Module 11 - 12
Analysis, Deverbalisasi dan Restructuring
• Procedures in Translating
• Procedures in translating biblical passages
To get the dynamic equivalence a
translation should undergo three stages.
(Nida and Taber 1974:33)
First, the surface structure of a discourse
is analyzed; then it is transferred into the
receptor language, and the final stage it is
restructured.
Procedures in Translating
Tiga langkah penerjemahan
(Nida and Taber 1974:33)
1. Analysis
2. Deverbalisasi
3. Restructuring
Analysis
• In this process the message as given in the
source language is analyzed in terms of the
grammatical analysis, the denotation and
connotation of words.
• In order to state the relationship between words
in ways that are the clearest and least
ambiguous, we can simply recast the
expressions so that “events” are expressed by
“verbs”; “objects” by “nouns”; “abstracts” (i.e.
qualities and quantities) by “adjectives” or
”adverbs”; “prepositions” and “conjunctions” by
“relational”.
There are four structural relationships that form the relationships
between words in English. They are:
1. Predication: the relationship between the subject and verb in the
sentence.
2. Complementation: the relationship between the verb and its
complement(s) – direct object, indirect object and subjective
complement.
3. Modification: the relationship in which a word, phrase or clause is
used as a modifier of another word or groups of words.
4. Co-ordination: the relationship in which two or more words or
groups of words that fill the same grammatical function are linked by
a coordinating conjunction or a pause.
Analysis
•
•
Audience design
Needs analysis
Penerjemah harus paham:
1. Untuk siapa?
2. Apa tujuannya?
3. Jenis terjemahan apa yang diinginkan (lihat v-diagram
– Newmark)
4. Teks yg harus diterjemahkan harus dibaca secara
keseluruhan dan dipahami isi pesannya. Bagian yang
dianggap penting atau bermasalah di beri tanda.
5. Menyiapkan nara sumber, teks, kamus, referensi,
ensiklopedi dll.
Perlu diingat:
1.
2.
3.
Setiap langkah tidak harus hanya dilakukan sekali.
Terutama langkah kedua dan ketiga biasanya harus
dilakukan berkali-kali sampai kita yakin apa yang
dilakukan sudah betul.
Apakah teks terjemahan yang kita buat sudah
memenuhi syarat keterbacaan oleh klien
Apakah bahasa yang digunakan sudah sesuai
dengan tuntutan kewajaran bahasa yang diharapkan.
Dari apa yang diuraikan di atas, kita melihat
pentingnya kehati-hatian dan pemanfaatan
sumber-sumber di luar teks
Translating Biblical Passages
Before translation work can begin, basic groundwork has to be done.
This will include:
• The planning and organization of the project, interacting with church
leaders and others in the area
• The formation of an organizing committee, sharing of information
• The selection of translators and the beginning of their training
• The selection of a location for work
• The raising of funds
• The analysis of the sound system and grammar of the language
• The development of an orthography, if not already established
• The conducting of a dialect survey
• The making of an agreement on which dialect will be used in the
translation.
• The learning of the language and culture by non-mother-tongue
team members
First Draft Phase
• First Draft Phase
Prepare the First Draft
– Discover the meaning of the source text
The translator and/or the facilitator study the
meaning of the source text in detail,
researching any exegetical, textual,
translation, cross-cultural or other problems.
– Make a first draft translation
The translator makes the first draft, often
working closely with a translation facilitator.
• Improve the First Draft
– Check the translation with the translation facilitator
and with other team members
– Prepare any supplementary materials needed to
provide essential background information (e.g., book
introduction, glossary entries, footnotes).
– Keyboard the translation on a computer (if not already
keyboarded).
– Test with other speakers of the language. The
translation should be tested at this point with at least
two other individuals or groups.
• For the first two or three books translated, the consultant
check will come at this point.
• For other books it will usually come at a later stage (see
below).
• Revise the translation in the light of
suggestions and comments
– Make a revised draft. This is done by the
translators and the translation facilitator.
– Enter the changes on the computer disk.
Second Draft Phase
• Proofread and carefully check the corrections against the former
printout.
• Review
– Prepare copies of the translation for Reviewers and for testing with
other speakers.
(These would probably be computer printouts or photo copies from the
computer version.)
– Send copies to Reviewers (with a system for gathering in comments).
Sometimes the reviewing work is done most effectively through
personal interaction as reviewers meet together to discuss the
translation and make their suggestions for improvement.
– Test the translation further with other speakers.
The translator may think that the translation means one thing, but when
he or she tests to find out what other people understand from the
translation, he may discover that to the hearers the meaning is
something quite different from what he intended. So plenty of testing
with speakers of the language is needed to find out whether the
translation is communicating the message accurately and clearly.
• Check with a translation consultant (if not
checked at an earlier stage)
– Make a written back-translation. Where possible, the
back-translation should be made by a mother-tongue
speaker, someone other than the translator, so that it
reflects what the text means to a speaker of the
language.
– Team check the back-translation, and revise.
– Do a verse-by-verse check with a translation
consultant.
This is done by the translation consultant and
translation team, with other mother-tongue speakers.
– Incorporate revisions.
• Test the translation
– Prepare and distribute trial copies of the
translation for testing in local churches.
– Gather feedback.
• Revise the translation in the light of
suggestions and comments
– Translators and translation facilitator revise
the translation
– Enter the changes on the computer disk.
Preparation for Publication
Phase
Preparation for Publication Phase
• Choose illustrations and maps (if used).
The translation team and the reviewers or the local
Translation Planning Committee decide on what is best.
They also double check any other supplementary
material.
• Check for consistency in translation.
For example, check that parallel passages in the gospels
are the same where they should be the same, that all
proper names are spelled consistently, that key biblical
terms are, where appropriate and depending on the
context, translated consistently. Also check for
consistency in handling numbers, money amounts,
weights and measures, et al., also translation of features
such as rhetorical questions, figures of speech, genitive
constructions, et. al.
• Check the consistency of mechanical details
– Section breaks, section headings and paragraph
breaks
– Spelling, and the transliteration of loan words
– Use of capital letters, punctuation, and hyphenation
– Chapter and verse numbers, and cross-references
– Standard format markers, and special characters
– Layout and format (indentation, style, etc.) of Old
Testament quotations, poetry, and lists.
• For all these checks, computer programs are of
enormous help, but a lot of painstaking human labor is
needed, too.
• Check the accuracy of the translation, comparing back
carefully with the source texts. In the course of improving
the clarity and naturalness of the translation,
inaccuracies may have crept in. So a final check for
accuracy is always needed
• Read through the translation. The translation team and
church representatives need to get together to review
and see whether they are all satisfied that the translation
is really ready to go for publication, and to discuss and
resolve any remaining problems.
• Check prepublication requirements. The translation team
need to make a last check with the translation consultant
to make sure that all the final checks have been covered
and to discuss any remaining problems.
• Final approval from the translation
consultant and Branch Director.
• Proceed to the typesetting phase. Here a
computer typesetting supervisor will guide
the team through the stages of pretypesetting checks, paging, placing of
illustrations and footnotes (if used), until,
finally, the photo-ready copy is ready to go
to the printers.
• Publish!