Short Report HBSC Ireland: age related patterns in alcohol consumption and cannabis use among Irish children between 1998-2006 Priscilla Doyle, Michal Molcho and Saoirse Nic Gabhainn HBSC Ireland, Health Promotion Research Centre National University of Ireland, Galway June 2009 Introduction: Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) is a cross-national research study conducted in collaboration with the World Health Organisation (European Office). The study runs on a four-year cycle and in 2006 there were 41 participating countries across Europe and North America. HBSC collects data on key indicators of health, health attitudes and health behaviours, as well as the contexts of health for young people. The study is a school-based survey with information collected from students through self-completion questionnaires in classrooms. Further information on the International HBSC study can be found at www.hbsc.org. The most recent HBSC Ireland dataset comprises 10,344 children from 5th class in primary school to 5th year in post-primary schools. The methods employed comply with the International HBSC protocol and are detailed in the first national report from the 2006 survey, which can be found at www.nuigalway.ie/hbsc. Focus: This short report presents a brief analysis of alcohol consumption and cannabis use among Irish schoolchildren aged 13-17 years, for the HBSC Ireland surveys undertaken in 1998, 2002 and 2006. From the three surveys the following questions were used: ‘At present how often do you drink anything alcoholic, such as beer, wine or spirits?’ with response options for each – everyday; every week; every month; rarely; never. ‘Have you ever had so much alcohol that you were really drunk?’ with response options – no, never; yes, once; yes, 2-3 times; yes, 4-10 times; yes, more than 10 times. 1 ‘At what age did you first drink alcohol (more than a small amount) by age?’ with response options never; 11 years old or less; 12 years old; 13 years old; 14 years old; 15 years old; 16 years or older. 1 How many days a week do you usually drink any alcoholic drink?’ with response options – never; less than once a week; once a week; 2-4 days; 5-6 days; once a day; everyday more than once. 2 ‘At what age did you first get drunk?’ with response options never; 11 years old or less; 12 years old; 13 years old; 14 years old; 15 years old; 16 years or older. i ‘Have you ever taken cannabis (hashish, grass, pot) in your life?’ with response options never; once or twice; 3-5 times; 6-9 times; 10-19 times; 20-39 times; 40 times or more. 3 ‘Have you ever taken cannabis (hashish, grass, pot) in the last 12 months?’ with response options never; once or twice; 3-5 times; 6-9 times; 10-19 times; 20-39 times; 40 times or more.3 ‘Have you ever taken cannabis (hashish, grass, pot) in the past 30days?’ with response options never; once or twice; 3-5 times; 6-9 times; 10-19 times; 20-39 times; 40 times or more.3 ‘At what age did you first take cannabis?’ with response options never; 11 years old or less; 12 years old; 13 years old; 14 years old; 15 years old; 16 years or older. 1 Data are presented below by survey year, age-group and gender. Findings: Table 1 contains the percentages that reported they ever had an alcoholic drink by gender, age and study year. Table 2 contains the percentages that reported having an alcoholic drink in the past month by gender, age and study year. Tables 3-5 contain the percentages that reported frequencies for consuming alcoholic drinks by gender age and study year; Tables 6-8 contain the percentages that reported ever being really drunk by gender, age and study year. Tables 9-10 contain the percentages that reported age of alcohol initiation by gender, age and study year. Tables 11-12 contain the percentages that reported age of drunkenness initiation by gender, age and study year. 1 This question was not asked in the 1998 survey and in 2002 the response options were never; and participants inserted their age of initiation. 2 This question was only asked in the 2002 survey. 3 The response options to this question in the 1998 survey differed slightly and included never; once or twice; 3-5 times; 6-9 times; 10+. 2 Table 1: Percentages reporting they have ever had an alcoholic drink Boys Age 13 years 14 years 15 years 16 years 17 years 48.1 59.2 69.5 77.8 85.1 Girls 2006 All 37.1 54.3 69.9 78.0 85.6 43.1 57.0 69.9 78.0 85.6 Boys 61.9 69.1 81.0 84.7 89.5 Girls 2002 All 44.2 58.6 76.8 86.2 89.5 52.1 63.0 78.5 85.6 89.5 Boys Girls All 1998 70.8 75.6 85.6 88.5 82.4 60.3 68.1 80.5 85.5 87.3 65.6 72.0 83.0 87.0 85.1 Table 2: Percentages reporting that they have had an alcoholic drink in the past month Boys Age 13 years 14 years 15 years 16 years 17 years 15.4 26.5 40.3 54.5 65.6 Girls 2006 All 10.5 23.8 39.8 50.1 70.9 13.2 25.3 40.0 52.4 68.0 Boys 25.6 35.7 51.7 61.9 74.2 Girls 2002 All 16.7 28.1 43.7 62.2 74.6 20.7 31.3 47.0 62.1 74.6 Boys Girls All 1998 26.6 38.7 55.5 67.7 60.0 19.2 29.3 44.1 60.9 69.4 22.9 34.2 49.8 64.3 65.4 Table 3: How many days per week do you usually drink any alcoholic drinks 2006 Not Asked Age Never Less than once a week Once a week 2-4 days a week 5-6 days a week Once a day, every day Every day, more than once Boys Girls 13 All Boys Girls 14 All Boys Girls 15 All Boys Girls 16 All Boys Girls All 17 3 Table 4: How many days per week do you usually drink any alcoholic drinks 2002 Age Never Less than once a week Once a week 2-4 days a week 5-6 days a week Once a day, every day Every day, more than once Boys 72.6 18.8 4.5 1.0 0.9 1.0 1.2 Girls 13 77.7 16.5 2.9 0.7 0.7 0.3 1.2 All Boys 75.4 17.5 3.6 0.8 0.8 0.6 1.2 58.3 26.8 9.2 2.3 1.3 0.4 1.7 Girls 14 67.9 22.7 6.0 1.1 0.4 0.5 1.3 All Boys 64.0 24.4 7.3 1.5 0.8 0.5 1.5 40.2 37.1 16.1 3.7 1.4 0.6 1.0 Girls 15 50.4 33.9 11.6 2.1 0.9 0.5 0.5 All Boys 46.3 35.2 13.4 2.8 1.1 0.6 0.7 32.3 35.4 22.6 4.2 2.1 1.3 2.1 Girls 