International Journal of Advancements in Research & Technology, Volume 3, Issue 10, October -2014
ISSN 2278-7763
150
Innovative Application of Scientific Facts for Production of Designer
Quality Rice
R.C.Yadav1*
1.Ex Principal Scientist and Head , Central Soil and Water Conservation Research and Training Institute,
Research Centre, Agra 282006, Uttar Pradesh, India
E mail:ramcyadav@rediffmail.com
ABSTRACT
Rice is staple food of almost 50% of global population, south East Asia in particular and other part of world, in
general. In addition to the genetic improvement of the rice varieties, production and processing technologies
have important bearing on quality of rice. The present study broadened quality characters of designer quality to
17 aspects comprising genetic, production and processing of rice and it’s by- products. Nutritionally, rice
contains high carbohydrate content, but energy release catalysing protein thiamine and cystein lower than other
cereals. Rice contains all 10 out of 20 sulpho-amino acids, which gives clue for fortification by management of
nitrogen and sulphur cycles. Vitamin B1 deficiency causes beriberi. Vitamin A absence, in general implicates
need of fortification by adding extra sources of beta carotenoids and vitamin A. The circumstantial wet land
compulsions restrict crop diversification, produce methane and nitrous oxides release in atmosphere. The crop
absorbs arsenic and other geochemical impurities such as fluoride and selenium and IPM caused chlorinated
organic, which cause serious health hazards of cancer, dental scaries and skeletal defects. A Sun technology for
production of designer quality rice to get rid of poor quality and acquire enhanced good qualities is presented.
It seems possible to escape the geochemical bad contents by bio deactivation, enhancing uptake by phosphorus
and sulphate, right from field to crop and from food in small intestine to the blood cells. Geographical indicator
registry (GIr) and patenting of the designer high quality rice will promote global business. Adoption of racy
nature Sun technology will bring generation II (2G) agriculture, enhance GDPs revamped national economies.
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Key words: Food and nutrition; quality food; designer quality; nature agriculture; ecosystem service indices;
Nature agriculture; toxicity; environment protection; productivity and Rice equivalent yield,
*Corresponding author; e mail: ramcyadav@rediffmail.com
1. Introduction
Food and drink constitute the supplement for the basic need known to follow the Maslow’s hierarchy of human
needs. The food and drinks are prepared from basic commodity of cereal, pulses, roots and tubers and sugars,
oilseeds and spices etc. Among the cereals rice is stable food of almost 50% of global population concentrated
in Asia, particularly, in the South East Asia and in general rest part of the world. The most rice eaters are the
poor country people, but when the same or better quality rice is cooked, it becomes a delicacy in the developed
countries. Thus, there exists vast variation in the quality status symbol consideration given to rice. This fact
makes rice an important commodity for food and drink and attracts global research attention. The rice crop
requires specific situation of soil, water, nutrient, and temperature requirement. The importance of the rice in
supplementing and fulfilling food need has acquired large national and international research interest.
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The area under rice production has been blamed for production of large volume of methane, which has high
warming factor over 20. Thus, western counties always put pressure for reduction of area under rice cultivation.
Contrary to this situation, increase in the population demands enhancement of rice production, which can be
possible by increase in cropping intensity and the yield productivity. In wake of production demands lot of
misdeeds have gone in, that have lead to production of toxic salts, gases and also impact of these toxic
compounds on the quantity and quality of the rice. On the other hand the preference towards good quality foods
is building and causing class difference between rich and poor, who can afford good foods symbolised as
organic food.
The availability of water as well as the variability in the hydrologic cycle have been adding new dimension of
challenges on rice production. It is generally found that many high yield producing practices have been
researched upon that go in favour of water conservation (by reducing number of irrigations), but have laid no
concern on the environment protection. Environment is infested with concentration of green house gases
(GHGs).
The plant breeders have developed varieties for fulfilling the local and external interest. However, the varieties
of paddy have not been developed to reduce or cope up with environmental requirement. The paddy growing,
largely low lands encompass development of detritus food chain, where bacteria, fungus, algae, virus and
protozoa based diseases such as malaria, and virus epidemic diseases compose the poor rice growing
environment. Under all these situations it becomes difficult to produce good quality of rice by intervention of
breeding only. It should take something more in addition to good variety of rice alone. Extensive review
study[1] established that the practices of rice production are not favourable to protection of environment.
Another exhaustive review[2] revealed that all studies focussed largely on the study of chemistry of rice fields.
However, there has been lack of innovative applications. Yadav[3] presented conceptual general model for
design of paddy production technology for enhancing productivity and bringing zero methane emission from the
paddy fields. The rice being staple food for global 50 % population, being eaten in both producing and
importing countries, attract quality consideration from production to consumption. Chapagain and Hoestra[4]
reported exhaustive review on carbon foot print of rice from production to consumption.
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The quality of paddy production is bound by the physico -geographical and geochemistry such that rice food
contains several inherent undesirable quality constituents namely, arsenic, fluoride, selenium, nutrient
management induced toxic salt, poor quality water induced characters, and integrated pest management induced
chlorinated organic insecticides and pesticides. These factors constitute the production process and cause the
setbacks in productivity, reduction in quality and release of GHGs, and spread of bacteria, fungus, algae and
protozoa involving human and animal diseases. These facts make life miserable in the dominant paddy
cultivating areas (Table. 1). The occurrence the problems and their consequences faced by the people have
been known for more than five decades (Table. 1), but there have been situation of helplessness without known
methods for overcoming it.
Table 1. Soil,water and agriculture practices related health hazards.
S.N. Location
1
2
reference Nature of problem
Health hazards
I.
High input conventional farming in lowland condition
level
multiple
Yaqui
valley, [5]
Irrigated agriculture, High
Mexico
with heavy input of pesticides in chord of new
fertiliser
and borne and breast milk of
pesticides
mothers,
reduction
in
learning capacity.
II.
Arsenic in Bangladesh and other areas
Bangladesh and [4]
Arsenic causes cancer Problem of cancer and early
surrounding
and
reduces
life death
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3
Irrigation
[6]
projects
in
Southern India
4
Indra
Gandhi [7]
Canal,
Rajasthan, India
Aral basin in [8]
Pakistan
152
expectancy
III.
Fluoride in ground water
and
skeletal
Fluoridised depends Dental
on development of fluoridises
sodicity in ground
water
Development
of Dental and skeletal fluorisis
sodicity
Spread of sodicity in Dental and skeletal fluorisis
Pakistan and near Aral to excessive fluoride in soil
and water
basin
IV. Selenium and selenoisis in alkali soil, Panjab, India
6
Alkali soil in [9]
Selenium
gets Selenium causes health
Punjab, India
mobilised and plants hazards parallel to the
Hira
et.
uptake from the alkal fluoride.
al[10]reported that celenium
soil soil
reaches in animals through
fodder , but concentration in
ground water was also
revealed
V.
Selenium in Sanjaquin valley California
Salenium
mobility Health hazard similar to
7
[11]
Sanjaquin
was
observed
in fluoride
valley
California,
Janquin
California, USA
valley
Iodine deficiency in highlands, mountainous area and foot hills, and adverse effect of
excess in the coastal areas
Audrey et Iodine deficiency and Iodine regulates oxidation in
8
Mountainous
cells,,regulates physical and
and foot hills, al.1994Fo surplus
mental growth,function of
od
and
coastal areass
musclecells and tissues,
nutrition
circulatoryactivity
and
encyclope
metabolism of all nutrients.
diaCRC
Press Inc.
VI. Fatality in wells in South western part of Uttar Pradesh, India
9
Fatality in open [12]
Hydrogen sulphide causes High concentration of H2S
well
at
caused death by choking of
fatality in well
throat to stop respiration of
Mathura, India
three young persons in well
with water 150 cm deep.
VII. Acidity in lake water
10
Sangang plain, [13]
Anaerobic decomposition Ground waters in the
north east China
of dead weeds in lake downstream side become
bottom of lakes build acidic.
hydrogen sulphide
5
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The examples of continuity of technological developments are everywhere (Table 2). There have been several
innovative technological advancements that have affected daily life. Breeding of desired traits in plant and
animals, the original biotechnology is as old as farming itself. The part of component of technology for
improvement of crop and variety developed when come to cultivation condition their success get varied so it
remains as advancement of local technology. However, there was lack of any universally applicable Sun
technology for production of quality rice and protection of environment.
Table 2.Technological changes that have affected daily life through rapid pace and un
areas
S, N.
Area of advancement
1
Micro-electronics
for Computer
information processing
Electronic mail
World Wide Web
Cable T.V.
Medical
and Biotechnology
Biotechnology
research
Magnetic
resonance To image human
imaging and fiber optics anatomy
Technique
in
Cloning of large animals Improvement
and genetic modification strains
of plants, microbes
Ancient
Babylonia Passed through the
evolved in scriptoria of invention of printing
movable type
medieval monasteries
Land
and
water Inconsistent,
degradation
isolated and scanty
bright
spots
advancement
2
3
4
5
6
Specific area
developed
Visible effects
Computer graphics stopped T.V.
goers accept as realistic
Displaced postal services
Displaced postal services
Displaced T.V. antenna
Development of antibiotics etc
To make surgical repairs with
only minimum amount of cutting
of healthy tissues.
Offer possibility of enhanced
health and well being in future
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Photography, lithography and
computer desk top publishing
Universally
applicable
Sun
technology
has not been
visualised and not emerged
Thus, food, environment and health consideration requires research attention to ameliorate this situation. The
worsened situation of land, water and ecosystem services research rely on the research institutes. The
researches’ successful results are celebrated as bright spots14. Such bright spots are like enlightening by fireflies
in isolation, benefiting local areas and short lived. There is need of Sun like enlightening technology for entire
globe for production of rice and protection of environment. Thus, this study was carried out with objective of
production of designer high quality rice accompanied by enhancement in productivity and protection of
environment by innovative application of scientific facts. This technology is expected to fulfil long standing
demand of globe for paddy cultivation that will be getting intensified for production of food for upcoming
population.
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The manuscript content
The manuscript contains after the introduction the quality characteristics of designer rice, nutritional quality of
rice, the scientific facts involved in the production of rice, design consideration, specification, developed
research status by this author, results covering qualities of production of rice by genetics, that produced by
improvisation of the production, processing and further fortification of rice invollving17 factors of designer
quality of rice. The quality improvement assessment method, discussion of results, SWOT analyses of this
study and conclusion are presented. Thus, the manuscript covers all aspect of production of designer quality rice
for global gentry, productivity and protection of environment and promotion of international business etc.
2 Materials and Method
2.1 Quality attributes
Appearance
The appearance is the first quality of product that any one uses to get apprised of quality of nay product. Rice is
expressed as long grain, medium and short grain. The thickness is expressed as fine medium or rough i.e. the fat
grain. People’s preference rest on long grain thin size of rice kernels.
Smell and taste
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Smell (in scientific term olfaction) is the most important and oldest of human kind five senses15. The human
with small olfactory system rely more on sights, hearing and touch. These scientific facts offer enormous clues
towards prediction of human behaviours for acceptance of designer quality rice. These facts can be wisely
utilised in extension methods, in teaching of class rooms, population control measures and many other such
aspects. The extension, teaching and many allied areas can be benefited by innovative applications to save
efforts, budgets and enhance efficiency of resources use of water, nutrient and water interaction in paddy
culture.
