 6. Ratio Analysis ................................................................................................................................ 41 4 3. Executive Summary
Professional athletes and other athletes (such as college athletes) who compete have a
constant objective of improving their performance. In order to do this, the athletes and their
coaches adopt a wide spectrum of methods to get the necessary feedback of athlete performance.
For instance, Zepp Tennis is a program that monitors the speed of the serve and other important
performance parameters of tennis players. Other sports such as golf and sprints have similar
feedback systems in place. One sport that does not have such a system is the javelin throw.
Javelin throwers and their coaches have difficulty getting performance feedback, because the few
systems that currently exist are both bulky and expensive, and/or require a controlled
environment. This is the need Senior Design Team #15 is trying to fill. The team's objective is to
record data from a javelin during a throw and transmit to the athlete or coach. Specifically, the
team intends to use sensors (a gyroscope and an accelerometer in particular) to find and capture
the velocity and angle of the javelin upon its release by the thrower. This data will then be
transmitted to an Android mobile device via wireless communication. The feedback information
provided to the coach or athlete can then be used to make incremental improvements on future
throws. 5 4. Introduction
The advancement of modern technology has seen improvements in most aspects of life
and has been very beneficial to consumers. However, one of the most celebrated aspects of life is
lacking tremendously with respect to the active use of technology – sports. Technology
integration into the area of sports is currently lacking primarily because it provides so much
enjoyment that we disregard the need for advanced technology in the field. Nevertheless, the area
of sports presents a gold mine with which new technology can be realized and integrated into.
The team looked into the area of sports technology, in search of any sports category that
could benefit from technological advancements. For the entirety of the first meeting, the team
brainstormed projects to tackle, within the constraints from the Engr. 339 Senior Design class.
Several options were considered, including building a cheaper GPS module for cyclists with an
integrated speedometer and optional cycling analysis, using control systems mechanics to enforce
the offside rule in soccer, improving the javelin training experience, and others. The team chose
to pursue improving the javelin training experience as it constituted a feasible and realizable
project for the team, within the budget, time, and technology constraints presented to us.
Digging deeper into the javelin throw, the team found out that there are certain technical
factors that affect your javelin throw. These include, but are not limited to, the athlete’s
technique, approach speed, angle of release, speed or velocity of release, and angle of yaw.
Although these factors vary by individual, there are certain techniques that generally produce
better throwing results. However, there is no viable method of determining this optimum values
that provide the best results. The current method used, involves the athlete and his coach
determining the best technique based solely off of their observation, a method which is generally
unreliable and imprecise. At a higher level, Olympic researchers have tried to establish a
correlation between the factors mentioned above to determine the optimum values for these
factors. Although their method is not as crude as the other method mentioned above, it requires
expensive equipment such as multiple high speed cameras, specialized javelins, force sensors,
and a controlled environment. Another disadvantage of this system is that, because it uses data
modeling, it is not very individualized.
Considering the above conditions, the team plans to design an inexpensive system that
records a javelin thrower's performance data and provides this information to athlete, coach, or
researcher in real time. Under the scope of this project, the team intends to provide the user
information about the athlete's angle of release and the velocity of the throw, because we consider
these the most important factors that affect the quality of a throw and that the coach does not have
easy access to, after conferring with the client for the project – Head Track & Field Coach at
Calvin College, Coach Bret Otte. With the help of this system, athletes and coaches would be
able to determine what areas the athlete is executing well, and where they can improve, without
trial and error. If the coach or athlete can get this information in less throws, it is extremely
helpful so the athlete can have a more focused practice, and maybe throw the javelin less. Less
throws helps the thrower especially because each throw forces the athlete to exert a lot a stress on
their body and tires them out, and also can help the coach with shorter practices and more focused
training on the improvement areas. For the researcher, there would be no need for expensive
equipment and controlled environments, as they would have access to the data from the
embedded system.
To accomplish the task of outputting the throw data to a coach, athlete, or researcher, the
team is relying on the use of sensors, an accelerometer and a gyroscope, to determine the speed
and tilt angle of the javelin in use. Then the team will develop a mathematical model as a method
6 of determining the angle relative to ground and the speed of the javelin out of the athlete's hand.
A touch sensor will act as a trigger for the calculation of the data at the moment of release. The
data will be communicated to a device via Bluetooth graphical user interface on a mobile device. 7 5. Project Requirements/Description
For the project, the design team needs to gather data about the flight of the javelin during
the throw and transmit this information to a coach or athlete. To determine what data is most
important to record, the team had a discussion Calvin College's Head Track and Field coach, Bret
Otte, about the project and what he thinks the requirements should be. As a result of this
discussion with Coach Otte, as well as other research the team carried out to better understand the
procedure and mechanics of a javelin throw, it was determined that the velocity of the javelin and
the angle of the throw at the release point would be the most valuable information that can be
given to the athletes and coaches in regards to performance. To achieve the stated objectives, the
team decided it would be best to use a sensor (touch or force sensor) to determine the point of
release, which will act as trigger for the recording of data. For this project to be successful, there are certain requirements that the device must
satisfy. First of all, it must be accurate. The information received by the coach must be precise
and consistent with what is actually happening. Second, the addition of the device should not alter
the trajectory of the javelin in any way. There are two foreseen ways that the device could alter
the throw, by changing the aerodynamics or the weight of the javelin. To prevent these
alterations, the device must be small and lightweight, and after the installation of the device on
the Javelin, the javelin must maintain it original center of gravity. Third, the interface must be
easy to use. The coach or athlete needs to be able to understand the information they received and
the device should usable without need of instructions. Finally, the device must maintain its
accuracy throughout its useful life. A javelin throw takes place outdoors, in a variety of weather
and landscape conditions. The device must be resistant to water, mud and other natural
conditions. Also, vibrations during the throw and on impact will exert significant force on the
device. The device will need to maintain its accuracy under these conditions.
8 6. Scope and Constraints
As mentioned in the introduction, the equipment currently available to record the
information about a javelin throw is expensive and difficult to use. The market for a more
streamlined system, ideally a portable device, is rapidly increasing with the growth of the javelin
throw as a sport. The CoachJav team intends to fill this need with the project. In order to do this,
the final design will have to be small, lightweight, and durable. These physical constraint are as a
result of the strict regulations on the length, thickness, and mass of javelins in competitions.
Because of this, our device will have to be inconspicuous when installed on the javelin and
maintain all the aerodynamic properties of the original javelin.