16 28.8 48.1 18.6 3.0 0.7 0.3 0.5 All Boys 30.2 43.1 20.1 3.5 1.2 0.7 1.2 19.7 39.9 25.0 10.6 1.6 1.1 2.1 Girls 17 22.0 40.2 29.1 6.7 0.4 0.0 1.6 All 20.9 40.1 27.5 8.3 0.9 0.5 1.8 Table 5: How many days per week do you usually drink any alcoholic drinks 1998 Not Asked Age Never Less than once a week Once a week 2-4 days a week 5-6 days a week Once a day, every day Every day, more than once Boys Girls 13 All Boys Girls 14 All Boys Girls 15 All Boys Girls 16 All Boys Girls All 17 Table 6: Have you ever had so much alcohol that you were really drunk? 2006 Age No, never Yes, once Yes, 2-3 times Yes, 4-10 times Yes, more than 10 times Boys 80.3 9.9 5.8 2.3 1.7 Girls 13 86.8 6.7 3.1 1.9 1.4 All Boys 83.3 8.5 4.6 2.2 1.6 66.8 10.9 12.3 4.5 5.5 Girls 14 70.7 10.4 8.2 5.6 5.0 All Boys 68.5 10.7 10.5 5.0 5.3 52.7 12.6 13.1 9.2 12.4 Girls 15 53.1 14.6 14.2 9.1 9.0 All Boys 52.9 13.5 13.6 9.1 10.9 38.9 13.4 16.9 12.7 18.1 Girls 16 43.4 12.1 18.7 14.5 11.3 All Boys 41.1 12.8 17.8 13.6 14.7 27.0 12.9 22.6 15.2 22.3 Girls 17 25.2 13.8 24.0 21.0 15.9 All 26.2 13.4 23.2 17.9 19.3 4 Table 7: Have you ever had so much alcohol that you were really drunk? 2002 Age No, never Yes, once Yes, 2-3 times Yes, 4-10 times Yes, more than 10 times Boys 78.1 10.9 6.1 2.2 2.7 Girls 13 85.4 8.1 4.4 1.5 0.7 All Boys 82.1 9.3 5.2 1.8 1.6 66.2 13.8 7.7 6.4 5.9 Girls 14 72.4 11.4 9.0 4.1 3.1 All Boys 69.8 12.3 8.5 5.1 4.3 48.7 16.2 11.0 10.6 13.5 Girls 15 52.4 14.3 17.0 9.0 7.2 All Boys 50.9 15.1 14.6 9.7 9.8 36.5 11.9 16.9 14.0 20.7 Girls 16 38.6 15.3 22.2 11.4 12.5 All Boys 37.8 14.0 20.1 12.4 15.7 26.3 10.0 18.4 18.4 26.8 Girls 17 31.5 14.8 19.1 20.2 14.4 All 29.2 12.7 19.2 19.4 19.6 Table 8: Have you ever had so much alcohol that you were really drunk? 1998 Boys Girls All Boys Girls All Boys Girls All Boys Girls All Boys Girls All Age No, never Yes, once Yes, 2-3 times Yes, 4-10 times Yes, more than 10 times 72.1 13.6 8.5 3.0 2.7 13 83.5 9.6 3.4 2.2 1.4 77.8 11.6 6.0 2.6 2.1 61.6 14.6 9.1 7.2 7.4 14 70.5 13.1 9.2 4.1 3.2 65.9 13.9 9.1 5.7 5.4 47.0 12.4 13.3 11.8 15.5 15 58.2 14.0 14.4 8.0 5.4 52.6 13.2 13.9 9.9 10.5 38.4 12.6 17.2 10.5 21.2 16 44.2 15.3 19.4 10.3 10.8 41.3 13.9 18.3 10.4 16.1 35.3 14.1 12.9 11.8 25.9 17 35.9 18.4 19.4 11.7 14.6 35.4 16.4 16.4 11.6 20.1 Table 9: At what age did you first drink alcohol (more than a small amount) by age 2006 Never 11 or less 12 13 14 15 16 or more 13 53.4 17.8 17.0 10.5 14 39.9 17.0 13.4 18.1 11.1 Boys 15 27.3 11.5 11.9 14.1 21.6 13.2 16 19.9 9.8 12.2 13.6 15.9 21.2 7.4 17 13.6 7.3 7.9 15.7 16.0 18.4 21.0 13 65.6 10.2 13.5 9.8 14 45.5 9.1 13.5 19.8 11.6 Girls 15 27.9 6.6 11.5 18.4 22.6 13.1 All 16 21.2 6.4 8.3 15.6 19.7 20.5 8.4 17 13.6 6.6 6.3 13.6 21.4 21.4 17.2 13 59.0 14.4 15.4 10.2 14 42.4 13.4 13.4 18.9 11.4 15 27.5 9.3 11.7 16.0 22.1 13.2 16 20.6 8.1 10.3 14.6 17.7 20.8 7.9 17 13.6 7.0 7.1 14.7 18.6 19.7 19.2 5 Table 10: At what age did you first drink alcohol (more than a small