The flower scents and cooking smells are universally linked. The stinks of rotten eggs or other putrefying
materials get stinctively disliked. These positive and negative responses provide broad scope and make
scientific justifications towards developmental approach of designer quality rice to avoid the poisonous
substances and acquire good qualities. The poison is any substance that when taken by anyone it impairs health
and causes death. Dose 100g/kg (5-8l) for least toxic substances such as water down to .0001mg/kg (0.0050.008
mg
15
(in consideration of 50-80 kg human body weight), for most potent subject such as plutonium 239 . These facts
implicate need for research and development of designer rice. The genetically improved good variety will be
grown under varying condition of soil, water, nutrient management and environment that will distinctly display
the inheritance of good characters. These facts speak of importance of land, water, agronomic and allied
management measures in agriculture. The interactions of water, nutrient and environment have to be convened
in fixed beneficial paths. Considering all these factors of scientific facts, a Sun technology named racy (alive,
smart and enthusiastic) nature agriculture was developed [16],[17],[18],[19],[20]. These facts further
substantiate the importance of geographical indication registry (GIr) and patenting that will facilitate the
producers and the consumers, respectively, in their way of getting good market price and the better quality
products.
2.2 Nutritional quality
Nutrition is concerned with the way organisms take in food and turn in to substances that can be used by the
bodies. These substances called as nutrients are essential for building and repairing of body tissues and
regulating body processes and acts as food to provide body with energy. Nutrition contains protein vitamins and
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minerals. The developing countries are striving to provide the nutrition for feeding the country’s gentry with
sufficient nutrition containing food. Developed countries are concentrating on the reduction of radicals that are
formed in the processes taking place in the cells. The outcome of these facts is that there is lot of selectivity in
food and nutrition. The following details are included here to update the readers with the existing knowledge
about food and nutrition, known facts, so that they can appreciate the following subsequent innovative
developments brought out in this study.
Proteins
Proteins are large molecules that are formed by biological polymerisation of amino acids derived from the
nitrogen content of foods. The occurrence and circulation of the nitrogen cycle, its good and bad effects on
productivity and environment supplementation of green house gases (GHGs) were presented by Yadav [16].
Each protein produced has a specific structure and function. Proteins by their actions enable living cells to grow
and perform all activities necessary for its survival. There are 20 common amino acids and proteins are
constituted by these building blocks. Plants are able to form all the amino acids they need, but animals must
obtain some of them from foods. The proteins constitute one or more chains of amino acids, having different
characters acquired at the molecular levels of the amino acids, the chains and their sequences get linked together
by peptide bond. These scientific facts further equip design considerations.
A per new estimate normal good quality highly digestible protein requirement is 0.75g /kg body
weight/day[21]. The level of lysine and tryptophan in cereal prolamin and methionine and cystine in legume
globulins are beneficial to human (especially vegetarians), dependent on these seeds for essential amino acids.
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All proteins must be broken down in their constituent amino acids to be used by human cells. Normally only
amino acids and (certain small peptides) are absorbed in the small intestines via mucosal cells in to hepatitic
portal veins. Studies have shown that absorption and utilisation of proteins are optimised when adults evenly
distribute their protein intake throughout the day.
In plants storage of proteins can be increased by enhancing use efficiency. The enhancement of harvest index
can be regarded as an economic trait with improvement potential to more efficient use of resources. Rainy
season wheat have higher protein content than winter wheat, the nutritional value of the winter wheat protein is
superior21.
The 20 amino acid found in human tissues come from dietary proteins in food ( Table 3). Among them nine
(phenylalanine, leucine, isolucine, tryptophan, lysine, theonine, methionine, valine and histidine) are essential
to human diet, because they cannot be synthesised in body. In addition, two amino acids, cystine and tyrosine in
the diet can spare their parent amino acid of methionine and phenylalanine, respectively. The amino acids with
the lowest scores in the listed food (lysine in wheat and barley flour, methionine in soybean, potato and cow’s
milk and in rice and maize)[21] are those that should be paid attention to limiting amino acids for the body’s
nutrition.
It is visible from the values that rice content of protein in six of nine sulphur containing amino acid ( Table 3)
is highest for He, Lysin, Met, Total and Val and at par with two other highest viz Phe and Thr. The low content
of Tryptophan that gets converted by the lever in to niacin becomes limiting quality of rice, which caused
beriberi disease in the early time. This deficiency of niacin is supplemented by vitamin B 6. Although beriberi is
not in existence in the recent time, but their severe or mild effect might be persisting among the sole dependents
on rice.
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Table 3. Essential amino acid composition of foods a,b
Food
Ideal protein
He
370
Leu
306
Lys
270
Sulphur amino acid
Phe
Met
Total
180
144
270
Thr
180
Barley
Maize
Rice
240
430
210
310
90
220
230
293
827
179
284
117
197
249
322
535
236
307
142
222
241
(119)
(175) (87)
(175) (99)
(83)
(134)
Wheat flour
262
442
126
322
78
192
174
The figures expressed amino acid contents as mg/g protein, b. Figures in
(percent) of the food to that in the ideal protein,
Try
90
Val
270
90
310
38* 327
65* 415
(72) (154)
69
262
parenthesis expressed the ratio
*The prime limiting amino acid.
There is contrast difference between protein availability /consumption across the countries (Table 4). Bottom
most three countries are rice eaters. In these countries cropping sequences are rice after rice and have poor
utilisation of atmospheric nitrogen due to existence of predominant wet condition. The top four countries with
high protein availability are rice importing or concentrating as best variety cultivating countries. Limitations,
alternatives and prospects are different in different countries. This aspect will be taken up in the result and
discussion part of the study.
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Table 4. Total protein supply in some countries, per capita, mg/day
Country
France
USA
Italy
USSR
Spain
Poland
Japan
China
India
Ethiopia
Nigeria
Thiland
Phillipines
Bangaladesh
Supply, mg/d
112.7
110.7
106.9
106.7
101.4
101.4
95.2
62.9
54.4
51.5
49.8
49.0
48.5
43.0
Remark
Highest
Lowest
Beans and rice are incomplete proteins which can be made in complete protein by adding meat, fish, egg,
cheese and milk. Thus, the rice growing country’s incorporate fish, duck as composite practice. This fact
becomes justification of popular practice of rice-fish-duck, and pigeon pea, papaya and banana growing in
prominent rice eating states of Eastern India, South East Asia and China.
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Vitamins
Vitamins are small molecules that human body need for certain important chemical reactions to take place.
Deficiency in the different vitamins causes different diseases.
Table 5. Prevalence of vitamin A deficiency in WHO regions
WHO regions
Africa
Eastern mediteranean
Latin America
S.E. Asia (including India)
W Pacific (Including China)
Total
Severe problem
Children 0-5 years with xerophthalmia (1991)
Number, million
Prevalence, %
1.3
1.4
1.0
2.8
0.1
0.2
10.0*
4.2
1.4
1.3
13.8
2.8
Vitamins are necessary for protective and regulatory functions. On the basis of their solubility they are
classified in two groups, viz fat soluble and water soluble. Fat soluble vitamins are A, D, E and K and water
soluble vitamins are B and C. The fat soluble vitamins can be stored in the body, hence occasional intake of
high source may help the body tide over the period of low in take. The requirement of fat soluble vitamins may
be met by intake of precursor or the vitamin itself. Not much of fat soluble vitamins are lost in normal cooking
procedures.
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Vitamins are lost from food during processing, storage and preparation for consumption. Certain vitamins such
as thiamine and ascorbic acids are more sensitive to the processing condition than riboflavin. However,
riboflavin may be lost exposure to light so, packaging becomes important in determining storage ability.
Ascorbic acid is one of the most stable vitamins. It is oxidised by metal ions such as Fe (III) and Cu(II) in a two
sequential one to one electron transfer yield dehydro ascorbic acid. Vitamin E also undergoes oxidative
degradation.via a free radical pathway, which accounts for its high efficiency as a chain breaking antioxidant.
This implicates that for eating rice; especially ladies whose intake of vitamin is more than men during
pregnancy and lactation should not eat meal in steel utensils and replace it by the non-metal ceramic plates.
The human body has many natural protective mechanisms to contain oxidative damages, (1) Antioxidant
nutrient such as beta-carotene, vitamin C and vitamin E, (2) other small molecules with antioxidant properties.
e.g. gluthionine and euric acid., (3) enzyme such as superoxide dismutase and glutathionine peroxidise.
Antioxidant vitamin supplement such as vitamin A, C, D, E are taken in USA for their neutralising effect on
free radicals. Foods rich in vitamin E and beta carotene help prevent cancer.
Vitamin A
Vitamin A is necessary for normal growth and developments. Vitamin A deficiency may result in damages of
eyes; ulceration and destruction of cornea, then blindness.
Lycopene is reported to enhance carotene uptake. The subjects who consumed diets rich in carotenoids
developed fewer lung cancers, whether or not they smoked.
Leafy vegetables such as spinach, amaranth, coriander, drumsticks leaves, as well as ripe fruits such as mango,
papaya and yellow pumpkins are good source of beta carotene. Generally deep dark vegetables contain more
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beta carotene than white or light vegetable such as cabbage and lettuce. Large intake of vitamin A in time of
plenty are stored in lever and help body tide over period of shortage..
Vitamin E
Vitamin E has antioxidant property and is believed to prevent oxidation of vitamin A, and carotene in the
digestive tract and to regulate rate of oxidation of food inside the body. Vitamin E is widely distributed in food.
The richest source of vitamin E (i.e. Tocopherol ) are the vegetable oils. Green leafy vegetables are also good
source. Vitamin E deficiency symptoms include low birth weight and premature infants.
Vitamin C
Ascorbic acid functions as reducing agent and as effective antioxidant. Nearly 60 mg daily will maintain body
pool of men and women. Vitamin C requirement are higher for pregnant and lactating women to account for
losses to the foetus and to breast milk. Occasional bleeding from soft tissues can be checked by including
ascorbic acid rich foods in diet. As brought out earlier, food should not be kept in steel utensil for long so to
avoid loss of vitamin C. Juice rich in vitamin C should be taken in glass vessels.
Vitamin B complex
Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)
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The thiamine found in rice is necessary for catalysing the oxidation of carbohydrates in the body. This reaction
releases energy in the system. Thiamine helps in the normal functioning of heart and nervous systems. Beriberi,
the thiamine deficiency disease is basically neurological condition that sometimes involves the cardiac muscles
and paralysis of involuntary muscles. Thiamine absorption occurs in two separate processes. At low
concentration (5mg/day) thiamine is actively absorbed, but at higher concentration (8-15mg/day), its absorption
becomes passive. Thiamine is transported as a free Vitamin in circulation. Formal elements of blood contain
predominantly, thiamine pyrophosphates (TPP) a co enzyme. Plant sources include pulses, nuts, oil seeds and
whole grain cereals. Parboiled rice and fresh peas are good source of thiamine. Leafy green vegetables are good
source of thiamine. Some symptoms of thiamine deficiency observed are mental depression, moodiness,
irritability, forgetfulness, confusion and fear. Severe deficiency of thiamine leads to beri beri a disease of
nervous systems.
Vitamin B 2 (Riboflavin)
Vitamin B2 deficiency is characterised by variety of clinical signs and symptoms specific to mucous membrane
and skins, which in many cases duplicate symptoms seen in deficiency of other B complex vitamins. These
details of plants induced vitamin21 support scientific facts for development of designer rice. Lack of riboflavin
affects the eyes, skins and nerves. The eye lids become rough and the eye become sensitive to bright light. This
condition is called photophobia. The skin changes are found around the area of mouth, on the lips, tongue and
nose. Lips become inflated, cracks are observed in the corners, of mouth and tongue becomes sore, sometimes
tongue gets swollen. The deficiency systems can be corrected by administering riboflavin.
Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)
Vitamin B6 deficiency includes eczema and seborheic dermatosis in the ears, nose, and mouth, cheilosis,
glossotis and angular stomatis and hypochromic and microcytic anaemia. Central nervous system changes such
as irritability and depressions.
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Vitamin B12 (Cynocobalamine)
Macrocytic, megaloblastic anaemia and neurological symptoms characterise vitamin B12 deficiency. Alterations
in hemat poisis occur due to high requirement for vitamin B12 for normal DNA replication necessary to sustain
the rapid turnover of the erythrocytes. Neurological systems are due to demyelisation of spinal cord and are
potentially irreversible.