The design also has non-mechanical constraints that have to be met. First and most
importantly, the design should function as expected and described. The product should be able to
take in the continuous stream of data from the sensors and transform it into information that the
user understands and can use. Second, the product should relay the recorded information to the
user in real-time. The team believes this will add significant value to the product, because most
users will want to receive feedback immediately. The real-time transmissions also eliminates the
time taken to setup a separate system to read the recorded data, making it more convenient for the
user.
Some other constraints that the team has on the project are cost and time. The project is
sponsored by a couple of investors, Calvin College and Coach Bret Otte. The Calvin College
Engineering Department is willing to invest $500 capital into the project. Consequently, our
design is constrained by the $500 budget. Coach Bret Otte has also donated a javelin to the team.
This will significantly alleviate some of the team’s budget needs. The amount of time that has
been allocated for this project may not be sufficient to build a market ready product. The team
aims at building a working prototype initially, and then if there is still time, continually make
improvements to the design and prototype.
9 7. Project Management
7.1.
The Team
The project design team is made up of four senior Electrical Engineering students, pictured in
Figure 1 below.
Figure 1. Team #15 Photo(left to Right) ‐ Kwesi Asare, Landon Potts, Ofiliojo Ichaba, David Dadzie Kwesi Asare Kwesi Asare is a senior Electrical & Computer Engineering student from Tema, Ghana.
He is also a freelance photographer, and digital media designer. This past summer, he worked as
an electrical engineering Intern for Herman Miller, Inc., a reputable furniture making company in
West Michigan. He programmed a microcontroller unit that was implemented in a sit-to-stand
desk as part of a project in transforming the switch mechanism to an automated sit-to-stand
mechanism. In his free time, Kwesi likes to cook exotic meals, play the piano, and edit photos. Landon Potts Landon is a senior Electrical & Computer Engineering student from Caledonia,
Michigan. He is a four year member of both the Men's Varsity Cross Country Team as well as the
Men's Varsity Track & Field Team at Calvin College. This summer, he worked for the Christian
Classics Ethereal Library, as well as www.hymnary.org, developing an Android app which can be
used to view hymnals. In his [limited] free time, Landon stays very active. His hobbies include
running, swimming and water sports, skating, and ultimate Frisbee, as well as spending time with
friends and family.
Ofili Ichaba 10 Ofiliojo is a senior Electrical & Computer Engineering student from Lagos, Nigeria. He
is currently serving on the Calvin College Student Senate. Ofili has a strong interest in Computer
Science, particularly in Artificial Intelligence and Natural Language Recognition research. His
hobbies include Singing, Soccer, and Reading.
David Dadzie David is a senior Electrical & Computer Engineering student from Accra, Ghana. He is a
fourth year member as well as a team captain of the Men's Varsity Track & Field Team at Calvin
College. This summer, he worked on a research project, with Professor Yoon Kim, to design and
construct a DC-DC constant current, constant voltage solar simulator. The results of the research
project can be viewed at www.calvin.edu/academic/science/summer. David enjoys the broad
range of music genres across the world and loves playing the drums. His hobbies include
bowling, table tennis, and RPG games, as well as spending time with friends and family. 7.2.
Team Organization
The team is setup to be very collaborative, meaning tasks are distributed fairly among the
team members; however, to avoid redundant work, each member of the team has been assigned a
section of the overall project to be the leader of. The breakdown of the assigned roles are as
follows:
 David Dadzie - Microcontroller Unit
 Ofiliojo Ichaba - Communication (currently Bluetooth)
 Kwesi Asare - Sensor Technology (currently gyroscope, accelerometer and touch sensor).
 Landon Potts - Graphical User interface, intending this to be an Android app
Other important stakeholders involved in the project include:
 Faculty Advisor, Professor Mark Michmerhuizen – The role of the faculty advisor,
among other things, is to make sure the team stays on track to meet all the project
deadlines at the appointed times. He is also the point of contact between the team and the
senior design project administrator.
 Industrial Consultant, Mr. Eric Walstra – The Industrial Consultant will meet with the
team once a semester. His role is to guide the team in making good design and
engineering decision. Mr. Walstra has been helpful in determining the main risk points of
the project, before the team runs into them.
 Client, Bret Otte – Bret Otte is the Calvin College Track & Field Coach. He is in charge
of the college's Javelin team. His role in this project is to determine the constraints of our
design.

The other senior design course instructors are Professor Nielson, Professor VanAntwerp, and
Professor Masselink. Figure 2 below shows an organizational chart of all the stakeholders for the
project.
11 Course Instructors Faculty Advisor Industrial Advisor Team 15 Client Figure 2: Organizational Structure for Team #15’s Senior Design Project: CoachJav
The Senior Design class meets on Monday, Wednesday and Friday, from 14:30 to 15:30. A
fraction of the class meeting times are scheduled as workdays, during which Team #15 does
project related research or works towards meeting upcoming deadlines. Also, the team has
scheduled meeting times on Tuesdays, from 20:00 to 22:00. Other meeting times are scheduled
when necessary to meet deadlines. Team 15 holds its meetings in the designated team meeting
space in the Engineering Building. Landon Potts is in charge of taking the team minutes. The
team minutes are recorded and stored in OneNote.
7.3.
Schedule
The team, led by David Dadzie, created a work breakdown structure and a Gantt chart for
scheduling purposes. The Gantt chart can be viewed in Appendix A attached to the end of this
document. These charts act as a guide in helping the team manage its time and keep track of the
project deadlines. David updates the schedule as required, taking into consideration any changes
in deadlines. For any tasks that take longer than is allocated, the team either puts the task on hold
or allocates more time for the task. David updates dependent tasks as is necessary. On average,
each team member spends 6-9 hours a week on Senior Design related work/activities.
7.4.
Budget
For the proposed project, the team's budget is limited to $500, which is one of the major
constraints. However, more funding may be allocated if necessary, under the approval of the team
faculty advisor (Professor Michmerhuizen) and the Engineering Department faculty. Ofiliojo
Ichaba is in charge of the team’s budget, making sure it is properly allocated to meet all the
project requirements, and that all transactions are well accounted for. The team uses a Microsoft
Excel Spreadsheet template, prepared and provided by the Senior Design faculty, to keep track of
the project funds. This template also serves as a "request for reimbursement form" when team
members spend money “out of pocket” to cover project expenses. The team uses the budget to
make important design and logistic decisions. For instance, if two different gyroscopes meet the
requirements of that part, the final decision is made based on the affordability of the alternatives.