amount) by age 2002 Never 11 or less 12 13 14 15 16 or more 13 50.5 22.0 16.9 10.3 14 39.5 18.2 13.2 20.4 8.5 Boys 15 26.8 15.5 13.8 17.8 18.6 7.5 16 18.0 11.9 9.6 18.2 17.8 18.7 5.7 17 13.2 11.6 11.6 12.1 13.7 23.7 14.2 13 68.0 9.8 14.3 7.9 14 49.9 7.4 13.0 20.4 8.9 Girls 15 30.9 6.3 12.4 17.2 23.3 9.6 All 16 19.1 3.9 6.9 13.3 23.0 25.5 8.3 17 13.1 2.3 7.7 11.2 19.3 23.2 23.2 13 60.2 15.3 15.5 9.0 14 45.5 12.0 13.1 20.4 8.7 15 29.2 10.0 13.0 17.5 21.4 8.7 16 18.7 7.1 8.0 15.2 21.0 22.8 7.2 17 13.1 6.2 9.3 11.5 16.9 23.3 19.7 Table 11: At what age did you first get drunk? 2006 Never 11 or less 12 13 14 15 16 or more 13 82.4 3.2 6.8 6.6 14 67.3 2.4 5.1 13.0 11.6 Boys 15 50.5 4.6 5.9 8.3 16.2 14.0 16 35.3 3.0 4.6 8.5 15.5 22.5 10.6 17 24.0 1.8 3.4 7.9 14.5 16.1 32.2 13 86.8 1.2 3.5 8.0 14 69.1 1.6 5.2 12.8 10.7 Girls 15 50.5 1.7 3.9 9.9 18.6 15.3 13 87.3 1.8 4.0 7.0 14 72.8 0.7 3.0 11.9 11.7 Girls 15 51.1 1.3 3.1 11.2 18.8 14.3 16 40.5 1.1 2.9 8.8 13.6 20.8 12.3 17 23.9 1.5 2.4 9.1 12.1 18.5 32.4 13 84.4 2.3 5.3 7.2 14 68.1 2.0 5.1 12.9 11.2 All 15 50.4 3.3 4.9 9.0 17.3 14.6 16 37.8 1.5 1.9 6.4 14.2 22.8 15.4 17 28.3 0.4 3.1 5.4 10.5 21.3 31.0 13 84.4 3.3 4.6 7.6 14 70.6 2.4 3.7 11.9 11.4 All 15 50.1 2.3 3.7 11.5 18.7 13.3 16 37.8 2.1 3.8 8.6 14.5 21.7 11.5 17 23.9 1.7 3.0 8.5 13.5 17.2 32.3 16 36.6 3.0 3.1 7.9 14.5 21.9 13.0 17 26.3 2.7 3.6 6.2 10.0 21.2 30.1 Table 12: At what age did you first get drunk? 2002 Never 11 or less 12 13 14 15 16 or more 13 80.8 5.1 5.5 8.4 14 67.7 4.8 4.5 12.1 10.9 Boys 15 48.6 3.9 4.6 12.1 18.7 11.9 16 34.8 5.2 5.0 10.3 14.9 20.5 9.2 17 23.8 5.8 4.2 7.4 9.5 21.2 28.0 6 CANNABIS Data Findings Tables 13-15 contain the percentages that reported they ever used cannabis by gender, age and study year. Tables 16-18 contain the percentages that reported that they used cannabis in the past 12 months by gender, age and study year. Table 19 contains the percentages that reported they used cannabis in the past 30 days by gender and age in 2006. Tables 20-22 contain the percentages that reported age of cannabis initiation by gender, age and study year. Table 13: Percentages reporting they have ever used cannabis 2006 Age Never Once or twice 3-5 times 6-9 times 10-19 times 20-39 times 40 times or more Boys 92.1 4.9 1.4 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.5 Girls 13 95.7 2.7 0.3 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.5 All 93.7 3.9 0.9 0.6 0.2 0.2 0.5 Boys 83.7 8.0 1.9 1.2 1.2 1.4 2.7 Girls 14 87.0 5.6 2.2 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.4 All 85.2 6.9 2.0 1.2 1.2 1.3 2.1 Boys 74.0 9.1 3.9 3.3 2.4 2.2 5.1 Girls 15 78.4 11.2 3.0 1.9 1.5 2.0 2.0 All 76.0 10.0 3.5 2.6 2.0 2.1 3.7 Boys 66.5 14.9 3.9 3.5 3.5 2.1 5.6 Girls 16 72.9 12.2 3.1 2.9 4.6 1.8 2.4 All Boys Girls All 17 69.7 13.6 3.5 3.2 4.0 1.9 4.0 60.4 19.9 4.2 4.5 2.9 1.6 6.6 64.4 18.6 4.5 5.1 2.4 1.5 3.6 62.3 19.3 4.3 4.7 2.7 1.5 5.2 Table 14: Percentages reporting they have ever