Minerals
Unlike organic contents, minerals are not synthesised in body therefore these are to be supplemented from
external source. The amount needed is small. - micro grams or milligram a day, required for regulatory system
in the body for efficient energy metabolism. The other functions are cognition, immune system and
reproduction. At times their deficiency takes the proportion of diseases (iron deficiency, cause anaemia, iodine
efficiency causes goitre). Phosphorus and calcium occur mostly in bones and teeth. But sulphur in aminoacid is
present in all living cells.
About 4-6% of body weight is made of mineral element. The mineral Ca and magnesium are included in
nutritional planning. Other major minerals present in the body are P, K, S, Na, Cl, and Mg. Other found in
traces are Mn. Cu, I, Co, Zn, and Fl. The body functions regulated by the minerals are maintenance of acid
/base, water balance, contraction of muscles and normal response of nerves to physiological stimulation and
clotting of blood. The mineral and vitamin deficiency affect the greater number of people in the world than the
protein mal nutrition,
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Mineral content of some grains
Wheat brawn contains highest percentage of Ca, P, K, Na and Mg and flour contains lower percentage of these
minerals. The germinates also contain higher amount of minerals than wheat flour. Wheat and its products are
relatively low in Ca and high in phosphorus. Bran and germinated wheat contain high concentration of
nutritionally micronutrients viz. Na, Mn, Cu, Ca, Fe, and Se than other milled streams, except that cobalt is
distributed in all wheat products.
Maximum iron content in wheat (42 ppm) was in Philippine, Ca( 900 ppm) in Great Britain, and Zinc (17ppm)
and magnesium (Mg) (590 ppm) in Nigeria21. Pearl millet is comparable to wheat in zinc and iron contents.
Phosphorus content in millet is almost twice that of wheat. Millet high in phosphorus content may be an
important factor in determining the total nutritional value of this grain. The presence of phosphorus as phytin
reduces absorption of trace minerals in the gastrointestinal tract. Phytin phosphorus in millet has been reported
to constitute from 33-90 % of total phosphorus in cereal grain. In the four varieties of analysed content there
was significant variability in the content of Ca, Mg, Zn, Fe, K and P, but Na content was relatively stable.
These details are necessary in considering vitamin fortification of rice, both in production and processing.
2.3 Scientific facts
Carbon cycle.
Carbon cycle is based on the transfer of carbon to biological system and ultimately to geosphere as fossil
carbon and fossil fuel. Micro organism play important role in carbon cycle mediating significant biochemical
reactions.
The hydrologic cycle
The hydrologic cycle is getting vitiated by global warming and climate change. The extremes of floods and
droughts are expanding and making both excess moisture or the severe drought intensive and for longer
duration.
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Nitrogen cycle,
The N is the most important nutrient element and nutrient for plant growth and gets transformed in to various
forms in the nitrogen cycle16. There are two routes for the N to reach at the terrestrial ecosystems i.e. by
microbial fixation bacteria and the thunder and rains. The microbial transformations are organic nitrogen RNO2,
Ammonia NH3, Ammonium NH4, Nitrite NO2, Nitrate NO3 Nitric acid NO, nitrous oxide N2O and reformed
nitrogen gas N2, that goes back to the atmosphere16. With the endeavours of increasing global productivity, the
artificial nitrogen is added in addition to the natural build of nitrogen.
There are four main ways by which nitrogen can naturally be made available for use in ecosystems16. Firstly, by
plants themselves, when bacteria, most notably those associated with leguminous (bean or pea) plants, trap
nitrogen from the air and combine it with hydrogen to form ammonia (NH3). Thunder and rains also bring down
nitrogen in the nitrate form. The decomposition of plants and animals also releases organic nitrogen into the
soil as ammonia. Bacteria and fungi in the soil then convert this ammonia into ammonium (NH 4), which can be
used by plants. Further chemical reactions by nitrosomonas bacteria transform the NH4 into nitrite -NO2- .The
nitrobacter bacteria then convert the nitrite NO2- to NO3- nitrate. This nitrate is very soluble, and used by plants.
The cycle is concluded when denitrifying bacteria in soil convert nitrates in anaerobic soil to either nitrogen gas
(N2) or nitrous oxide (N2O) and these gasses then return to the atmosphere. In order to reach at scientific
interventions in the nitrogen cycle process knowledge would be necessary[22]. The land form that maintains
nitrogen cycle following good paths of decomposition has to be created.
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Oxygen cycle
Oxygen is major component of all living organism[24]. Oxygen is needed by most of plant, animals and
microorganisms for aerobic respiration or enzymatic oxidation of organic food which sustain growth and
metabolism. It is absorbed from atmosphere by aerobic respiration and released by plants during photosynthesis
thereby setting up oxygen cycle.
Phosphorous cycle
Terrestrial plants absorb in organic phosphate from the soil and convert these in to organic phosphate[24]. Plant
and animal after death return their phosphate by micro organisms to the soil phosphate[1],[17], which are finally
converted in to humus by the action of soil micro organism. Bulk of the phosphate fixed or absorbed on to soil
particles but part of it is lost by leaching out in to water courses[23].
Sulphur cycle
Plants and animals depend on continuous supply of sulphur for synthesis of some amino acids and
proteins[1],[17]’[23],[24],[25],[26],[27],[28],[29]. Aerobic decomposition of cellulose by sulphur bacteria
produces sulphate[1],[23],[27]. Anaerobic decomposition under polluted condition produces hydrogen sulphide
(H2S), which damage plants and animal cells [23]. In unpolluted water under aerobic condition the sulphur
bacteria convert the H2S in to sulphate for further production of proteins [16].
It is clear that all the essential inputs for the plant growth among 14 essential elements, C, N, O, P, S and even
water supply maintain a cyclic pattern[24]. In the process of maintaining sustainability it is essential to create a
system which supplements all the elements necessary for plant growth to keep the cycle operating continuously
as far as possible. Because of many uses and misuses there occur distortions in the process that pollute
atmosphere, water and soil medium in the form of toxic salts and gases. Table 1 contains useful and harmful
forms of the products that develop in the process of decompositions (Table. 6) in the soil medium which serves
as habitat for the plant growth.
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Table 6. Secondary natural resources, product, knowledge status and engineering application
S.N.
Scientific
fact
Useful
Harmful
Status of
Engineering
knowledge Technology
1
Nitrogen
cycle
Nitrate
Nitrite
Known
Mixed, cropping, inter
cropping crop rotation,
green manuring
2
Phosphorus
cycle
Phosphate
Phosphide
Known
Gets fixed in soil, Band
placement
3
Potash
cycle
Potash
-
-
-
4
Sulphur
cycle
Sulphate
Sulphide
Not well Conduct
decomposition
known
5
Absorption
Removal of Pollution,
degradation
inimical
substances
6
Adsorption
7
Joint
strength
aerobic
existing
in
Not well Not
agriculture, but it can
perceived
be innovated
and
applied
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Removal of Pollution,
degradation
inimical
substances
Enhance
and produce
uniform
germination
Strong crust
strength
restrict
germination
existing
Not well Not
agriculture
perceived
and
applied
in
strength,
Known but Weaken
way
to enhance joint strength
by band placement.
exercise
these facts
not
popularly
used
It is necessary to have a mechanism to eradicate, absorb or adsorb the toxic gases and salts to keep the condition
controlled and enable the process continue to function always to produce good effects by following right paths
of decompositions[1]],[17],[23],[27],[28]. It requires to maintain aerobic condition by providing
drainage[1],[17],[18] moisture supplies and supplement the essential elements[24]. These
provisions[1],[17],[18],[24] are universal requirements and bringing ideal landform that accomplishes all
function will serve the universal need of plant production.
2.4 Design consideration for designer rice production
As usual, any development should have some strategy to work upon and strive to accomplish some goals.
Within the strategy some design specifications are devised and accordingly various components such as, land
form[30],[31],[32] plant nutrients[33],[34],[35],[36],[37],[38],[39],[40],[41],[42],[43],[44],[45],[46], irrigation
[47],[48],[49],50],[51] precision planting, weeding[41],[52],[53],[54], interculture, harvesting and post
Copyright © 2014 SciResPub.
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harvesting cultivation are made to assemble them to form the module of technology. It is clear that lot of
researches have gone on nutrient and irrigation of rice production. However, there neither was uniform research
approach nor were the consistent results. In the present study it was envisaged to develop a technology of
universal application for production of rice. For production of designer rice quality use of primary and
secondary natural resources was enforced to create the production process of paddy and from which rice and
other by-products are extracted. The specification for development of designer rice is that it should be of good
quality, fragrant smelling, have good taste, high nutrient of protein, vitamin, minerals, high harvest index,
stable yield and multiple use of rice as well as of the by products to enable the producer make good income and
the consumers get quality rice (Table 7). Thus, the specification encompasses processes involved in production,
processing and even expertise cooking for quality rice at every stage of development.
Table 7. Role of different scientific facts in designer rice production
S.N.
Process
Engineering
Outcome
1
Designer
characters
Grain size
Variety breeding
Genetic engineering
2
3
Fragrance
Good taste
Mutation breeding
Carbohydrate
Genetic engineering
Cooking process
4
Protein content
Genetic
Improvisation
management
Genetic engineering
Improvisation
engineering
5
Vitamin content
Long
grain
variety
Smelling variety
Cookery
experise
Thiamine
and
lysine content
good
energy
source
B1
and
B2
content
High
vitamin rice
Excessive salt
free rice and no
uptake
of
insecticides and
pesticides
Danger
free
food
6
7
8
9
10
11
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Genetic engineering
Imprvisation
engineering
of
Free
from Balancing of body Immobilization
functions
excessive minerals and
undesirable
pesticides etc to keep
mineral contents
within the acceptable
uptake range.
No bad smelling
Anaerobic
Cause bad smell and
decomposition
intakes
cause
produces H2S and poisoning of body cells
SO2
No
excessive Excessive uptake of Reduce bioavailability Rice of quality
of toxic salts
surety at par
contents of toxic salts
with organic rice
salts and gas
forming
substances
Rice should not Processing for milling Whole
milled
Quality
rice
improving easy excessively break
milling quality
Multiple use of Rive
shuld
be Processing ability to Variety of food
rice
useable for multiple produce different items products such as
beaten,
fried,
of foods
uses for foods
parboiled, flour
etc.
Multiple use of by By products of rice Should
enable Extra source of
Copyright © 2014 SciResPub.
Genetic control
Improvisation
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products
such as straw, husk, multiple use to conduct
brawn
business
High
harvest Yield of grain: Production
index
straw ratio
management of water,
nutrient
and
all
agronomic practices
Low
water Production should The RBC and Nutrient
demand
be less sensitive to management
water shortages
Low
external Reduce cost and Racy
nature
input requirment
allow resources use
agriculture enables all
necessary requirements
12
13
14
163
income for the
rice growers
High
harvest
index
Stablised yield
Good
production with
indigenously
available
resources
nature No release of
No emission of Convene
aerobic Racy
GHGs
condition to revolve agriculture technology GHGs
C,N, O, P and S
cycle
nature Stable
yield
Climatic resilient Produce good yield Racy
under all climatic agriculture technology productivity
situations.
Acceptable crop Genetic
Genetic engineering
Yearly
high
duration
food
production
Improvisation
Improvisation
Possible
management
Engineering
15
16
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17
2.5 The technology module
The technology of designer rice production is constituted of component which is known to bring best
effects[30],[31],[32],[33],[34],[35],[36],[37],[38],[39],[40],[41],[42],[43],[44],[45],[46]
[47],[48],[49],[50],[51],[52],[53],[54]of quality and multiple uses of rice and the by-products to create chain of
business towards the production, income generation and protection of environment. In order to achieve the
target the production process involved in the year round cultivation and the cropping pattern to generate the
revolving cyclic pattern is brought in it. An agriculture technology designated as racy nature agriculture
developed on the innovative application of scientific facts of environmental sciences and environmental
engineering and resulting features are presented.