12 In the event of a budget crisis, the team will be forced to take action specific to the particular
situation, and must be ready to be adaptable to unforeseen circumstances. The team keeps receipts
of all purchases, to provide a point of reference in the situation of accounting discrepancies. The
Microsoft Excel Spreadsheet and all receipts are available to all Team 15 members as well as the
team faculty advisor, in order to encourage transparent accounting practices. As previously
mentioned, in the event that the team overspends, the team can make a request for more funding.
This request is subject to the approval of the faculty advisor Professor Michmerhuizen, and the
Engineering Department faculty.
7.5.
Method of Approach
The team started by deciding their design criteria, in order to set the constraints for the
project. Section 5.2 lists the design criteria Team 15 selected for this project. Each member of
Team 15 researched on a different aspect of the design. These aspects of the design idea are
described above under the roles of the four team members. The team carried out most of its
research online on the Calvin College databases. Research was conducted with the help of the
engineering librarian, Glenn Remelts, who acted as a research advisor for the team, to help the
team obtain the necessary materials and research to make the project successful.
The main methods of communication among the team were through Calvin student email and
WhatsApp (a texting and calling app). The team uses Google Drive and OneDrive for joint
collaborative work, because fast update time along with the option to have multiple people
editing the same file or document.
13 8. Designing the Project
8.1.
Research
The team considered the key areas in the design of our project, namely:
Type of Sensors As previously mentioned, the velocity of the throw and the angle of the throw on
release. To capture this data, the team determined that they would need and make use of a
gyroscope, accelerometer, touch or force sensor, and a possibly magnetometer. Power Source
The power needs depend to a large extent on the final sensors that are chosen.
The sensors the team is currently testing with require a 3 V power source. The device will
be designed to consume the least power required to retain full functionality and
usefulness. Also, the device will need an on-off switch that cuts off the power source
when the device is not in use. Data Communication The communication technology chosen needs to consume very little power as
well as reach a range of up to 100m. Some standards that have been considered are
Bluetooth, WiFi, Zigbee, and more. User Interface
Obviously the user needs to have some way to interact with the system. The
interface needs to be easy to use and understand, as well as convenient and useful to the
consumer. 8.2.
Design Criteria and Project Requirements Overview
For the main aspects of the design, the team set design criteria to guide the design process. The
Design criteria is listed below.
 Physical Characteristics:
o The entire package of the device should be 19.05mm wide x 63.5mm long x
0.2mm thick. The team picked this dimension based on the javelin prototype
provided by the track and field team. With the above dimensions, the package
will not be obtrusive to the athlete and the effect on the aerodynamics and weight
of the javelin. The length of the javelin should support the package in shock
absorption.
o The package should be able to withstand shocks ranging from 10,000G to
20,000G (G is a unit of measurement for vibrations). Since javelins regularly
experience shock within that range, the data package and sensors should be
designed to meet the same standards. This requirement allows the package to
seamlessly integrate into the javelin.
o The package will have an LED indicator as an ergonomics feature to let the
athlete know the package is functioning properly and recording data.
14 


Functional Requirements:
o The final package should contain a sensor or a collection of sensors that will read
necessary data and output the velocity and the release angle of the javelin.
o The package would also contain a touch sensor that would be able to sense when
the athlete is holding the javelin, and when the javelin has been released
o Given the that javelin is an outdoor sport, a lot of noise and interference would be
expected and the sensor should contain a mechanism to filter out the noise to
produce accurate results
o The sensors should be hardened enough to contribute to the overall build
requirement of shock resistance
o The time response of the sensor package from the moment of release of the
javelin through the communication of data to the user interface should be less
than 20 seconds. The team believes the athlete will self-monitor the trajectory of
the javelin till it lands. With that consideration, the sensor should transmit the
data within at most 20 seconds.
The Power Source:
o The power source should be small enough to fit into the described dimension of
the javelin (19.05mm wide x 63.5mm long x 0.2mm thick)
o For safety reason, the power source should have low current requirement.
o The power should last at least four hours and should be rechargeable or easily
replaceable by the user
The Data Communication
o The range of communication ideally should be 10m and 30m. If range is too
long, the Bluetooth will drain too much power for effective performance.
However, upper level athletes are able to throw the javelin nearly 100m, so the
communication may need to support this range.
o The rate of data bits transmission should be in the region of 24 Mbits per second.

8.3.
User Interface
o The user interface will be picked based on the following criteria
 Previous developing experience within the team
 Ease of Customization
 Cost of App Publication
 Availability to User
 Time Constraints
Design Alternatives/ Decisions
8.3.1. Sensors
After determining the sensor package the team would employ for our project, we also
considered these factors in the specific selection of the right sensors. In order to determine the
most suitable accelerometer, the team has to be aware of what category it belongs to, since each
one has optimum design for one of the parameters above. Preferably, the accelerometer the team
chooses should have a frequency response +/-5% of 100Hz. The factors going into the decision
and their definitions are listed below:
15 Vibration
When the object containing the accelerometer vibrates it executes oscillatory motion about
some equilibrium point. The oscillatory motion is used by the accelerometer to determine the
equilibrium point. The types of vibration accelerometers are:

Piezoelectric accelerometers
Piezoelectric accelerometers are useful in converting voltages to vibration and
vice versa. They work well in measuring vibration and provide a high frequency
response. They provide good sensitivity and resolution and are easy to install.

Variable Capacitance (VC) Accelerometers
It is most useful for measuring vibrations at very low frequency within a range of
0 kHz to 1 kHz depending on noise and sensitivity. Useful on hydraulic shakers, flutter
measurements and many transportation applications.
Shock
An accelerometer can be used when in the presence of an abrupt transient excitation of a
structure that excites the structure's resonances. Since the accelerometer reports its values in G’s,
it can accurately read the response from the shock. The shock level must be determined prior to
selecting the accelerometer type. Low level shock is usually in the range of less than 500G. For
this range, a general purpose accelerometer would suffice.
Motion
The results obtained from an accelerometer could be used to determine the motion of an
object. Robotic arms that are currently being developed use accelerometers to determine and
record their range of motion. Accelerometers can observe a wide range of motion but the higher
the range, the more the noise that has to be dealt with.
Seismic
Seismic motion is motion associated with low frequency vibration. Earthquakes are
typical examples of seismic waves. Measuring this parameter usually requires a specialized low
noise - high resolution accelerometer.
