vii
TABLES OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
1
2
TITLE
PAGE
DECLARATION
ii
DEDICATION
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
iv
ABSTRACT
v
ABSTRAK
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
vii
LIST OF TABLES
x
LIST OF FIGURES
xi
LIST OF ABREVIATIONS
xv
LIST OF SYMBOLS
xvi
LIST OF APPENDICES
xvii
INTRODUCTION
1.1. Research Background
1
1.2. Problem Statement
3
1.3. Objectives of Research
5
1.4. Scope of Work
5
1.5. Layout of the Thesis
6
LITERATURE
REVIEW
AND
RESEARCH
MOTIVATION
2.1. Introduction
8
2.2. Microstrip Antenna
9
viii
2.3. Antenna Parameter
10
2.3.1. Return Loss
11
2.3.2. Bandwidth
11
2.3.3. Radiation Pattern
12
2.3.4. Gain and Directivity
13
2.3.5. Efficiency
13
2.4. Feeding Methods
14
2.5. Smart Antenna System
16
2.5.1. Adaptive Array Systems
17
2.5.2. Switched-Beam Systems
17
2.6. PIN Diodes Switches
18
2.7. Related Research
21
2.7.1. Dual Band Microstrip Antenna
21
2.7.2. Reconfigurable Antenna
26
2.7.2.1.
Frequency Reconfigurable
Antenna
2.7.2.2.
26
28
Radiation Pattern Reconfigurable
Antenna
29
2.8. Summary
3
4
RESEARCH METHODOLY
3.1. Introduction
30
3.2. Design Methodology
30
3.3. Design Specification
32
3.4. Simulation Tool
33
3.5. Fabrication Process
34
3.6. Measurement Process
35
3.7. Summary
37
DEVELOPMENT OF BEAM RECONFIGURABLE
LINEAR ARRAY ANTENNA
ix
4.1. Introduction
38
4.2. The Development of Dual Band Antenna
39
Structure with Half Ground Plane Approach
4.2.1. Proposed Antenna Structure
40
4.2.2. Simulation and Measurement Result
43
4.3. The Development of Dual Band Antenna with
50
Parabolic-Shaped Slot Ground Plane Structure
4.3.1. Proposed Antenna Structure
51
4.3.2. Simulation and Measurement Result
59
4.4. The Development of Dual Band Reconfigurable
63
Planar Array Antenna
4.4.1. Proposed Antenna Design Process
64
4.4.2. Antenna Performance Result
72
4.5. Summary
5
79
CONCLUSION
5.1 Conclusion
80
5.2 Future Work
82
REFERENCES
84
Appendices A-D
90
x
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO.
TITLE
PAGE
4.1
Dimension of Proposed Antenna
41
4.2
Simulation and Measurement Return Loss Value
46
4.3
Proposed Antenna Parameter
53
4.4
Simulation and Measurement Result for Proposed Antenna
61
4.5
PIN Diode Configurations
69
4.6
Optimized Design Parameter
72
4.7
Measurement and Simulation Data
75
xi
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO.
TITLE
PAGE
1.1
Flow Diagram of Reconfigurable Antenna
2
1.2
Antenna with Beam Steering Capability
4
2.1
Microstrip Antenna Structure
9
2.2
Bandwidth Determination from Return Loss
12
Graph for Most Application [8]
2.3
Typical
Feeding
Methods
for
Microstrip
15
Antenna
2.4
Adaptive Array Scheme
17
2.5
Switched-Beam Scheme
18
2.6
Layout of PIN diode
19
2.7
Equivalent Circuit of PIN Diode (a) Forward
20
Biased; (b) Reverse Biased [10]
2.8
Proposed Antenna; (a) Front View, (b) Back
22
View
2.9
Basic Design of Printed Monopole Antenna
23
2.10
Dual band Printed Monopole Antenna
23
2.11
P-Shape Printed Monopole Antenna
24
2.12
(a) Proposed Antenna [14]
25
(b) Return Loss of Proposed Antenna
2.13
Proposed Antenna Design [20] with Their
26
Return Loss Result
2.14
(a) Proposed Antenna [21]; (b) Return Loss
27
Value
2.15
(a) Proposed Antenna Design, (b) Pattern
29
xii
Reconfigurable
Capabilities
of
Proposed
Antenna [24]
3.1
Flow Chart of Whole Project
31
3.2
CST Simulation Tool
38
3.3
R&S ZVL Network Analyzer
36
3.4
Pictures of Anechoic Chamber for Outside and
36
Inside View
4.1
Parametric Studies on Width of L-Slot
42
4.2
Dimension of Proposed Antenna
42
4.3
Image of Fabricated Antenna
43
4.4
Surface Current for Proposed Antenna
44
4.5
Parametric Study on effect of Ls (Length of Slot
45
at Antenna Arm)
4.6
Simulation and Measurement of Proposed
46
Antenna
4.7
Radiation Pattern at 2.45 GHz (a) Horizontal Cut
48
(b) Vertical Cut
4.8
Radiation Pattern at 5.8 GHz (a) Horizontal Cut
48
(b) Vertical Cut
4.9
3D Simulated Radiation Pattern at 2.45 GHz
49
4.10
3D Simulated Radiation Pattern at 5.8 GHz
50
4.11
Design Evolution of Proposed Antenna; (a)
52
Antenna Design Different Ground Plane Shapes;
(b) Return loss Graph for Each Antenna
4.12
Proposed Antenna with Defected Ground Plane
Structure:
(a)
Front
View
Diagram,
53
(b)
Perspective View
4.13
Parametric Studies on varying width of L-slots
54
4.14
Parametric Studies on La values
55
4.15
Surface Current at 5.8 GHz
56
4.16
Parametric studies as value of R varied
56
4.17
(a) Normal axis for parabolic curve; (b) 40°
57
rotated axis for parabolic curve in proposed
xiii
antenna.