2.6 Constituents of technology capsule
Thesupportingreference
[30],[31],[32],[33],[34],[35],[36],[37],[38],[39],[40],[41],[42],[43],[44],[45],[46]
[47],[48],[49],[50],[51],[52],[53],[54] justifications and developments in this study are well internationally
accepted as established by documentations in the form of research publications of world class international
journals across the globe[1],[16],[17],[18],[19],[20],[22],[25] (Table 8)
Table 8 Conservative assessment of yield enhancement by racy nature agriculture practices components and
their justification
S.
No
1
Basis and justification
Racy
nature Possible
agriculture practice increase,
%
component
15
Aerobically
Aerobically decomposed cellulose by the sulphur
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decomposed manure,
application
Ploughing
5
3
Formation of raised 10
bed furrow system
4
Precision sowing
5
Maintenance
of 10
optimum
plant
density
Sprinkler irrigation 10
at
optimum
efficiency
6
5
164
bacteria produce sulphate, directly taken by plants
for building body tissues and promoting growth.
Ploughing creates aeration that convenes aerobic
decomposition
RBC increase soil depth to larger volume of
moisture and air in the root zone. The additional
moisture and aeration makes plant growth under
both the condition of water logging and drought.
This situation permits crop diversification in the
low lands where only paddy cultivation is possible.
The precision sowing enable harness yields from
entire space of the field under crop. Both raised bed
and furrow can be sown/planted to extract utility
high and low moisture and the oxygen supply.
Plant density that will be produced by the crop
variety and crop should be optimised by generation
II (2G) research.
Sprinkler irrigation freshens irrigation water by
eliminating hydrogen sulphide and methane like
harmful gases in water, thus create adequate oxygen
supply and save irrigation water
Weeds removal is removal of nutrient and moisture
by unwanted plants that may grow in the crop field
The inter-culture again enhances aeration during
the crop growing in the field.
Subsequent cropping utilises land which emits
GHGs contained in soil (at least 10% of total yearly
GHGs emission. The subsequent cropping enables
function of nutrient cycle under aerobic condition
and supplement the soil to be harnessed by the
paddy crop.
Combined additive effect of all factors enumerated
above.
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7
Weeding
8
Inter culture
9
Subsequent cropping 5
system
Composite
enhancement
additive index
Multiplicative index
5
10
75
2.047
Combined multiplicative effect of above all factors.
3. Results
The present study identified total 17 quality characters for constitution of designer rice as against only
genetically induced quality characters in the past. The quality characters of rice can be broadly categorised in
three groups viz that induced by the genetically improved expressed in to variety, other induced by the
improvisation and the third one some technology induced qualities. The emphasis on the variety has been going
on since the development of culture and related knowledge of selection and plant breeding. This fact of
dominance of genetic efforts and endeavours that exists in varietal development for enhancing protein, vitamins
and also some minerals is sufficiently established by the subject dealt with in book21. However, the quality of
rice produced from the same varieties grown at different locations with change in agro-climate, soil and
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cultivation technique get remodified. Processing engineering has also been playing important role in bringing
milling and polishing and cooking expertise in quality consumption of rice. The effect of genetic, improvisation
and other technology on the quality character of rice are considered in the following.
3.1 Genetic quality character of rice
The quality characters (Table 9) viz grain size, fragrance, high protein content, high vitamin content, easy
milling, quality milling, multiple use of by-product, high harvest index, drought resistance and crop duration are
total 10 aspects where genetic has played important role in development of quality of rice. These characters are
also affected by the soil, climate and improvisation managements that are given in production of rice. These
quality considerations have been attempted at local and international levels. All regions have some special
varieties that produced different quality characters when grown at different locations. Thus, ocean size
developments of genetic engineering have been going on and each white spots glitter like the fireflies. These
firefly lights get over shadowed by the emergence of new stronger light by another firefly. In absence of any
other universally improvisation technology, the genetic improved quality has prevailed as the quality of rice.
Other technologies get overshadowed by the genetic improved quality of rice, in general.
Table 9. Role of different scientific facts in designer rice production
S.N.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Quality
Effect
of
contributing field
Grain size
Variety breeding
Genetic effect
Imrovisation
Fragrance
Mutation breeding
Genetic engineering
Improvisation saved Aerobic condition
fragrance
Good taste
Good improvisation Improvisation
management
Expert cooking
Expert preparation
High
quality Genetic Engineering Genetic engineering
protein content
Imrovisation
to Imrovisation
produce
sulpho engineering
amino acid
High Vitamin Genetic engineering Genetic engineering
content of B1, B2
Free
from undesirable
Improvisation
Reducing
toxic
salt
bioavailability
of
contents
toxic salts
No bad smell
Genetic
Aerobic
Eliminate
smell
decomposition
producing gases
elimintes H2S and
SO2 production
Easy milling
Genetic
Soft dehusking
cover
Improvisation
of Soft
irrigation
and development
nutrients
Copyright © 2014 SciResPub.
Contribution
Composite out
come
Fine long grain
rice
Smelling variety
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Tasteful food
Thiamine
and
lysine content
and good energy
source
High
rice
vitamin
Toxic salt free
rice
Danger
food
Easily
rice
free
milling
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10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
-
Quality milling Genetic Engg
quality
Rice should not
excessively break
Multiple use
Genetic
Rice useable for
multiple uses for
foods
Multiple use of Genetic engg
by products
By products of rice
such as straw, husk,
brawn
High
harvest Genetic
index
improvement
Improvisation
engineering
Low
water Genetic
demanding
Variety less sensitive
to water shortages
Low
external Reduce cost and
input requiring
allow resources use
166
Homogenous
maturing rice
Processing
for
milling
Processing ability to
produce
different
items of foods
Genetic
Improvisation
engineering
Whole
kernal
milled rice
Genetic engineering
Increased
harvest index
Food products
such as beaten,
fried, parboiled,
flour etc.
Extra source of
income for the
rice growers
Enhancing uptake of
P and K
Drought
tolerant Stabilised yield
variety
Adopt racy nature
agriculture
Racy
nature Good
agriculture enables production with
all
necessary indigenously
available
requirements
resources
Racy
nature No release of
agriculture
GHGs
technology
yield
Racy
nature Stable
productivity
agriculture
technology
Genetically
short Yearly
high
duration variety
food production
Adopt racy nature Possible
agriculture
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No emission of Convene
aerobic
GHGs
condition to revolve
C,N,O, P and S cycle
Climatic
Produce good yield
resilient
under all climatic
situations.
Acceptable crop Genetic
duration
improvement
Standard duration to
permit other crops
cultivation
Overall
Genetic
10/17 (59%)
Improvisation
15/17 (88%)
Other
4/17 (24%)
100 % designer
rice
3.2 Quality enhancing improvisation management
The quality characters of rice which get affected by improvisations are fragrance, good tastes, protein content,
vitamin content, free from undesirable salts, free from bad odours, easy milling, multiple use, multiple use of
by-products, free from external inputs, restricted emission of GHGs, high harvest index, low water demands,
climatic resilience and crop growing duration ie total 15 aspects(Table 9). Earlier effects on quality
improvements were not visualised at global scale. The effects of improvisation were limited at the local scale
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like the glittering of fireflies, again. There has been general lack of universal designer rice. This study has
established role of land, water, nutrient and management practice of universal application of racy
technology[1],[16],[17],[18],[19],[20]. The incorporation of working of sulphur cycle makes it easy to bring
much quality improvement of rice. Since it is improvisation practice of universal application the quality will
also be unique across the globe. There will be scope to launch a global competitive challenge for production of
the world class designer quality rice to give accomplishment award. The land and water management situation
will receive good attention in production of quality of rice. The application of efforts will indicate the weakness
of quality factors, where research efforts need to be specially fortified to bring quality production of world class
rice everywhere. The land, water degradation, scarcity of resources, enhancement in productivity and protection
of environment with respect to emission of GHGs such as methane and nitrous oxide will get suppressed. Thus,
environmental menace of rice production will get eliminated that result from extensive and intensive rice
production.
3.3 Quality of rice enhancement by other input practices
The processing engineering, particularly milling and parboiling are considered as processing engineering
contribution of quality of rice. Polishing of rice eliminates the vitamin contents of rice which is predominantly
desired quality content from the whole grains. In rice keeping the rice unpolished will bring the quality by
unprocessed rice. Earlier less emphasis on nutritional quality was overshadowed by the appearance and the
polishing removed the vitamin contents. The quality of by- products such as husk, extraction of edible oils for
food and alternate industrial uses, cattle feeds, paddy straw for cattle feed, preparation of aerobically
decomposed organic manures will make rice cultivation inclined towards industrial applications. In the array of
17 quality characters (Table 9) other factors include expert cooking to produce good taste, quality improving
processing and multiple uses by cooking i.e. four quality aspects.
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The improvisation technology, the racy nature agriculture has several inbuilt components which contribute to
improve quality of rice being new development, by the author, is referred to here to make the quality aspects
other than the variety i.e. by improvisation are presented to let the researchers and rice growers comprehend the
issues how these are going to bring improvement in the designer quality of rice.
3.4 Classification of quality characters
The quality characters are classified in two separate groups of variable and attribute (Table 10). The variables
can be measured in some unit of measurement and scales. The other qualities are which can be felt but cannot
be measured in terms of units and set scales. Such qualities are called attributes. The attributes can be rated by
general theory of acceptance on individual consideration. This method, known as Delphi method[55] is well
accepted way of measurement and applied in different evaluations, that cannot be assigned unit of measurement
or in monetary terms. The quality variables and attributes play important role in rating of quality of rice. The
Delphi method is based on progressive assessment of individual considerations[26].
Table 10. Classes of quality characters of designer rice
S.N,
Variable
Units
1
2
3
4
Grain size
High Protein
High Vitamin
High harvest index
mm
range
Range
percent
5
6
Easy milling
Good milling quality
Range
lowPower
Copyright © 2014 SciResPub.
S.N.
1
2
3
4
Attribute
Assigned
score
Fragrance
100
Good taste
100
No bad smell
100
Easy
milling 100
quality
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8
9
10
11
12
13
Multiple use of rice
Multiple
use
of
byproducts
Low water demand
Low
external
input
requirement
Low GHGs Emission
Climatic resilience
Acceptable crop duration
*Delphi Method
168
no
number
cm
number
units
percent
days
3.5 The racy nature agriculture
A knowledge intensive green technology for the time sequence and convergence based new alive, smart and
enthusiastic (racy) named as, Racy Nature Agriculture was innovated to alleviate the drudgery of the adverse
factors in present day agriculture and convene sustainable global food security and protect environment
(Fig1a,b.)
he basic module
Clouds and rain
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Land formation sectional view
Figure-1a : Land formation of raised bed and furrow for Racy Nature Agriculture under rainfed situation.
[The raised bed- furrow land form supplements adequate oxygen diffusion in the root zone, increased
moisture and nutrient reserve for plants under water logged as well as dry condition. Its local
customization is to be researched upon.]
Sprinkler irrigation with highest uniform spray irrigation
Land form of raised bed furrow for Racy Nature Agriculture
Figure-1b : Land form of raised bed and furrow and sprinkler irrigation for Racy Nature Agriculture
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[The sprinkler spray application of irrigation water will increase oxygen content; it will supplement the
raised bed enhanced storage of nutrients and moisture and sufficiently aerated, occasionally saturated
and drain off the excess water to keep always convene aerobic decomposition of organic and cellulose.
This will supplement plant nutrient by way of enabling sulphur cycle to function. This situation brings
good water and air interaction].