The team decided that the most applicable accelerometer type would be one that has
properties of both the vibration and motion criteria. The initial approach for the team is to
perform preliminary tests with a sensor that best meets the criteria listed above and build off of
the results.
8.3.2. Power
The power source for the device must last long enough to get through an athletes' full length
practice session. The longer practices take about three hours, so the goal is for the power source
to run for at least 4 hours. The team has looked into several possible sources including disc
batteries, and standard 1.5V batteries (AAA). Because of the smaller size, the team is considering
using disc batteries, also known as button cells, and there are 3V disc batteries on the market, as
some sensors run on 3V. 16 Also, the port to replace or charge the battery needs to be very small, so that it does not affect
the aerodynamics of the javelin. As a result, the team is considering rechargeable batteries similar
to those in GPS watches and rechargeable speaker. However, this brings in some safety concerns.
If not well calibrated, a rechargeable battery has the potential to overheat and possibly ignite a
fire. The team is still carrying out research to determine the power source to be used in the design.
8.3.3. Data Communication
a. The Range of Communication
Ideally we would like our communication module to cover a range of 30m. The current
world record for javelin throw is 98.48m. The team would like the package to communicate data
within a third of the given number, which is the 30m radius. Given this radius, the package will be
able to gather data and transmit the data to the connected device quickly. The team believes that
even without specifying the range of data communication, the transmitter and receiver modules of
the communication device would be within the range. This range also optimizes power
consumption from the data communication module. The team plans to inform the user of the range
of communication for more effective use of the tool. Also, if possible without using too much
power, the range ideally would be up to 100m, for the best throwers, but the tradeoffs will be
analyzed when that point of the project is reached.
b. The Rate of Data bits transmission
The bit rate determines how fast the information would be transmitted between the
communication module and the user interface. It also determines the frequency at which data is
transmitted to between the communication module and the user interface. The rate of data
communication would be selected to provide results as soon as possible.
c. Power Consumption
The team would like to implement a system with as low power consumption as possible.
This was a significant consideration the team's choice of a data standard. That being said, some
modules come with "sleep modes" that reduce their overall power consumption. The team would
like to employ the module with the highest power efficiency.
The communication standards that were considered are:
Bluetooth Communication
Strengths of Bluetooth communication include versatility, and integration in most existing
devices including smartphones and audio devices. However, most Bluetooth modules consume a
high amounts of power in data communication. The range of data communication can go up to a
100m, although most only reach up to a range of about ~10m.
ZigBee Communication Protocol
The ZigBee module provides a low cost, bi-directional communication. However, it
communicates data at a low bit rate (250 Kbits/s). It covers a similar range to Bluetooth, and goes
even further in a mesh network. The down-side of ZigBee is that it comes in pairs and therefore
needs a medium for data transmission.
Wi-Fi Communication Protocol
Wi-Fi is one of the most common standards of communication. It relies heavily on routers
and access points and therefore limits its communication to the range of the base network.
17 Nevertheless, it is able to transmit huge amount of data in a short time. However, it is also very
bulky.
With the information gathered above, the team decided to use a decision matrix to
determine what data communication standard to adopt to transmit data between the user interface
and the javelin.
Table 1: Decision Matrix for Data Communication
Weight
Bluetooth
Wi-Fi
ZigBee
Size
10
3
1
2
Range
9
1
3
2
Power Consumption
8
2
1
3
Data Bits
7
2
3
1
Cost
6
2
1
3
Convenience 9
3
2
1 Total
108
90
96
From the decision matrix in Table 1 above, Bluetooth was determined to be the ideal standard of
data communication for the project. However, most Bluetooth modules only operate up to ~10m.
If the team does in fact use Bluetooth, the module may need to be a high-power Class I module,
which could have a range anywhere from 30m up to possibly 100m depending on the module.
8.3.4. User Interface
In terms of the user interface, the team had the three options listed below:
 Windows 10 mobile operating system
 Android Operating system
 iPhone Operating System (IOS)
Windows 10 mobile Operating System
Windows 10 is Microsoft's latest attempt to build an operating system that is both user and
developer friendly. The advantage of Windows 10 is that it allows easy synchronization of
developed applications between the mobile operating system, desktop operating system and their
gaming console the Xbox One. It also allows easy porting of application programs from Android
and IOS operating systems with minimal modifications. These features of the Windows 10
operating system make it a suitable platform for application development. However, there are not
many mobile devices currently running on the Windows 10 mobile operating system.
Android Operating System
18 The Android operating system provides a customizable base that is used by a large
percentage of the mobile device market. Most smartphone producing companies manufacture their
phones with a form of Android modification, which makes the operating system the most used
operating system currently. The operating system currently boasts 82.8% market share.
Apple iPhone Operating System
Apple’s iPhone operating system provides a base of efficient app standards that developers
are required to follow. In 2015, the programming language, Swift, was released this year (2015),
which promises more hands-on, easy, safe and interactivity for app developers. This step from
Apple is a sign that they look out for developers and are trying to make development on the platform
easier.
With the information gathered above, the team used a decision matrix to determine what
user interface platform to adopt. Table 2: Decision Matrix of User Interface
Weight
Android
Apple
IOS
Windows
10
Entry Cost
10
2
1
3
Market available
9
3
2
1
Customization
8
3
1
2
Experience
7
3
2
1
Total
92
50
62
Per the results from the decision matrix in Table 2 above the team chose to go with the Android
system for the end user interface for the project.
8.4.
Design Norms
With regards to this project, Team 15 decided on the three design norms below to act as ethical
compasses of our design.
Trust
The system being designed would serve as a tool for providing feedback to the coach and
the athlete. The will be no trust if the system does not provide the accurate measurement it
promises to provide. Therefore, without trust as a design norm, the system would be useless to the
coaches and athletes and would not sell. Furthermore, the team wants to make sure that no
consumers have misconceptions about the device. It is only meant to be a tool to assist in the
development of athletes, and makes no guarantee that using the product will make you an
amazing javelin thrower. The sport of throwing javelin is grueling. It takes hard work and
dedication, as with all sports, to reach an exceptional level, but the device may make the technical
aspects of the throw easier to improve upon. 19 Cultural (sport) Appropriateness
The sport of Javelin throw has its rules, standards and units of measurement. The system
does not aim to change these rules, standards and norms of the sport in any way. The system
would be designed to meet the specified standards of the Javelin and maintain the Javelin’s
original weight and aerodynamic property. It should also provide measurements with the same
units as used in the sport (metric – meters)
Caring
As designers of the system, the goal that was set for the development of this system was to
care for the athlete. In designing a system that provides feedback of the actions of the athlete, we
are not only providing information, but the team believes the given information could be useful in
making the athlete better at the sport. Also, the team believes that as Christians, people should
“Do the best they can on a daily basis with what God gives them on that day” –Al Hoekstra
(Calvin XC Coach). The project, hopefully, helps the users to achieve their best in the javelin, as
they continue to do the best they can not only in sport, but in all areas of their life.