used cannabis 2002 Age Never Once or twice 3-5 times 6-9 times 10-19 times 20-39 times 40 times or more Boys 93.5 3.7 0.7 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.7 Girls 13 97.1 1.1 0.6 0.6 0.1 0.1 0.4 All Boys 95.5 2.3 0.6 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.5 88.1 4.8 1.2 1.2 0.4 1.0 3.5 Girls 14 92.4 3.6 1.1 0.8 0.7 0.5 0.9 All Boys 90.6 4.1 1.1 0.9 0.5 0.7 2.0 72.5 9.6 3.1 2.5 1.2 1.8 9.2 Girls 15 83.0 7.5 1.8 2.0 1.1 0.4 4.2 All Boys 78.8 8.4 2.4 2.2 1.1 0.9 6.2 64.4 11.4 4.1 2.2 2.6 3.4 11.9 Girls 16 76.1 12.2 2.3 1.9 1.5 1.9 4.1 All Boys Girls 71.5 11.9 3.0 2.0 1.9 2.5 7.1 62.7 10.3 4.9 3.8 3.8 2.2 12.4 70.8 10.5 2.3 2.7 5.1 3.5 5.1 All 17 67.6 10.4 3.4 3.2 4.5 2.9 8.1 7 Table 15: Percentages reporting they have ever used cannabis 1998 Age Never Once or twice 3-5 times 6-9 times 10-19 times no (10+ - only option) 20-39 times no 40 times or more no Boys 88.3 6.7 1.7 1.2 2.0 Girls 13 96.4 2.2 0.8 0.2 0.5 All Boys 92.3 4.4 1.2 0.7 1.2 82.0 7.5 3.3 1.2 5.9 Girls 14 90.7 6.5 0.6 1.2 1.0 All Boys 86.3 7.0 2.0 1.2 3.6 70.0 10.6 4.6 2.4 12.4 Girls 15 84.1 10.0 2.6 0.8 2.6 All Boys 77.1 10.3 3.6 1.6 7.5 69.5 11.1 6.8 1.7 10.9 Girls 16 74.9 10.4 4.3 3.7 6.7 All Boys 72.2 10.7 5.6 2.7 8.8 72.9 8.2 5.9 0.0 12.9 Girls 17 72.0 15.0 5.0 0.0 8.0 All 72.6 11.8 5.4 0.0 10.2 Table 16: Percentages that have used cannabis in the past 12 months 2006 Age Never Once or twice 3-5 times 6-9 times 10-19 times 20-39 times 40 times or more Boys 92.9 4.2 1.1 0.5 0.5 0.2 0.7 Girls 13 96.8 2.4 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.6 All 94.6 3.4 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.6 Boys 87.6 5.6 2.0 1.3 1.6 0.6 1.4 Girls 14 88.5 5.9 2.1 1.5 0.7 0.8 0.4 All 88.0 5.8 2.0 1.4 1.2 0.7 0.9 Boys 78.8 8.2 4.3 2.4 2.4 1.3 2.6 Girls 15 84.0 8.7 2.3 2.0 1.6 0.7 0.7 All 81.2 8.4 3.4 2.2 2.0 1.0 1.8 Boys 73.5 12.8 4.3 2.5 2.2 1.0 3.6 Girls 16 78.2 11.0 2.9 3.2 2.4 1.0 1.2 All Boys Girls All 17 75.8 12.0 3.7 2.9 2.3 1.0 2.4 71.3 14.5 3.7 2.8 2.3 1.4 4.0 72.4 15.8 4.4 3.0 2.0 1.0 1.3 71.8 15.1 4.0 2.9 2.2 1.2 2.8 8 Table 17: Percentages that have used cannabis in the past 12 months 2002 Age Never Once or twice 3-5 times 6-9 times 10-19 times 20-39 times 40 times or more Boys 94.2 3.5 0.5 0.2 0.7 0.2 0.7 Girls 13 97.3 1.0 0.8 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.6 All Boys 95.9 2.1 0.7 0.2 0.4 0.1 0.6 88.9 4.6 1.1 0.8 0.8 1.0 2.9 Girls 14 93.3 2.9 0.8 1.1 0.5 0.9 0.4 All Boys 91.5 3.6 0.9 0.9 0.6 0.9 1.5 74.5 10.4 2.6 2.8 1.2 1.6 7.0 Girls 15 84.4 7.2 2.0 1.9 1.1 0.8 2.8 All Boys 80.4 8.4 2.2 2.2 1.1 1.1 4.5 66.2 12.3 2.8 3.0 4.5 3.4 7.7 Girls 16 78.7 11.3 2.5 1.2 2.1 1.2 3.0 All Boys Girls 73.8 11.7 2.6 1.9 3.0 2.1 4.9 64.1 11.4 4.9 3.8 2.7 2.2 10.9 75.3 7.8 3.1 2.4 6.7 1.2 3.5 All 17 70.7 9.3 3.9 2.9 5.0 1.6 6.6 Table 18: Percentages that have used cannabis in the past 12 months 1998 Age Never Once or twice 3-5 times 6-9 times 10-19 times no (10+-only option) 