The racy nature agriculture comprises best results creating soil habitat, nutrient supplementation and
conductance of oxygen, moisture, protection from water logging and keeping condition for aerobic
decompositions. All these supplementary conditions are necessary for functioning of nitrogen, phosphorus,
potash and sulphur cycles to follow beneficial paths to produce nitrate, phosphate, potash and sulphate under all
changing hydrologic conditions. In the development of racy nature agriculture band of best practices supported
by the scientific facts were synthesized to form the panacea green technology capsule prescriptive for
ameliorating agriculture and environment. The technology comprises raised bed and furrow[30],[31],[32] and
nutrient supplementation of 25% of N requirement of crop by organic N sources
[33],[34],[35],[36],[37],[38],[39],[40],[41],[42],[43],[44],[45],[46] such aerobically decomposed compost or
aerobically decomposed green manure or liquid green manure [new formations] [1] precision planting, sprinkler
irrigation creating condition of green water as rain [47],[48],[49],[50],[51], supplemented with furrow irrigation
of high water demand at jointing, heading and flowering stages of crops, good drainage during flood and long
duration rainfalls[19] , weeding, intercultural, harvesting and post harvesting practices to reduce the emission of
green house gases,, when land is free of crops. It adopts crops selection that builds nutrient reserve which can be
synergically utilised in relay race like situation1. It promotes productivity with existing situation and conserves
resources for posterity. It is a panacea technology suitable for all agro-eco regions, climates, soils, crops and
water shortage and poor quality conditions. For example, the racy nature agriculture is applicable even for
cactus, a desert nonconventional fruit cultivated in Yemen in Gulf to the other extreme of wettest environment
experiencing highest rainfall for paddy crop at Cherrapunji, India. It is also equally applicable for controlled
environment agriculture such as green houses and poly houses. The technology has capacity to endure adverse
impacts of droughts and floods that are likely to become severe due to global warming and climate change in
future. The racy nature agriculture focuses and meets world over challenge in the use of natural and fixed
resources for agriculture and environment conservation, which have not been found in the existing scientific
ventures, except situations of bright spots14 .The technology surpasses by bringing improvement for covering all
agriculture domains, instead of that get produced in isolated and short lived bright spots [14].
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The technology capsule components have been validated17 for their efficient working. The scientific
publications and presentations on the related science and engineering of racy nature agriculture technology
capsule have been documented [16],[17],[18],[19].
Yields
The cropping pattern
The innovative development of scientific fact is applicable to decide the cropping patterns that make best use of
nutrient built by the previous crop. This aspect has been the existing practice of crop rotation. This aspect is
very well exemplified by studies of nitrogen management in wheat [22]. Wheat after leguminous crop of guar
saved nitrogen doe of 40 kg/ha. It is, further, displayed by the case study presented in Table 11. The cropping
pattern of rice-onion-cow pea enable functioning of sulphur cycle after rice that supplements sulphate which is
utilised by cultivation of sulphur loving crop of onion[29]. The leguminous crop of cow pea extracts nutrient
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from the deeper layer after the shallow soil layer utilising crop of onion. The cow pea fixes nitrogen which is
used by the following crop of paddy. This crop promotes functioning of nitrogen cycle in the cropping pattern
consisting paddy. The nitrogen is essential for building up of essential amino acid and vitamin. These studies
have produced example of way of use of cropping pattern in enhancing the productivity. However, there was no
consideration of reduction of the GHGs. The cropping pattern charters condition of Aerobic cycle that maintains
functioning of sulphur cycle and nitrogen cycle and eliminates build-up of nitrous oxide and methane during the
summer months. In the rice growing areas of India, Bangladesh and many south east Asian countries growing of
Boro rice is prevalent practice of growing rice during summer winter and summer that carry out GHGs emission
year round. This practice bothers the environment conservationists. There is sufficient justification to stop
cultivation of Boro rice and grow wheat and pulses as established by the cropping pattern (Table 11). The
benefits will occur in soil quality, water saving, carbon sequestration and water recycle and water and nutrient
use efficiency. Cultivation of maize and wheat as a result of crop diversification will enhance uptake of iron by
the aerobic condition instead of iron sulphide that will enhance quality of cereal crops.
Table 11 Rice based cropping system attributes and productivity that supports functioning of sulphur cycle
(Acharya et al,2008).
Treatments
Yield of rice,
Tones/ha
Cropping Sequence
Rice
equivalent System
yield, Tones/ha
productiv
ity,
Tones/ha
Prod
efficiency,
kg
REY/ha/d
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Winter
Summer
C1 (Rice-Potato-sesame)
4.2
21.5
2.7
28.4
97.5
C2(Rice-rapeseedgroundnut)
4.3
4.9
7.6
16.8
52.8
4.4
22.8
3.2
30.4
105.6
(Rice-Onion. 4.4
26.7
9.3
40.4
126.5
4.132
3.342
7.608
20.82
C3(Rice-Cabbage-Green
gram)
C4
Cowpea)
CD (P=0.05)
0.069
Produced by permission of the publisher.
Yearly cropping sequence yield based REY
The uniqueness of the technology is further exemplified by presenting the data on yield increase of annual
crops cultivated in different situations and put in different cropping sequences. The composite rice equivalent
yield (REY) in different cropping sequences were accounted (Table 12) for assessing the potential production
of foods. In the table addition of third crop, quite prevalent under intensive agriculture to increase nitrogen
fixation will further enhance the REY. Nevertheless, this component is not included in the data of REY for the
sake of keeping the margins of variations at different locations as compensating component for the racy nature
agriculture to surpass production everywhere. These values guide one as to which cropping sequence should be
followed in a given situation. This will help decide customized management of nature agriculture. The outcome
will be better efficient use of resources in agriculture viz increase in food production, conservation of water and
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reduction of land degradation on various accounts, viz water, wind, chemical, nutrients etc. The REYs will
create new niche in food production. The application of technology makes it possible to use any successful
cropping sequence under the limited water supply situation. The limitation of water availability will increase in
the years to come because of global warming and climate change and increase in water demand for diverse uses.
Thus, racy nature agriculture will be the only stake for future sustainable food security. The customized data
will guide governance to be promoted in different agro-eco regions. Likewise, the quality of the food produced
in racy nature agriculture will get identified for geographical indication registry (GIr) and Quality patenting.
This will help consumers select most genuine and desirable food for purchase and the produces get
remunerative price. This situation will enhance the GDP in agriculture and make agriculture more alive, smart
and enthusiastic. The primary productivity will give base for industrialization in agriculture and increase in
employment opportunities.
Table-12. Yearly cropping sequences and rice equivalent yields (REYs)7
Items
Crops
Crops
Yields Q/ha
REY
Crops
Yields, q/ha
REY
Crops
Yields, q/ha
REY
Crops
Yield, q/ha
REY
Crops
Yields, q/ha
REY
Crops
Rainy season
Winter season
Cropping sequence Rice—wheat
Rice
Wheat
114
76
114
57
Cropping sequence Maize –wheat
Maize
Wheat
91
76
57
57
Cropping sequence Maize- Mustard
Maize
Mustard
91
36
57
74
Cropping sequence Soybean –wheat
Soybean
Wheat
50
76
63
57
Cropping sequence Maize- gram
Maize
Gram
91
46
57
115
Total, q/ha
171
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114
131
120
172
Price of commodity, Rs/q: Wheat 1200; Rice 1600; Maize 1000; Mustard 3300; Soybean 2000; Gram 4000
The technology capability
Validations of component practices and the composite technology fulfil the validation need of composite
technology capsule of nature agriculture[17],[56]. Thus, the technology surpasses and overtakes all known and
existing researches and developments in agriculture, food production and environment protection. The racy
nature agriculture fulfils and accomplishes challenges related to global agriculture, food, environment and
people. It has accomplished more than one and half dozen challenges of natural resources management (NRM).
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The technology produces ecological benefits of improvement in soil quality (SQ), water productivity (WP), low
external input (LEI), integrated pest management (IPM), water cycling (WC), biodiversity (BD), carbon
sequestration (CS) and social capital (SC), more than those known for the bright spots. It is technology of field
level application in entire arable area of any watershed to cover any ecosystem accompanying agriculture
component in it. The technology will usher global revolution in land and water resources use for bringing food
security. Local optimisations of the technology will take care of customization accuracy to account for existing
roles of agro-eco-regions, man-machine and socio-economic status. The alteration of decomposition process,
arrest of GHGs and heavy metals will reduce GHGs load in atmosphere, reduce load of heavy metals that will
reduce global warming and avert climate change. This aspect, totally new application in agriculture will
produce food better than so called organic food. Thus, in lieu of some high profile and resources full having
access to limited organic food, a better quality and accessible to all surpassed solution is developed. Further,
scope for refinements for the third generation research is opened so as to bring technology refinement, in future
as well. The lag in the situation and makeup in the shortfall in present day agriculture can be made by
recognition of motivational oriental saying i.e. late is better than never. Therefore, it requires to makeup mind,
without further delay and come in action for implementation of the racy nature agriculture. The implementation
will revamp all to join in mission to create mansion of global sustainable food sufficiency for present and
posterity.
3.6 Developments in nutritional quality
As a sample, the quality constituents of export quality basmati rice (Table 13) are included to appraise of the
constituent qualities of rice. This quality of rice is of the commercial grade product, had been produced in their
own way, but not by applying the new technology of racy nature agriculture. The quality of rice produced by
the technology constituted in the present study will be better than that of the commercial grade rice. Further the
commercial grade rice contains only eight genetically enhanced rice qualities. In the present study the designer
rice target comprises 17 quality characters, which promote export, marketing and sale, enhancement of
ecosystem services, enhancement in productivity and protection of environment. Thus, it is clear that there
exists vast scope for improvement and promotion of international business.
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Table 13. Quality content of typical exported basmati rice vis a vis ideally required
S.N. Quality character
Unit
1
Protein
mg
2
3
4
5
Carbohydrate
Energy
Calcium
Phosphorus
mg
cal
mg
mg
6
7
8
10
Iron
Fiber
Fat
Vitamin A
mg
mg
G
-
Copyright © 2014 SciResPub.
Content/100g Scope and measures
to enhance it
9
Sulpho amino acid by
enhancing RNH3
uptake by crop
77
By enhancing crop
productivity
375
6
By adding leguminous
crop in the cropping
50
pattern, Some
innovative addition can
be explored.
2
Folic acid external
5
External
0.5
External
Vitamin A can be
supplemented by
adding carrotduring
cooking
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3.7.Reduction in GHGS emission
In addition to the increase in yield, the green house gas emission of carbon dioxide and methane will be
minimum that will protect environment [1],[17],[23],[57],[58],[59]. It supplements the statements that think
global and act local. It is evident that theory should be used to make the global policy tool. Their modifications
should be made as per impact of driving factor and adjustment of global policy tool in to local policy tool. The
policy should be declared and made fully aware to the stake holders for their enhanced participation in any
mission with their clear mind. This strategy will enable efficient and conservative use of resources. Their local
customization will indicate the factor that would need revamping and management for enhancement of yield,
thus it will involve strategic management of scientific agriculture. These facts add enormous strength to this
innovative technology of natural resources management. It will help launch generation II (2G) agriculture in the
global scenario.
The agricultural technologies can be broadly classified to have two arms; a crop variety improvement and b.
cultural improvisation including irrigation and nutrient management and auxiliary agronomic practices. The
variety improvements can be imported and transferred from one country to the other. There has been good
advancement in development of dwarf varieties of wheat and rice that brought green revolution worldwide. Dr
Norman Borlaug was awarded noble peace prize in the year 1970 for bringing this breakthrough. However,
the second arm ie improvisation could not make such break through and remained in producing the bright spot
of successes 14, which are on the empirical basis of doing and learning lessons and again doing. The racy nature
agriculture is a Sun technology having fixed mode applicable universally in space and time as a Sun
technology[17],[18],[19]. Like crop variety the Sun technology has also capability to enhance the harvest index
of crops17. Thus, the Sun technology[17] also becomes strong arm of agriculture globally. The Sun technology
stand parallel to crop variety and it will further enhance the efficiency of crop varieties in increasing the harvest
index. The Sun technology will serve as corrective technology to remove the blame imposed on the green
revolution that it created the reductions in the ecosystem services. The racy Sun technology is the most superior
land, water and environment pro improvement technology. Further, utility of this sun technology will be taken
up in the discussion parts, i.e. after many implicating issues and features taken up in this study.