8.5.
Final Design
After a good deal of research as you just read above, the project does in fact seem feasible
and possible to complete by May, as shown by the Gantt chart in Appendix A. A broad overview
of the proposed final solution is shown in the block diagram in Figure 3 below. It is also worth
Figure 3: System Overview of Final Design
noting that the sensor and microprocessor will need some sort of power source. The system includes
an analog sensor attached to the javelin. The sensors output raw data to a microprocessor, which
processes the data and through a series of programmed functions and MatLab equations (not yet
completed or derived), the information about the throw that is desired (angle of throw and velocity
at release) can be captured. Finally, a wireless communication device (Bluetooth or ZigBee
module) can send this data to an Android device. An app on the device can then display the data
and will provide a simple user interface for the customer. 8.5.1. Proof of Concept
The team not only conducted research on previous projects and current products
and online research, but also created some test circuits to conduct their own research. The
team developed a conceptual approach to solving the problem to prove the overall
feasibility of the project. In this conceptual approach, the team constructed two separate
systems. One system was solely designed to test data communication over the wireless
interface and the other system was designed to test whether or not the correct information
could be captured by the sensors and the raw data, with accuracy. Data Communication 20 To test the feasibility of the data communication, a circuit was constructed with
an Arduino Uno development kit and an Arduino Bluetooth module. In addition to the
Arduino products, the team made use of an Android smartphone (Samsung Galaxy Note)
with a simple app that displays any data received from Bluetooth communication, as well
as can send data via Bluetooth. To connect all the components as shown in Figure 4
below, a simple breadboard was used in conjunction with the Arduino parts, and Figure 4: Wiring of Bluetooth Communication Circuit Arduino software code (using C code) was written to control the microprocessor using
the Arduino IDE (integrated development environment). Arduino also provides a
terminal for serial communication from the Uno board to a computer. Not only did the team get the Bluetooth communication to connect to the phone as
shown in the left of Figure 5 below, but also can communicate with the computer through
the serial port on the Arduino as shown in the right of Figure 5 below. Finally, the Figure 5: Screenshots of Bluetooth Communication: Phone (left) and Computer terminal (right) Arduino was able to receive data from the sensor and transmit that data to both the
computer and the phone via the serial port and the Bluetooth module, respectively. This
can also be seen in Figures 3 and 4 above, the sensor4 and sensor5 values. The
team also tested the range of how far the Bluetooth will transmit to a device. This was
21 found by walking a step and transmitting text back and forth between the device and the
phone. The signal lost connection after about 14 paces, each around 2-2.5 ft long.
Therefore the range between the Bluetooth module and the phone was found to be about
35 ft maximum (11 m). This is not enough range for the project with the javelin, as the
design requires ~100m, but also was a cheap Bluetooth module solely to give proof of
concept. Accelerometer Orientation To test the system of accelerometer orientation, the team used an ADXL 335
analog accelerometer, as shown in Figure 6 below, to represent the sensors that would
determine orientation. This system used an accelerometer and the team was able to
calculate the angle at which the sensor was positioned. The microcontroller was modelled
as an Arduino Uno, primarily for ease of use and versatility. Software code was written
for the microcontroller to perform this function. Figure 7 below shows the system
architecture which was used in proving the concept.
Figure 6. ADXL 335 accelerometer used for Proof of Concept Figure 7. Setup for Testing Angles as Proof of Concept The team was able to determine from the results obtained that the project was highly feasible albeit a few
obstacles that would need some attention in the future. The main obstacles realized were:
1. Given just the accelerometer, data from the motion of the accelerometer would skew the data
from the orientation of the accelerometer if both occurred at the same time.
2. Given the high sensitivity of the low power devices, and the effect of noise, the data would be
within an error margin of +/- 0.5°. This is not a large margin of error; however, the team would
22 rather work with lower error margins as one of our design norms is trust and the user expects
accuracy.
23 9. Business Plan
9.1. Market Study
Target Market
JavTools’ target market as mentioned before would be high school and college javelin
throwers as well as professional throwers and coaches.
Problem to be solved or benefit to be offered
The problem that JavTools is trying to solve is that there are no simple and cost effective
technologies out on the market suited to Javelin throwing to help coaches train their athletes
better. The company aims to give coaches the ability to assess the biomechanical data of javelin
throwers on the training field in real-time.
Demographic Profile
JavTools’ market demographic profile includes coaches, trainers, and different level of
athletes. Coaches and athletic trainers will experience the most gain from CoachJav since they
will have to ability to make real time adjustments to during their sessions. Since CoachJav is able
to display results of javelin throwing mechanics, athletes will have direct benefit from the system.
Other significant customer characteristics
JavTools seeks customers who are very skilled in the art of javelin throwing and also
those who display very good potential to throw long distances. The company sees these as
significant customer characteristics because CoachJav will be well advertised if the company has
these types of customers.
Customers’ Motivation to Purchase
Primary motivation for customers is that the device is reliable and accurate. The customer
can track their progress and monitor everything in real time. The second motivation for customers
to buy CoachJav is that the entire technology is portable and results can be transmitted to either to
their phones, tablets, and/or computers.
Market Size and Trends
Market Size
The does not appear to be a large market for this kind of product. The market of wireless,
video free technology that is portable and real time is innovative. The potential market for this
sort of product is large.
Rate of Growth
Since the introduction of CoachJav and any similar product to markets around the world
would be revolutionary, it difficult to know what the current and expected growth rate is.
However, given the increasing competitive nature of sports around the globe, JavTools is
confident that there would be a large rise in the number of customer within the first 3-5 years
after initial introduction.
Advertising and Promotion
Message
JavTools wishes to deliver a strong message which is its vision and mission. JavTools
want so famous for its innovation using cutting edge technology to revolutionize the sport of
24 javelin throwing. We want to let our customers know that they can trust our products and that
they are always reliable.
Media
JavTools look to incorporate social media ads and short video commercials geared
towards young athletes and yet with enough information to make a case to coaches and
professional athletes.
