Matakuliah : F0184/Audit atas Kecurangan
Tahun
: 2007
Fraud Risk Assesment
Pertemuan XX
Learning Outcomes
• Mahasiswa diharapkan dapat mengidentifikasi metodemetode dalam melakukan analisa berbasis resiko
• Mahasiswa diharapkan mampu mengetahui dan
melakukan pengendalian kecurangan berbasis resiko
3
Bina Nusantara
Outline Materi
•
•
•
•
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Understand the risk
Fraud Risk Factors
Internal Controls and Fraud Proofing
Environment for Fraud Risk Detection and Enforcement
Risk Management Checklist
4
Bina Nusantara
High Fraud – Low Fraud Environment
• Tight accounting and audit controls
• Thorough screening of applicants for employment
• Close supervision and monitoring of employee
performance and behavior
• Explicit rules against theft, financial statement fraud,
embezzlement, sabotage, and information piracy
Bina Nusantara
A Comparison of The Environments and Cultures
of Organizations With High and Low Fraud
Potential
Variable
High Fraud Potential
Low Fraud Potential
Management style
Autocratic
Participative
Management orientation
Low trust
Power-driven
High trust
Achievement-driven
Distribution of authority
Centralized, reserved by top
management
Decentralized, dispersed to
delegated
Planning
Centralized
Short range
Decentralized
Long range
Performance
Measured quantitatively Measured both
short-term basis
qualitatively and on a
basis
Bina Nusantara
6
Variable
High Fraud Potential
Low Fraud Potential
Business focus
Profit-focused
Customer-focused
Management strategy
Management by crisis
Management by objective
Reporting
Reporting by routine
Reporting by exception
Policies and rules
Rigid and inflexible, strongly
Reasonable, fairly enforced
Primary management
Capital assets
Human, then capital and
assets
Reward system
- Punitive
- Penurious
- Politically
administered
Generous
Reinforcing
Fairly administered
7
Bina Nusantara
Variable
High Fraud Potential
Low Fraud Potential
Feedback on
Critical
Negative
Positive
Stroking
Interaction mode
Issues and personal
skirted or repressed
Issues and personal
confronted and
Mainly monetary
Recognition, promotion,
responsibility, choice
plus money
Payoffs for good
Business ethics
Ambivalent, rides the
Clearly defined and
followed
Internal relationships
Highly competitive,
Friendly, competitive,
Values and beliefs
Economic, political, self-
Social, spiritual, group8
Bina Nusantara
Variable
High Fraud Potential
Low Fraud Potential
Success formula
Works harder
Works smarter
Human resources
Burnout
Not enough promotional
for all the talent
Low turnover
Job satisfaction
High turnover
Grievances
Company loyalty
Low
High
Major financial concern
Cash-flow shortage
Opportunities for new
Growth pattern
Sporadic
Consistent
Relationship with competitor
Hostile
Professional
9
Bina Nusantara
Variable
High Fraud
Low Fraud Potential
Innovativeness
Copy cat, reactive
Leader, proactive
CEO characteristics
Braggart, selfinsensitive to people,
insecure, gambler,
tight-fisted, numbersmaterialistic, profitvain, bombastic,
emotional, partial
Professional;
paced; respected by
secure risk-taker;
generous with
and money; peopleand market oriented;
helper; self-confident;
composed; calm;
fair; and know who
he or she is, and
she is going
10
Bina Nusantara
Variable
High Fraud Potential
Low Fraud Potential
Management structure,
controls
Bureaucratic
Regimented
Inflexible
Imposed controls
Many-tiered structure,
Everything is documented
rule
Collegial
Systematic
Open to change
Self-controlled
Flat structure, horizontal
Documentation is adequate
burdensome, and some
afforded
Internal communication
Formal, written, stiff,
ambiguous
Informal, oral, clear, friendly,
candid
Peer relationships
Hostile, aggressive,
Cooperative, friendly,
11
Bina Nusantara
Internal Control
The limit of risk that we would like to accept will inline with
the level of internal control that we should implement!!
Internal control is one of the major agenda if we would like
to discuss about “fraud proofing” since fraud proofing is
want to reduce the risk into our acceptable level that we
already define at the beginning.
Bina Nusantara
Basic Controls
A
B
C
Bina Nusantara
• Physical Access
• Job Descriptions
• Accounting Reconciliation and
Analysis
Supervision
Fraud Awareness
Approval and Review
Double Check and Redoing
Bina Nusantara
Audit
Internal
Audit
Bina Nusantara
External
Audit