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Table14. Nutrient composition of the green manuring crops, compost and NADEPED green manure as well as
used as cattle feed
Subabul (Sisbania)
Highest % of nutrient contents
In the crops
Green gram (Phasiolus mungo)
N (3%)
P (0.18%)
Pearl millet
K(1.0%)
N(.5%)
Anaerobic Compost
P(.8)
K(1.1%)
N(1.5%)
Nadeped Compost
P(1.0)
K(1.4%)
N(4.5%)*
Green manuring
Nadeped Green Manure (New formation , NGM)
P(1.0%)
K(1.4%)
* Crop N . Nadeping factor
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3.8 Technology for eradication of unsurmounted poor quality of rice due to bad quality of soil, water and
the intensive IPM practices,
The degradation of soil and water and to some extent polluted environment lead to distortion and impairs the
quality of rice. The factors exist because of the inherent soil and ground water quality due to geochemistry of
the area. Example of such bad quality of produce is problem of arsenic that is taken by the crops and consumed
by the people as subsistence of food and drinking water. The arsenic is a poison and its permissible limit is 0.20.5 ppm and against this existence of As in food and water ranges high. These arsenic poisons accumulate in
the cells and cause cancerous problems, leading to the early death of people. The expected longevity in
Bangladesh is low because of the As poisoning.
Like the problems of As there exist worldwide problems of fluoride, insecticide and pesticides accumulation
with intensive irrigation and fertilizations, particularly, where decompositions occur under anaerobic conditions.
These decomposition process produce, hydrogen sulphide, sulphurdioxide and ammonia which have negative
charges and get stick to cilia part with positive charge and get absorbed in body[15]. These substances also
accumulate in human cells and cause, dental and bone deformation and limit body functions. The researches
have been reporting the spread, severity and damages that are coming to the notice (Table 1) [14]. However,
there has been no solution to overcome these problems. The scientific facts revealed that anaerobic
decomposition of carbon produce methane, cellulose, hydrogen sulphide and other fertiliser containing sulphur
or even the elemental sulphur form the hydrogen sulphide, which become the sources for the insurmountable
problems listed and highlighted in Table 1. Similarly under the IPM management chlorinated organic
compound get absorbed by plants and reach to the human by food chains. The scientific solution to these
problems is by incorporation of functioning of aerobic decomposition of organics and sulphates by different
appropriate cycles of carbon, nitrogen and sulphur. These cycle when operate under the aerobic condition do
not produce the harmful products. Further, scientific management of irrigation, nitrogen and the sulphur cycle
will produce enhanced uptake of phosphate which competes with iron uptakes. The organic sulphate by the
aerobic decomposition of the sulphur cycles reduces affinities to arsenic. This fact was substantiated by the lab
study[9] and field study[37], not fully equipped with the knowledge of sulphur cycle, further substantiate the
innovative application of the scientific facts in the present study. The uptake of P and K get enhanced even with
the same amount of water up take by the crops. The decomposition of leguminous bio mass viz green gram,
peas and soya beans etc in the form of organic and liquid green manuring has been substantiated by the study1
and applied in the development of nutrient management package of universally applicable technology the racy
nature agriculture[1],[17] is again referred to in Table 15.
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Table15. Removal of some toxic chlorinated organic by activated charcoal treatment (De 2010)
Compound
Aldrin
Dieldrin
Endrin
DDT
Arochlor1942 (PCB)
Initial
48
19
62
41
45
Concentration, g//l
After
Removal efficiency, %
<1.0
99+
0.05
99+
0.05
99+
0.1
99+
<0.5
99+
The addition of PO4 to As-contaminated soils to minimize As uptake is controversial under non-flooded
conditions[60], As III is actively taken up by so-called water channels (aquaporins) in the roots61. Laboratory
experiments[61] have shown that Boro (dry season) rice cultivars take up less AsIII andAsV than Aman (rainy
season) rice cultivars. This may be related to physiological or morphological differences between the root
systems[61]. However, this does not imply that Boro rice will accumulate less As than Aman rice under field
conditions, because Boro rice is irrigated with As-rich groundwater whereas Aman rice is rain fed.
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The uptake mechanism of organic As is largely unclear[61]. It seems that monomethyl arsenic acid (MMA) and
dimethyl arsenic acid (DMA) are taken up by rice plants but that the rate of uptake is much lower compared to
inorganic. To date, it has not been possible to predict As uptake by plants from the soil. Most papers only
include total As concentrations in the soil and the As concentration in the irrigation water. It has been suggested
that total As can be regarded as potentially bio available in paddy fields, because most of it is bound to FeOOH.
Good correlations between total As in soil and plants are however not always found.
The another aspect of management of the problems enumerated in Table 15 is making the salts either inherited
in soil, water or by faulty management of irrigation , or fertiliser and IPM is by creating bio unavailability and
fixing the salts in the soil. These bio unavailable elements do not move to the crop so the food chain is saved
from the congestion of bad elements. The success of the arrest of the chlorinated organic compounds is
displayed by the values in Table 15. The racy nature agriculture Sun technology has a built in component to
carry out fixing the toxic salts and gases become biologically unavailable. These salts, thus, do not get
absorbed by the crops.
3.9 Quality contrast with organic foods
The second arm viz improvisation comprising of cultural practices have been going on as per justification of the
effect of local variations. Nothing emerged as universal culture as a cultural practice to make it of universal
application. This situation leads to worsening of land, water, environment and lack of resources for the
posterity. This situation bogged down all concerned with food, environment and resources conservation
globally. The racy nature agriculture has carved many challenges and devised solution to the problems. It would
be appropriate to say that a universal innovative practice devised in this present study fulfils all challenges
implicating culture i.e. heavy weight arm to strengthen global agriculture. There has been continuing global
concern, but with situation of helplessness due to implication of various factors beyond known controls.
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The varietal improvement had reached to a level of occurrence and existence of risk in the world agriculture on
one hand and the unscientific cultures that lead to the situation of degradation of land, water and environment,
all leading to the great worry on the global food supply and its sustainability. The racy nature agriculture will go
long way to alleviate the global food situation by enhancing food quantity, quality by way of enhancement in
productivity of existing crops and enabling crop diversifications. Many countries which had not been able to
produce wheat will be able to produce it in their own country as per enabling situation of racy nature agriculture
and get rid of imports. This self dependence will be greatest achievement in world food situation. The World
Food Prize is meant to encourage efforts to enhance productivity of small farmers with the overall growth of
achieving a better global food security. This technology of at site resources conservation enables all categories
of farmers with poor knowledge and financial resources to join the mission of producing enough and good
quality food for the globe as an alternative and supplementing technology to any other technology that would
emerge in time to come. This will alleviate the danger and the global worry of food demand projected to rise
by the year 2050. This fact is revealed by the technology development process. The technology is free from any
reservation from the users and the consumers’ preference. It’s at site application enables generation of
employment and eliminates foreign reserves need for importing food. Thus, it is a technology that enables
create real global food security by feasible and plausible means. Infrastructures are to be developed locally that
will usher industrialisation in countries so agriculture and industries will go, may be in the form of corporations
as well, and flourish together
Many countries are known to have fascination for organically produced food. The inherited cultivation practices
of organic food production include GHG free operations by the agricultural machineries and tools, no use of
pesticides etc that might impair the quality of produce. But, there is no guarantee of controlling movement of
heavy metals, toxic gases from the water and the soil and environment where the organic food would be grown
(Table 16). As an example, the content of such heavy metals are enumerated here to display the risk of poor
quality of organic agriculture.
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Table 16 Elemental composition of organic manures, average values (Biswas et al., 2012)
Organic
manures
Macronutrients
N
P
K
% wet weight basis
yard 0.54
0.31
0.51
Some selected heavy metals
Fe
Mn
Cu
Zn
Mg/kg dry wieght basis
440
155
10
78
Farm
manure
NADEP
0.93
0.52
1.15
215
96
25
56
Vermin
1.36
0.48
0.65
619
245
16
45
compost
Note there was no visualisation of building of S sulphur in the organic manures, supporting lack of visualisation
of working of sulphur cycle.
The manure characteristics will have important bearing on the quality of organically produced foods. Here in
the racy nature agriculture it contains inbuilt mechanism of auto regulation of intake by plants, reduction of
impurities of the medium of production including environment and refinement of situations by stabilization of
heavy metals etc. Foods rich in nutrient and heavy metal free carbohydrate are obtained for supplementing
energy and body balances and functions. The carbohydrates are groups of naturally occurring compounds that
include variety of food stuff and fibre, natural sugar and starch L and cellulose. The carbohydrates contain only
three elements viz, C, O and H, in the proportion of waterie Cx(H 2O)y15. Glucose (C6H12O6) is hexose sweet
produced in photosynthesis, stored in the form of polymers (long chain molecules),which are largely insoluble
in water, known as glycogen in animals and starch in plants. In the racy nature agriculture Sun technology the
food and nutrition free of any toxic salts and chemical make insured food superior to organic foods. Further, in
the developing scarcity of dung, the basic input for organic agriculture, the racy nature agriculture having no
such limitation and better quality content, is a unique agriculture technology for producing good quality
sufficient food for all global consumers.
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3.10
Designer rice to promote export acceptance
Chapagain and Hoestra4 estimated global foot print of water for rice production to be 784 billion m3/y. The
study further indicated that for production of rice in India, Indonesia, Vietnam, Thailand, Myanmar and
Philippines, the fraction of green water (irrigation water ) was substantially larger than fraction of blue water
(rain water). USA had the blue water fraction 3.70 times the green water fraction and Pakistan 5.6 times. Blue
water fraction in average water use of rice export is bit higher than average rice export produced using green
water. Thus, it is evident that lot of water is consumed in rice production. If innovative application of the
scientific fact of application of sulphur cycle is made, substantial conservation of water and increase in rice
yield can be achieved. The authors study1 substantiated that there had been some knowledge gap in involving
function of sulphur cycle in the past.
In this domain, promotion of scientific fact and its suitable application will lead achieving water conservation or
increasing water use efficiency and reducing release of methane from the paddy fields. The countries using
green water will save lot of energy in application of irrigation water for water lifting and pumping etc.
Reclaimed wastewater quantities are matched against specific irrigation needs. Exploitation of such waste water
resource are planned to relieve water stress in Crete islands[28].
In Punjab India, under wheat and rice cropping lot of ground water was withdrawn for irrigation that lead to
drastic lowering of ground water table. Following this, farmers resorted to direct seeding of paddy crop, where
water required for submergence and puddling is relatively less than for extensive puddling. As indicated by
study[54], when submergence and puddling is not available to rice crop, average productivity of rice will go
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down. Therefore, in order to avoid reduction in crop yield a proactive practice of submergence and puddling
with awareness of scientific fact of sulphur cycle will be a rational and unified practice for rice culture for both
using blue or green water and reducing release of methane and global warming. Further, recent application22 of
green manuring of Sisbania under upland condition is showing way to maintain paddy yield under
intermittently flooding condition, this will also lead to reduction in release of methane gas to environment. But,
wheat yield is likely to be not benefited by this green manuring by Sisbania crop.