Budget
JavTools will be on minimal amounts of cash in the first few years. In light of this the
company anticipated implementing most of its advertisement through its website and well-placed
sports magazines. Increase in company revenue will certainly contribute to an increase in
appropriate increases in marketing and sales incentives.
Plans for generating Publicity
Demonstrating the products at major sports outlets and at different high schools and
college will be a major approach to increase publicity. When the company generate more
revenue, using prominent sporting figures to advertise our products will be an option to be
considered. JavTools also plans on providing javelin training seminars for track and field
programs across the USA and Europe to encourage them to use CoachJav.
Desired Image in Market
JavTools wants to create products and provide services that are trustworthy and reliable
to create a loyal customer base that will not only, maintain a relationship with JavTools but will
also promote the company’s products.
Comparison against competitors’ Prices
JavTools does not have any direct competitors in terms of other companies producing the
same or similar product that we have. However, since the company seek to create its product
efficiently and at a low cost our products will be more favorable to customers than that of other
companies within the market.
Discount Policy
As a small startup company, JavTools will not be offering any discounts to its customers.
This decision is subject to change and will be readdressed after a few years once the company has
experienced considerable growth.
Gross Profit Margin % Anticipated
JavTools is anticipating a gross profit margin of 28% by the end of year three with 99%
of all debts paid off. This number is reasonable given that the company currently has no credible
competitors.
Distribution Strategy
Distribution could be accomplished to the general public through all-purpose sporting
goods stores such as MC Sports and Dick’s Sporting Goods in the USA. Further distribution
could also be achieved through exclusive athletic
25 9.2. Financial Estimate
Financial Forecasts
The financial forecasts for the first three years of the business would be analyzed in this
section of the report. The forecasts is analyzed through JavTools’ business prediction of its
annual income statements, balance sheets, quarterly cash flow statements, break even analysis
and a ratio analysis.
Key Assumptions
In order to have a complete 3 year business forecast some key assumptions were made.
The company assumed an annual growth rate of 10%, which is a reasonable growth rate for
startup companies. It was only assumed that 5% of manufactured units would not be sold and this
would be distributed evenly throughout the year. Nevertheless, these units would be used in the
marketing campaign across several states and countries. It was assumed that 5000 CoachJav units
would be sold in the first year, 7500 in the second and 9750 in the third at a unit price of $849 for
the entire package. The feasibility of these forecasts also rests on the assumption that our
company will be able to secure a loan of $200000, with an interest rate of 10% as well. See
appendix for other related assumptions.
Financial Statements
To analyze the feasibility of the company, the following financial statements were
analyzed, forecasted over the next three years. They are:
Income Statement
Balance Sheet
Cash Flow Statement
Income Statement
The table below shows the Company’s statement of income. The statement shows cost
and sales revenue for a forecast of the first three years of operation. The net income after tax is
also calculated in the table. From the forecast it can be realized that the company will make a net
income of about $160,000.00. This amount could be used to pay off some of the debt and
structure expansion within the company. Subsequent years show an income of about $560,000.00
and $855,000 which would be used to clear the debt completely and boost marketing of the
product, along with incorporating other products like CoachJav for other sports.
Balance Sheet
The company would not be analyzing its financial forecasts using a balance sheet. The
company is first and foremost assuming no credit sales within the next three years; the assets
possessed by the company is liquid assets in the form of available cash. Inventory currently
possessed by the company cannot be accumulated for as assets as everything would be sold by the
end of the year. The company debt is the loan which accumulates a 10 % interest rate.
Cash flow Statement
A table showing a statement of cash flow for the first three years is attached to the
appendix in this report. From the table, it is shown that the company ends with a positive cash
balance. The cash flow diagram also shows the invested capital, the borrowed funds. There are no
changes in assets and liabilities other than the cash, notes payable and equipment thus
reemphasizing the exclusion of a balance sheet.
26 Break-Even Analysis
The break-even analysis is shown in the table below. The break-even table shows that the
company will break even after selling 4000 units in the first year, 3742 units in the second year
and 4097 units in the third year. At these volumes, we will have a break-even price of $635.28,
$423.51 and $356.68 respectively per year. Since we believe there will be a huge market for the
product based on the pending request we have received so far, the company believes the breakeven sales volume of about $3 million will be surpassed each year.
Ratio Analysis
From the table below one realizes that the company’s gross margin on revenue is 23% in
year 1, 27% in year 2 and 28% in year 3. This shows the company’s profitability, as revenue is
made above cost. The profit margin in year 1 is 4% and it increases to 9% in year 2 and 10% in
year three. These values represent a growth in profits and the ability of the company to quickly
pay off its debt and return capital to the company owners. As assets and liability are currently
liquidized we cannot for certain base strong facts on our net asset turnover. Nevertheless, the
increase in net asset turnover over the three years represent efficiency in inventory management.
Last but not least our Debt to equity ratio decreases over the three year period showing how
rapids we are reducing debt based on our forecast.
Loan or Investment Proposal
JavTools’ cofounders and other stakeholders determined that in order to successfully
startup the business, we would need a minimum of $300,000 in cash and assets. This was
determined by the amount needed to leave us with a positive cash flow at the end of the first year
as shown in the Statement of Cash Flow in the Appendix.
Amount Requested
As previously stated, the company’s startup cost is $300,000 dollars. Each of the team
four co-founders has invested $25,000 of their personal funds, for their 20% stake in the
company. The team is requesting a loan of $200,000 from Holtrop Loans Plc.
Purpose and Uses of Funds
The purpose of the loan is to pay the rent bill for the first quarter, and buy the initial
equipment required to begin production on the 4th of January, 2016. The team also needs to
compensate hourly workers and management staff. The companies executives have agreed forego
compensation until the company is profitable and the loan is well on track to be paid back.
Repayment Schedule (Exit Strategy)
The team financial team put together an aggressive loan repayment plan, with the
objective of completely paying of the debt in six years, by 2022. The plan involves and initial
payment of $50,000 in the second year, and an increase in paid installment of 10% from the
previous year, until the debt is paid. On the event that JavTools defaults on its loan payments,
based on the repayment agreement, Holtrop Loans Plc holds the right to make CoachJav liquefy
assets up to, but no greater than the amount due.
Implementation Plan and Launch
The company intends on commencing operations, on January 4, 2016. The first two
weeks will be spent on renovations, purchasing equipment and other startup operations.
27 Production is scheduled to commence on January 18, 2016. According to employees’ contracts,
this is when pay periods will begin.
9.3.