20-39 times no 40 times or more no Boys 90.9 5.1 1.6 0.8 1.6 Girls 13 97.0 2.2 0.5 0.2 0.2 All Boys 94.0 3.7 1.0 0.5 0.9 83.6 7.3 3.4 1.7 4.0 Girls 14 93.3 4.6 0.7 0.9 0.4 All Boys 88.3 6.0 2.1 1.3 2.2 73.4 10.1 4.3 3.6 8.5 Girls 15 87.7 8.1 1.7 0.8 1.7 All Boys 80.7 9.1 3.0 2.2 5.1 73.3 11.0 5.6 1.9 8.2 Girls 16 79.2 9.3 5.7 1.5 4.2 All Boys 76.2 10.1 5.7 1.7 6.2 75.3 9.9 3.7 3.7 7.4 Girls 17 80.4 10.3 2.1 1.0 6.2 All 78.2 10.1 2.8 2.2 6.7 9 Table 19: Percentages that have used cannabis in the past 30 days Boys Age 13 years 14 years 15 years 16 years 17 years 4.0 7.5 12.8 15.0 13.7 Girls 2006 All 1.7 6.8 8.1 11.8 12.1 2.9 7.2 10.7 13.4 12.9 Boys Girls All Boys Girls All 2002 1998 Not asked in 2002 6.4 10.5 17.7 15.1 12.3 1.9 3.0 5.2 9.8 9.3 4.1 6.8 11.4 12.5 10.6 Table 20: At what age did you first use cannabis, by age 2006 Never 11 or less 12 13 14 15 16 or more Boys 14 86.9 1.1 2.3 5.5 3.9 13 94.2 1.0 2.0 2.3 15 76.5 1.5 1.9 5.5 8.4 6.2 16 67.6 1.7 1.8 4.6 8.5 11.3 4.5 17 63.4 1.6 1.3 3.4 8.8 9.0 12.5 13 96.2 0.3 0.9 2.4 14 89.2 0.9 1.3 4.2 4.2 Girls 15 82.2 0.0 1.6 3.9 7.7 4.7 16 76.0 0.0 1.9 3.0 6.3 8.9 3.8 17 65.6 1.5 0.9 1.8 5.2 10.7 14.1 13 95.1 0.7 1.5 2.3 14 87.9 1.0 1.8 4.9 4.0 All 15 79.1 0.8 1.8 4.7 8.1 5.5 16 71.7 0.9 1.9 3.8 7.4 10.1 4.2 17 64.5 1.6 1.1 2.7 7.1 9.8 13.2 16 71.4 0.7 0.7 2.8 5.8 11.8 6.7 17 67.4 0.7 1.8 2.2 4.3 8.1 15.5 Table 21: At what age did you first use cannabis, by age 2002 Never 11 or less 12 13 14 15 16 or more 13 93.8 1.2 1.7 3.1 14 88.6 1.1 1.5 4.9 3.9 Boys 15 73.6 0.8 2.3 4.2 10.6 8.1 16 63.8 1.5 1.5 4.0 8.2 12.4 8.6 17 61.4 1.6 3.8 3.3 6.0 9.2 14.7 13 97.3 0.5 0.5 1.6 14 92.8 0.3 0.1 3.3 3.5 Girls 15 83.2 0.0 1.0 2.5 6.5 6.5 16 76.3 0.3 0.3 2.0 4.2 11.4 5.4 17 71.4 0.0 0.4 1.5 3.1 7.3 16.2 13 95.7 0.8 1.1 2.3 14 91.0 0.6 0.7 4.0 3.7 All 15 79.4 0.3 1.6 3.2 8.2 7.2 10 Table 22: At what age did you first use cannabis, by age 1998 Never 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 13 Not asked in 1998 Boys 14 15 16 17 13 14 Girls 15 16 17 13 14 15 16 All 17 Acknowledgements: HBSC Ireland is funded by the Department of Health and Children (the Health Promotion Policy Unit and the Office of the Minister for Children). This short report was initially requested by the Health Research Board. We also wish to acknowledge the parents and children who consented and participated, the management authorities, principals and teachers who helped us to collect the data, the staff of the Health Promotion Research Centre, National University of Ireland, Galway, the HBSC Advisory Committee, the International coordinator of HBSC, Professor Candace Currie of the University of Edinburgh, and the Department of Education and Science. For further information on HBSC Ireland contact: Dr. Saoirse Nic Gabhainn, HBSC Ireland, Health Promotion Research Centre, National University of Ireland, Galway, 12 Distillery Road, Galway Ireland. hbsc@nuigalway.ie or see www.nuigalway.ie/hbsc 11