3.11 Performance indicators of ecosystem services
The rice cultivation will be a component of the ecosystems. The technology of production of designer quality of
rice shuld produces ecosystem services. The indicators for the ecosystem services are Soil quality (SQ),Water
productivity (WP), low external input (LEI), integrated pest management (IPM),water cycling (WC),
biodiversity, carbon sequestration (CS) and social capital (SC)[14] . In the Sun technology of racy nature
agriculture all of these indicators are acquired for everywhere and all the time to make the technology of
designer quality production be true and applicable everywhere and all the times. In contrast to the racy nature
agriculture the researches have been able to produce only the bright spots14. The bright spots glitter like fireflies
and remain in existence for short time and another technology may appear and surpass it. The designer rice
production technology being on innovative application of scientific facts of environmental sciences and
environmental engineering will remain the best for all time and everywhere. Because of chartering of different
elements to build-up, get utilised and again build up, ie in the form of revolving cycles, the productivity and
quality will be sustainable all the time. The natural resources use make it functional by using the indigenously
available materials and it does not require external input. The technology incorporates ideal way of CS and SC,
The amendment of specially prepared biochar offers immense potential of carbon sequestration and in deriving
the instantaneous advantage of refining soil and water quality for efficient working of sulphur bacteria for
converting hydrogen sulphite in to sulphate. As indicated earlier the uptake of sulphate will promote uptake of
phosphate that will reduce uptake of iron and As.
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3.12Nutrient upgrading and Toxicity suppressing amendments
The nutrient supplementation of 25 % of total N required by crops by organic manures such as aerobically
decomposed animal barnyards organic wastes, by green manuring particularly NADEPED green manuring or
liquid green manuring will produce sustainable high yield, produce enhanced sulpho-amino acid food crop,
reduce GHGs emission, permit crop diversification, enable bring crop rotation effect, save nutrient and water
and bring several ecosystem services. The racy nature agriculture also comprises component for reduction of
bioavailability of As, F, and chlorinated organic compounds by adsorption and absorption enhanced capacity of
additional amendment of biochar. Thus, the racy nature agriculture will restrict the uptakes of toxic salts and
toxic gases in the field. Yadav [17] used these techniques to reduce GHGs emission and enhance productivity of
paddy fields.
3.13 Content fortification
The quality of commercial grade fragrant rice depicted in Table 13 can be enhanced with respect to protein by
sulpho- amino acid build up, carbohydrate, energy and some protein by enhancing harvest index. The vitamin A
supplement will be possible by external fortification of rice and bean composition of food in rice eating world.
The prevailing rice fish-duck pigeon pea and papaya all being grown at the farm stead in the rice growing
region is well established and accepted mixed farming culture. Eradication and/ or removal of toxic salts and
organic chlorinated insecticides and pesticides by amendment of activated charcol will eradicate the toxicity
and poisons in the food. Thus, there is ample scope for internal production practice and the external fortification
in the improvement of designer quality of rice.
3.14 Processing
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Processing of paddy has come in strong way to refine quality and improve the milling quality. Parboiling of
rice is known to lessen the bad burden of arsenic content. However, the excessive polishing removes brawn that
contains vitamin. Some consideration should be given to improve the milling process. The craze for brown rice
rich in protein is increasing these days. Keeping bran intact in beaten rice should be popularised to eliminate
vitamin deficiency in the rice product. Extraction of rice brawn oil, conversion of rice brawn in to ongoing
practice of cattle/ poultry feed should be intensified to make the cultivation of rice profitable. The residue
management and paddy straw use have strong implications in production of quality and sustainability of rice,
which has to be devised by innovative application of scientific facts. Study [17] showed the right way to be
followed with extensive research and development.
3.15Packaging
Packaging is considered important for marketing and sale of rice. For large consumption of rice the packaging
may be in full size (100) kg gunny bag, 50kg or 25kg size. Smaller packets of 10 kg and 5kg bags are also used.
One kg packets are largely plastic jars. There is hardly any consideration of keeping quality alteration by the
packets of rice. The rice is kept for long time improves it quality. Therefore, the packaging needs some research
attention of the packaging materials and size for rice packaging.
3.16 GIr and patenting
The designer quality rice food availability will be possible for larger proportion of global gentry than what is
being afforded by the presently known as organic food, which may not be the real pollution free food. The
quality of rice contributed by second groups of factors of smell ie putrid and pungent character will not spare
the organic rally produced rice. These factors are ameliorated in the racy nature agriculture, poised to produce
the designer quality of rice. That means rice designer quality will be superior to the well known fascinated
organic rice in the world agriculture. The geographical indicator registry and patenting are very important
aspects that have emerged and taking strong hold on the research and development. In this domain when unique
agriculture technology is applied in production of rice, the emergence of unique quality of rice will be also
unique. This will be real development of identification of zone of best quality production of rice. There should
be some way and global mechanism to promote and coordinate the GIr based best quality. The South East Asian
countries known to capitalise the rice export will get highly benefited by the GIr application in identification
and registration. The quality development will be an engine of rice cultivation for enhancement in quality,
productivity and protection of environment. These new character of consideration will make rice free from
blame of causing environment pollution. The rice eaters will be free from the inferiority complex of eating poor
peoples’ food.
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3.17 Policy implication in agriculture and national economy
As depicted (Fig 2) trend of per capita income is the maximum from agriculture in the low income country and
lowest in the high income country. In the high income countries the industrial income and service sector income
are high. Further, in the recent years the service sector income has also picked up further surpassing the industry
sector income. This implies that if in agriculture some service sectors are incorporated the contribution of
income from agriculture will also boost. This strategy will boost agriculture, which is weak in the low income
countries. This aspect involves creating service sector by devising business process out sourcing for carrying
out the specialised jobs of production, processing, fortification of nutrient content, packaging, export etc. The
preparation of aerobic decomposition of organic manures, sprinkler irrigation and preparation of raised beds and
furrows, precision sowing etc are time sensitive hence availability of machine and tools, experienced manpower
will play active role. Study [62] dealt in detail the functioning of BPO in agriculture. These BPOs will work as
extension agent and promote adoption of generation II (2G) practice of rice cultivation.
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e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e
179
Services
Industry
Agriculture
o
Per capita income
Low income
Medium income
High income
Country
Country
Country
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Fig 2. Contribution of primary (agriculture), secondary (Industry) and tertiary (services) in the GDP
Clear-cut and appropriate policy plays vital roles in technology application and development of national
agriculture. The technology of designer quality production of rice is fulfilling need of subsistence, land and
water conservation and export promotion as well as reduction of foreign reserve expenditure on importing food.
The Sun technology will produce world level designer quality rice, improve ecological services and protect
environment. The technology is the real example of think global and act local. The global policy will get
modified by their impact factor indicating component. Thus, this strategy will bring world agriculture at one
platform of quality with respect to nutrition. This Sun technology fulfils the lack of breakthrough in agriculture
in food and nutrition like other areas of technological development affecting the daily life (Table 2). Because
food and nutrition is the basic primary need, it will acquire the first priority of application, implementation and
adoption. The Sun technology having ability to produce balanced nutritioned food, will surpass the so called
organic food, in the reach of some alighted group to every gentry of globe. These facts need realisation,
promotion and adoption by the world food sufficiency thinkers, planners and implementers.
3.18 Revision of food menu
It will be beneficial to add pearl millet in the daily meal to reduce absorption of the As or any other toxic salts
(Table 1). The pearl millet contains high Phosphorus (Table 17) that will suppress the uptake of As from the
intestine. The toxic substances will move out of body in the stool. This is a new remedial measure to escape the
bad effects of soil and water induced toxicity in the diet as revealed in the Table 1. It is logical and
experimental corollary of food and nutrition. It should work well. However, it requires detailed planned
experimental measurement of variation of As or other toxic content in stool due to change in the food menu and
addition of pearl millet. The pearl millet will have to be imported by the rice producing countries from arid and
semiarid areas. This fact of food and nutrition will set a new current of transfer of pearl millet in return of rice.
The pearl millet should be a new medically supported food substitution in the As problem area/countries. The
racy technology will also be applicable to produce designer quality of pearl millet that will be preferred for
import.
Table 17. Minerals in pearl millet ( g/g mfb) source Gupta (2000)
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Samples
Ca
Mg
Zn
Fe
99
1167
38
73
RMPI Cl
1330
31
61
HMP 1700 132
126
1384
30
78
Serete 3A
89
1389
28
79
HMP550
48
19
36
30
%
variation
% variation = (highest-lowest)/ lowest x100.
Na
43
43
41
45
10
K
3660
3864
3679
4605
26
180
P(x10-2)
66.5
74.8
79.4
86.4
30
4. Discussion
Food is the basic need of any human being and rice is the food of almost 50 percent of global population. The
countries where rice is grown due to circumstantial situation have low lying agriculture land and the rainfall is
high making compulsion for rice cultivation, given inferior status of prestige, particularly standard of living.
The extremes of rainfall events producing floods and in situation of low rainfall make production of rice
fluctuate with wide variations. The situation in the major rice growing area is characterised as poor nutrition
because of lack of many protein contents of rice. The rice production system is highly laborious and poor
working field job of mud, water, tiring and unlinked one. The vagaries of weather play to harden the production
reduction and land water and environment working condition difficult. The circumstances compel to grow rice
after rice and the geochemical situations worsen the quality of rice and cause many health hazards. The poor
situation impair the quality of life of rice eating people in the extensive rice cultivating areas, south east Asia in
particular and rest part of world, in general.
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4.1 Quality implications
The nutritional quality of rice is highly variable. The protein content is low and the region where rice is the
main foodcrop other sources of protein are also limited due to lack of crop diversification and development of
biodiversity. Normal protein requirement is 0.75g/kg body weight. Due to lack of diversification in the rice
growing regions the variety of protein is limited; resulting in the shortage of protein in general. The rice
contains low content of two proteins viz thiamine and cystein. As rice becomes the main staple food the other
types of protein become unavailable. Further, rice contains all types of sulpho amino acid but the geochemical
settings make soil and water quality to degrade the sulphoamino acid also. These situations result in protein
shortage, in general. The vitamin content also being low is known to cause the similar situation. The review
revealed the lowest per capita availability of protein is mainly in the rice growing countries viz Bangladesh,
Philippine, Thailand and as an exception, Nigeria (Protein availability around 49g/capita/d) to the highest
availability in France followed by U.S.A, Italy and USSR (112-106mg/capita, /day). Thus, there is vast
difference between consumption of protein by the nationals of different countries. The amino acids are the
building block of function of cell that support life and control the longevity of life. This implicates that
longevity of life span in the rice eating countries is subjected to reduction of life span.
The situation about vitamin deficiency is still on miserable front. The FAO study reported data in 1993,
included in the present study, revealed the vitamin A deficiency was the maximum in 10 million children in the
South East Asia including India that constituted 72% of global problem children. This bad situation occurred
due to unfavourable situation causing limited crop diversification which can be grown to supplement the food.
The rice crop does not contain the vitamin A. The shortage of Protein Thiamine, lysine and vitamin A became
set back of human health. The protein and vitamin deficiency play vital role in the development of human brain
in two years of age, but its functionality activates about two decades later [15].
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The mineral requirement of food is although small, but the poor land, water and environmental conditions make
disorder either of some deficiency and excesses in the body uptake. The disproportionate mineral in the body
disturbs various homeostatic and balances in the bodies are maintenance of acid /base, water balance,
contraction of muscles and normal response of nerves to physiological stimulation and clotting of blood. As
brought out earlier the mineral and vitamin deficiency affect the greater number of people in the world than the
protein mal nutrition. The mineral nutrition deficiencies are regulated by taking extra doses of iron, folic acid,
iodine and vitamin C. The excess of minerals which come to the body through food and water are Ca, Mg, P,
K, S, Na, Cl, and Mg. Other found in traces are Mn. Cu, I, Co, Zn, and Fl. About 4-6% of body weight is made
of mineral element. To get rid of disturbances due to excess or shortage of the body functions regulated, people
have resorted to take organic foods which is deemed to be free from the excess salts. Thus, the present study
substantiated that the present day produce of rice remained deficient of protein, vitamin and mineral nutrition.