Company Description
9.3.1. Team
The design company was initially setup as a transparent entity. Owing to this and its recent
inception, the team is currently made up of four executive engineers and they are as follows:
 David Dadzie: System Hardware Executive
 Landon Potts: System Software Executive
 Ofiliojo Ichaba: Power systems Executive
 Kwesi Asare: Data Analysis and Communication Executive
As the company/partnership continues to evolve other positions such as a financial director, a
marketing director and a product management officer shall be included in the company to handle
the financial, marketing and product management of the company respectively. The tasks of these
other officials are listed below:
Financial Director
The company requires an individual who would stabilize the financial face of the
company. The individual would have a minimum requirement of a Bachelor’s degree in
accounting, a CPA and 0 – 2 years of experience gained in a financial firm.
Marketing Director
The role of the Marketing Director would be to drive the market the company efficiently
through the use of the company’s image and products. An ideal candidate would be an individual
who has gained reasonable experience in the marketing side of an industry.
Product Management Officer
This position would be for an individual who would keep track of all the products used by the
company and the products sold by the company. The individual should possess reasonable
experience in the field.
9.3.2. Board of Directors
The Board of Directors for this company consist of:
 Coach Brett Otte of the Calvin College track and field team and the chairman of the
board
 Professor Mark Michmerhuizen the vice chairman of the board and also the Chief
Executive of Engineering
 Professor Jeremy Van Antwerp also a vice chairman of the board and the President/CEO
of the company.
There are multiple vacancies in the office of board directors and the company is open to review
interested candidates.
9.3.3. Company Structure
The company structure is shown in Figure 3 below
28 CEO/Pesident
Electrical and Computer Engineering Executive
Jeremy Van Antwerp
Mark Michmerhuizen
System Hardware Executive
System Software Executive
David Dadzie
Power systems Executive
Landon Potts
Ofiliojo Ichaba
Data Analysis and Communications Executive
Kwesi Asare
Figure 8: Company Organization Structure
9.3.4. Operations
The company currently operates as a partnership as it is currently a small business of four
individuals. We currently operate on an internal source of income and have not interacted with the
market at any level. Since our products have not yet been released to the public, we do not expect
any lawsuits. Moving on, we would transform the company into a Limited Liability Company
(LLC). As an LLC we would be able to protect all employees present and future from any lawsuits.
We would also be able to separate individual assets from the company’s asset as an LLC. In case
of foreclosure we would be able to sell the company as an LLC.
9.3.5. Financial Forecasts
The financial forecasts for the first three years of the business would be analyzed in this section of the
report. The forecasts is analyzed through Jav Tools’ business prediction of its annual income statements,
balance sheets, quarterly cash flow statements, break even analysis and a ratio analysis.
9.3.6. Key Assumptions
In order to have a complete 3 year business forecast some key assumptions were made. The company
assumed an annual growth rate of 10%, which is a reasonable growth rate for startup companies. It was
only assumed that 5% of manufactured units would not be sold and this would be distributed evenly
throughout the year. Nevertheless, these units would be used in the marketing campaign across several
states and countries. It was assumed that 5000 CoachJav units would be sold in the first year, 7500 in the
second and 9750 in the third at a unit price of $849 for the entire package. The feasibility of these
forecasts also rests on the assumption that our company will be able to secure a loan of $200000, with an
interest rate of 10% as well. See appendix for other related assumptions.
9.3.7. Financial Statements
To analyze the feasibility of the company, the following financial statements were analyzed, forecasted
over the next three years. They are:
A. Income Statement
B. Balance Sheet
C. Cash Flow Statement
29 9.3.7.1.
Income Statement (Annual, 3 years)
The table below shows the Company’s statement of income. The statement shows cost and sales revenue
for a forecast of the first three years of operation. The net income after tax is also calculated in the table.
From the forecast it can be realized that the company will make a net income of about $160,000.00. This
amount could be used to pay of some of the debt and structure expansion within the company. Subsequent
years show an income of about $560,000.00 and $855,000 which would be used to clear the debt
completely and boost marketing of the product, along with incorporating other brands like Coach Jav for
other sports.
9.3.7.2.
Balance Sheet
The company would not be analyzing its financial forecasts using a balance sheet. The company is first
and foremost assuming no credit sales within the next three years; the assets possessed by the company is
liquid assets in the form of available cash. Inventory currently possessed by the company cannot be
accumulated for as assets as everything would be sold by the end of the year. The company debt is the
loan which accumulates a 10 % interest rate.
9.3.7.3.
Cash Flow Statement (Annual, 3 years)
A table showing a statement of cash flow for the first three years is attached to Appendix B in this report.
From the table, it is shown that the company ends with a positive cash balance. The cash flow diagram
also shows the invested capital, the borrowed funds. There are no changes in assets and liabilities other
than the cash, notes payable and equipment thus reemphasizing the exclusion of a balance sheet.
9.3.8. Break-Even Analysis
The break even analysis is shown in the table below. The break even table shows that the company will
break even after selling 4000 units in the first year, 3742 units in the second year and 4097 units in the
third year. At these volumes, we will have a breakeven price of $635.28, $423.51 and $356.68
respectively per year. Since we believe there will be a huge market for the product based on the pending
request we have received so far, the company believes the break even sales volume of about $3 million
will be surpassed each year.
9.3.9. Ratio Analysis
The ratio analysis is attached to this report in Appendix B, Table 6. From the table one realizes that the
company’s gross margin on revenue is 23% in year 1, 27% in year 2 and 28% in year 3. This shows the
company’s profitability, as revenue is made above cost. The profit margin in year 1 is 4% and it increases
to 9% in year 2 and 10% in year three. These values represent a growth in profits and the ability of the
company to quickly pay off its debt and return capital to the company owners. As assets and liability are
currently liquidized we cannot for certain base strong facts on our net asset turnover. Nevertheless, the
increase in net asset turnover over the three years represent efficiency in inventory management. Last but
not least our Debt to equity ratio decreases over the three year period showing how rapidly we are
reducing debt based on our forecast.
30 10.
Conclusion
The final proposed design of the solution is feasible. All design elements were tested,
albeit separately. These separate elements consisted of wireless data communication and
processing data from sensors to transform it to the desired output information. Two circuits were
constructed and tested, with successful results for both, but there are still many obstacles to
overcome.
For the wireless communication that the team tested, the device communicated
successfully from a microprocessor to an Android phone, but with limited range (maximum of
11m). The final design needs to support a much higher range, at least 30m but possibly up to
100m.