4.18
The effect of rotation angle of parabolic shaped
58
slot on the steering angle of proposed antenna
4.19
The radiation pattern obtained when attaching
59
two mirror-image parabolic-shaped slots.
4.20
The Image of Fabricated Proposed Antenna
4.21
Comparison
between
Measurement
60
and
60
Simulation Return Loss Data for Proposed
Antenna
4.22
Surface Current at Both Operating Frequencies
61
at; (a) 2.45 GHz, (b) 5.8 GHz
4.23
Radiation Pattern; (a) H Plane for 2.45 GHz, (b)
63
E Plane for 2.45 GHz, (c) H Plane for 5.8 GHz,
(d) E Plane for 5.8 GHz
4.24
Diagram of Proposed Beam Reconfigurable
65
Antenna from Front View
4.25
Diagram of Proposed Beam Reconfigurable
66
Antenna from Back View
4.26
PIN Diode Location within Proposed Antenna
67
Structure
4.27
Schematic Design of Biasing Circuit using Basic
68
Series Single Pole Single Throw Switches
Circuit
4.28
Fabricated Biasing Circuit
68
4.29
Parametric Studies on Location of PIN diode 1,
69
p; (a) Lower Frequency Response, (b) Higher
Frequency Response
4.30
Parametric Studies on L100 Parameter at Both
70
Operating Frequency; (a) Lower Frequency
Response, (b) Higher Frequency Response
4.31
Parametric Studies on L50 Parameter, Lf; (a)
Lower
Frequency
Frequency Response
Response,
(b)
Higher
71
xiv
4.32
Fabricated
Antenna
Design
in
Different
72
Perspective; (a) Front View; (b) Back View
4.33
Integration of Biasing Circuit with Proposed
73
Antenna
4.34
Return Loss Value When Antenna at First
73
Condition
4.35
Return Loss result as PIN diode 2 and 3 in ON
74
state
4.36
Return Loss result when PIN diode 2 and 4 in
75
ON state
4.37
Measurement Data of Farfield Result at First
76
Condition (a) H- field for 2.45 GHz; (b) E- field
for 2.45 GHz; (c) H- field for 5.8 GHz; (d) Efield for 5.8 GHz
4.38
Measurement Data of Farfield Result at Second
77
Condition (a) H- field for 2.45 GHz; (b) E- field
for 2.45 GHz; (c) H- field for 5.8 GHz; (d) Efield for 5.8 GHz
4.39
Measurement Data of Farfield Result at Third
Condition (a) H- field for 2.45 GHz; (b) E- field
for 2.45 GHz; (c) H- field for 5.8 GHz; (d) Efield for 5.8 GHz
78
xiv
LIST OF ABREVIATIONS
BW
-
Bandwidth
CST
-
Computer Simulation Technology
dB
-
Decibel
EM
-
Electromagnetic
FR4
-
Flame Resistant 4
ISM
-
Industrial Sciences Medical
ITS
-
Intelligent Transportation Systems
PCB
-
Printed Circuit Board
PEC
-
Perfect Electric Conductor
SMA
-
Sub Miniature version A
UV
-
Ultra Violet
VSWR
-
Voltage Standing Wave Ratio
EBG
-
Electromagnetic Band Gap
xvi
LIST OF SYMBOLS
c
-
Speed of light
D
-
Outer Probe feed diameter
d
-
Inner probe feed diameter
εr
-
permittivity
εe
-
Effective permitivity
e0
-
Total efficiency
er
-
Reflection (mismatch)
ec
-
Conduction efficiency
ed
-
Dielectric efficiency
λ0
-
Free Space wavelength
fc
-
Center frequency
fH
-
High frequency
fL
-
Low frequency
h
-
Height of substrate
L
-
Length of patch
Leff
-
Effective length
∆
-
Delta Length
Q
-
Material’s quality factor
S
-
Area of patch
∆
-
Delta area of patch
Γ
-
Reflection coefficient
t
-
Thin Metallic Strip
-
Reflected voltage
-
Incident voltage
W
-
width of patch
Weff
-
Effective width
xvii
ZL
-
Load impedance
≤
-
Less then
ZO
-
Characteristic impedance
Ω
-
Ohm
xviii
LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX
TITLE
PAGE
A
List of Author’s Publication
90
B
Product Specification FR4 Datasheet
94
C
SMA Drawing Datasheet
99
D
PIN Diode BAP51-02 Datasheet
101