For the data processing, the team was successful in converting the effect of gravity on the
package into degree angles. However, the team also realized the effect of gravity was mostly
consistent when the sensors were still and not in motion. Because of this observance, the team
decided to add a magnetometer to the package to help distinguish orientation of the package
independently from the effect of motion. This is a vital part of the project the as a clear distinction
would help in calculating the orientation of the sensors on the javelin and the acceleration of the
athlete without complex mathematics.
These obstacles pave the way for further research and testing. All aspects of the project
are possible, but the time until May is getting shorter. Time will have to be budgeted accordingly,
and perhaps extra time spent working and developing the solution as shown in Figure 3 in the
Final Design section of this report. It may become extremely useful to have 24/7 access to the
Engineering Building here at Calvin to be able to work diligently and overcome all obstacles,
foreseen or unexpected.
31 11.
Acknowledgements
Professor Mark Michmerhuizen
We are grateful to Professor Michmerhuizen for his contributions as the faculty advisor
for Team #15.
Faculty Advisors
We are also grateful for the other faculty members for any assistance through research,
lectures, and testing proof of concept. This include Professor Jeremy VanAntwerp,
Professor Ned Nielson, Professor Randall Brouwer, Professor Bob Masselink, Professor
Yoon Kim, and Research Librarian Glenn Remelts.
Industrial Consultant
We thank Eric Walstra for serving as the industrial consultant to Team 15. He provided
good direction and risk analysis for the project.
Client: Head Track & Field Coach Bret Otte
Finally, we are grateful to be able to consult with Coach Bret Otte. He has provided
invaluable information about what a coach would want to see from a product such as
CoachJav.
32 12.
References
[1] A. Device, "ADXL 335 datasheet," 2009. [Online]. Available: https://www.sparkfun.com/datasheets/Components/SMD/adxl335.pdf. [Accessed 11 November 2015]. [2] S. Microelectronics, "LSM9DS0 Datasheet," 2013. [Online]. Available: https://www.adafruit.com/datasheets/LSM9DS0.pdf. [Accessed 11 November 2015]. [3] C. Electronics, "Product User Guide JY MCU," [Online]. Available: https://core‐
electronics.com.au/attachments/guides/Product‐User‐Guide‐JY‐MCU‐Bluetooth‐UART‐R1‐0.pdf. [Accessed 25 November 2015]. [4] Hitachi, "HD44780U (LCD‐II) Datasheet," 1998. [Online]. Available: https://www.adafruit.com/datasheets/HD44780.pdf. [Accessed 1 December 2015]. [5] Arduino, "Arduino Board Uno and Genuino Uno," Arduino, 2015. [Online]. Available: https://www.arduino.cc/en/Main/ArduinoBoardUno. [Accessed 10 December 2015]. [6] Adafruit, "Adafruit Learn," Adafruit, 4 May 2015. [Online]. Available: https://learn.adafruit.com/adafruit‐analog‐accelerometer‐breakouts/overview. [Accessed 25 November 2015]. 33 13.
Appendix
Contents:
A. Gantt Chart
B. Financial Tables
A. Gantt Chart:
34 B. Financial Tables
Table 3. Pro‐Forma Statement of Income JAV Tools Pro‐Forma Statement of Income Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Sales revenue 4,245,000 6,367,500 8,277,750 Variable Cost of Goods Sold 2,945,591 4,418,387 5,742,500 Fixed Cost of Goods Sold
Depreciation
Gross Margin
290,000
148,800
178,080 28,580
56,125
57,228 980,829 1,744,188 2,299,942 35 Variable Operating Costs
39,323
58,984
76,660 Fixed Operating Costs
661,440
720,440
785,340 Operating Income
Interest Expense
280,066
10,000
964,764 1,437,942 17,500
12,250 Income Before Tax
270,066
947,264 1,425,692 Income tax (40%)
Net Income After Tax
108,027
162,040
378,906
568,359
570,277 855,415 36 Table 4. Statement of Cash Flows JAV Tools Pro‐Forma Statement of Cash Flows Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Beginning Cash Balance
‐
290,620 815,103
Net Income After Tax
162,040
568,359 855,415
Depreciation expense
28,580
56,125 57,228
Invested Capital (Equity)
100,000
‐ ‐
Increase (decrease) in borrowed funds
200,000
‐50,000 ‐55,000
Equipment Purchases
‐200,000
‐50,000 ‐70,000
Ending Cash Balance
290,620
815,103 1,602,746
37 Table 5. Break Even Analysis Jav Tools Break ‐ Even Analysis Year 1 Sales revenue Less: Variable Costs: Year 2 4,245,000 Year 3 6,367,500 8,277,750
Variable Cost of Goods Sold 2,945,591 4,418,387 5,742,500 Variable Operating Costs 39,323 58,984 76,660 Total Variable Costs 2,984,914 4,477,371 5,819,160
Contribution Margin 1,260,086 1,890,129 2,458,590
Less: Fixed Costs Fixed Cost of Goods Sold 290,000 148,800 178,080 Fixed Operating Costs 661,440 720,440 785,340 Depreciation 28,580 56,125 57,228 Interest Expense 10,000 17,500 12,250 Total Fixed Costs 990,020 942,865 1,032,898
38 Income Before Tax 270,066 Year 1 Year 2 Total Fixed Costs 990,020 942,865
947,264 Year 3 1,032,898 30% Break Even Sales 3,335,196 3,176,340 3,477,633 Volume Contribution Margin % 30% 1,425,692
30%
Break Even Unit Volume 3928.382 3741.272
4096.152 Break Even Unit Price 635.2755 423.512
356.6803 48,980
34,980 7,145
12,245 Equipment Depreciation Purchases Equipment Purchases 200,000 Year 1 Equipment Purchases Year 2 Year 1 Year 2 28,580
50,000 Year 3 39 Equipment Purchases Year 3 MACRS Rates (7‐year recovery period) 70,000 10,003 57,228 0.2449
0.1749 28,580
0.1429 Interest Expense: 56,125
10% Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Average debt balance 100,000 175,000
122,500 Annual interest rate on debt Interest expense 10,000 17,500
12,250 40 Table 6. Ratio Analysis Ratio Analysis Year 1 Year 2 Year3
Gross margin on Revenue
0.23
0.27
0.28
Profit margin
0.04
0.09
0.1
Net Asset Turnover
Debt to Equity Ratio
2.12
2.6
3.18
2.3
4.14
1.84
41