Further, in the wake of production of sufficient food, poor and degraded condition of water, soil and
environment make the food and nutrition situation from bad to worse. This study took a challenge to ameliorate
the food production and environment protection by innovative application of the scientific facts to develop
designer high quality rice. The innovative technology developed in the form of a capsule of best known
practices and application of scientific facts of carbon, nitrogen, sulphur, phosphorus cycles to function under
the worsening situation of hydrologic cycle due to global warming causing the non manoeuvrable climate
change. Since the food requirement is persistent, its supply is also to be produced on sustainable basis. Food
sufficiency to fulfil the basic/physiological need is important factor in control of market dependent economy
and governance of countries. The food shortage and taste of food have triggered socio political problem
dramatically in some countries and as slow endemic disease in general in most of developing countries of the
world. The scientific review of past researches established that the small scientific lapse caused ocean size
problems related to food and environment in the world. The small scientific lapse was the lack of visualisation
of working of sulphur cycle which is an essential element in the plant growth. The productivity of water and
nutrient is enhanced by the working of sulphur cycle if it goes under specific situation of aerobic
decomposition. In the rice growing countries the geochemical and the landscape situation remained beyond
control and the decomposition processes went under anaerobic condition causing methane and nitrous
oxide16,17,57 which contribute to the GHGs accumulation in the environment. Thus, paddy cultivation being a
compulsion due to physiographic and rainfall situation bore the blame of causing environmental pollution and
global warming.
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This study produced solution for bringing productivity, designer quality of rice and protection of environment.
It applied scientific principles of environmental sciences and environmental engineering for devising the green
panacea technology named as racy (alive, smart and enthusiastic) nature agriculture17. Various aspects of
technology development process, validation and application and other technology contrasts have been
documented17. Devica38 advocated use of microbes for increasing availability of nutrients to plants. The microorganisms in the rhizosphere can mobilize phosphate from Ca(PO4)2 in the soil. The biosphere contains about
78% nitrogen gas. Micro-biological studies have proved that solitary application of cyanobacteria (Anabaena
azoltae) under rainfed farming lead to enhancement in grain yield (23%), straw yield (28%), grain wt (26%),
carbohydrate level in grain (10%) and in straw (17%), protein content of grain (22%) and straw (19%) over the
respective control. For rice crop combined application of balanced fertilizer and the cynobacteria resulted
improvement in yield (83%) and straw yield (40%), grain wt (25%), grain carbohydrate level (10.4%) and
straw (20%), protein content in grain (45%) and straw (26%) over the respective control [30]. Maximum
reflections of increases were found in combination of cyanobacteria with combination of fertilizers doses in the
grain yield and the protein content of grain. The gain from the cynobacterial application was more for wet land
rice than for the rainfed crops. Protein is the source of amino acid in the body cells.
This technology has surpassed world over best technology of land, water and natural resources conserving
technology which bring successes in the local domains and glitter for short time in isolation as lights emitted by
the fireflies. The racy nature has been brought to status of the Sun technology which is universally applicable
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for all soils, crops and both irrigated and rainfed agriculture. This unique feature of the innovative technology is
described in several research articles [16],[17],[18],[19],[20].
The designer quality rice producing technology builds the quality displaying variables which can be measured
and expressed with unit of measurement and the one which cannot be measured, but can be evaluated by
progressive assessment of peoples considered opinion by standard Delphi method [55]. These designer quality
characters are the one developed by the genetic improvement, and specially formed by the manoeuvred soil,
water and management engineering applications. Management of other aspects of milling and paddy processing
of rice production and cooking expertise and extra fortification of vitamin etc add to the quality character. The
technology substantiates justification of well known practice of rice, fish, duck and pigeonpea and papaya
culture practice at the farmstead level in south East Asian countries including eastern part of India, Bangladesh
Phillipne and Bangkok and even in China. This fact makes dents on improving nutrient composition by the
extra and external addition for enhancing nutrient condition of the designer rice.
It is substantiated established fact that this production technology will produce rice quality better than that one
would expect from the organic rice because of inbuilt provision in the technology. The technology focuses the
year round cropping pattern and it impacts on enhancement of crop productivity and protection of environment
and saving in the water for rice production. The unique production technology applicable for all crops,
cropping patterns and irrigated and rainfed condition will produce global level designer rice production.
Application of the GIr and patenting will need fortification of the quality monitoring and rating to establish
zone of designer rice production. This will uplift the status of global rice production from low to another
plateau. The designer quality produce of rice will fulfil the quality need of developed quality conscious as well
as the both quality and production demanding developing countries. The multiple utility product of designer
rice, and the multiple use of the by products of rice such as husk, brawn and paddy straw will make the paddy
cultivation remunerative, prideful and protect environment. It will require global effort for dissemination and
generate production experience by imparting training and demonstration involving visual display and touch15
those are implied by doing and learning, as established by the scientific fact of human ability for adoption of
innovations. Author's study63 applied the adoption by diffusion of innovation, famous Rogers theory of
adoption. The scientific fact of adoption of innovation behaviours have been attempted with successes and
failures 64-69. Innovative application based on the scientific facts shows clear direction and frame work of
research in the extension of the innovation of designer quality rice technology. The developments in this
innovative technology of food supply and economic developments fulfil all the aspiration of thinkers, planners
and policy implementer 70-72 towards income distribution disparity, economic developments, health building and
protection of environment. It needs its adoption and derivation of benefits from other scientific technologies as
brought out by Table 2.
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4.2Genetics and culture improvisation for promotion of nutritional quality of food grains
The mineral contents in pulses are highly variable among cultivars. Varietal difference in accumulation of P, K,
Mg, Na, Ca, Mn, and B complexes were significant in most plant materials studied. The consistency in
performance of mineral types across the years and locations indicates that a single environment may suffice
when screening genotype for differences in mineral accumulation21. Genetic correlation involving accumulation
of a particular element in seed and seedlings leaves was positive. In soya bean seed P, Ca, Mg and Mn
accumulations were highly positively correlated with first leaves of seedlings[21]. On the contrary, boot stage
leaves mineral nutrient content against seed mineral content should also have significant correlation. However,
the environmental, soil and cultivation practices, water and environmental actions are different which control
the mineral intake of varieties. Testing of these mineral accumulations under racy nature agriculture17, which is
universally applicable across the climate, soil, water and environment interaction will produce a comparable
result. These two unified approaches will clarify many doubts on the subject and will open new dimensions of
research on mineral uptake by the crops including cereals, pulses, oils and vegetables. Lot of adjustment in
nutrient enrichment and regulatory measures can be enforced and exercised in the racy nature agriculture[17].
Thus, land and water management through racy nature agriculture will support and standardise the research
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efforts that have been devoted on genetic improvements of crop varieties. Racy nature agricultures17 will
become a supportive and supplementary technology in enhancing global mineral nutrition from the food crops
and elimination of global nutritional deficiency.
5. SWOT analysis
The presented here is solution of 50 percent global gentry dependent on rice as staple food in the developing
countries for subsistence and in the developed part of the world for delicacies. The following analysis is
devoted on the issues related to the capability of the novel study.
5.1 Strength
The study has produced a solution of development and production technology for high quality designer rice not
for a specific site but for entire soil, climate, cropping systems crops and irrigated and rainfed agriculture. The
technology of production is based on innovative application of scientific facts known in environmental sciences
and environmental engineering. It is free from any scientific flaw and any discrepancy that makes it universally
green technology of enhancing food productivity, quality improvement and protection of environment. The
quality of rice produced by the green technology will surpass the organic food deemed to be known best for
keeping sound health and body function in the sure way against the uncertainty involved in organic good
production. Thus, the technology developed in the study makes full scientific use of natural resources, creator
of sustainability, and producer of quality food and protection of environment. The inbuilt component of the
technology will conserve water and improve the ecosystem services where agriculture will form the essential
component for production of food crops.
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The scientific facts and knowledge about the nutrient content of the crops enabled devising food menu for
reducing adverse effect of As in people solely dependent on rice. viz Bangladesh, south east Asia, Phillipine and
Chinese etc. The food menu should contain some proportion of pearl millet which has phosphorus, that will
reduce movement of As in to the blood stream across the intestinal wall. The unabsorbed As will be out out of
human bodies in fecal and urinary excretion. This is a scientific solution. It needs scientific monitoring to fix the
limits of transfer of As from the body as affected by change in the food menu. In the recent years use of
multigrain flour has gained popularity but the real scientific justification has not come to the minds of the users.
This, reformation of food menu will set a new business of import of pearl millet from arid and semi arid areas
to the excessively wetland where rice is the only crop that grows and pearl millet does not grow in the region or
country for people living on the rice infested with As. The scientific premises used in the present study will
serve equally well in devising universally green technology for horticulture, forestry and agro forestry crops. It
is going to work well for natural as well as built environment agriculture such as poly house or controlled
environment agriculture. The green technology will work well with the worsened conditions that may be
existing at present and bring improvement in due course of its use for conserving resources for posterity. Thus,
the study has produced a Sun technology which is true for today, tomorrow and indefinitely, unlike the bright
spot technologies known world over[14].
5.2 Weakness
The technology devised in the present study has no weakness. Any weakness that may appear to the scientific
world is over shadowed by the scientific facts that backup the development already established and
substantiated by the other referred studies of the author.
5.3 Opportunity
The technology of designer quality rice production having 17 factors of variables and attributes provide good
opportunity of production with enhancement in quality, quantity and environment production making all
countries self sufficient without requiring foreign reserve for importing food. The technology uses indigenous
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resources and does not require external input. It fulfils all requirement of an ideal technology of land, water
management and natural resources conservation. It uplifts level of agriculture for quality food production and
use of paddy by- products in industrial uses, for oil extraction from the rice bran, husk as energy source and for
poultry or cattle feed. The paddy straw will find innovative application for preparation of manure to supplement
the nature food production that will again produce quality food. Thus, it makes best use of resources. Further,
application of the scientific facts enable devise food menu to curb absorption of As and a like toxic substance
(Table 1 ) by the human body. Other resources conserving technologies had weakness of unscientific base and
suffered at random application of ideas to conduct research, learn lessons and again apply, that produced
inconsistent results, making it go as indefinite activity. The results culminate as bright spot and glitter for short
time as lights emitted by the firefly in isolation. The technology brings agriculture that remains in generation I
(1G) to generation II (2G). It has inbuilt mechanism to further refine by customisation to bring improvement for
the generation III (3G) agriculture (Fig3). Thus, the study has produced technology to eliminate global worry of
food and environment protection world over.
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5.4 Threat
There is no threat from the application of technology. Nevertheless, it is not free from the threat of apparently
non acceptance of the scientific world the unique development for solving the global problem of food and
environment. It is expected that scientific community will accept the fact, as the problem is already accepted,
the solution as well. The acceptance of reality of grave situation of problem and this wonderful solution will
bring human welfare and feel good effect of food sufficiency and good environment for living.
5.Conclusion
The study established that the genetically produced protein and vitamins content in rice are at low level and
discrepant. The racy nature agriculture incorporates soil, water, nutrient, weeds and intercultural condition for
aerobic decomposition and adoption of cropping patterns that nutrients are built by preceding crops are utilised
by the succeeding crops. Thus, in addition to genetically induced quality, improvisational technology also plays
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good role in the quality build up of rice. Genetically inbred quality, additional quality built by scientifically
innovated practices in paddy production, many other inbuilt qualities induced by processing such as parboiling
and milling and external fortification of vitamin A produce designer quality of rice for producing good health
and feel good effects. Universal applicability of the innovative green technology seizes possibility of global best
designer quality of rice that will enable demarcation of zones of rice production. Modification of meal menu by
adding pearlmillet in the menu,which contains phosphorus, will reduce uptakes of As and alike poisonous
elements to avoid problem of cancer at the later years of life. The multiple uses of the rice, that for paddy by
products and the cooking expertise make rice a food sufficiently strong in protein and vitamin content quality
and adoptive for deriving income and protection of environment. The racy nature agriculture will serve as a
unique technology for improvisation of land, water and secondary natural resources management for any variety
to eliminate the limitation for the rice eating global gentry.
Acknowledgement
The author expresses grateful thanks to the references cited in support of knowledge that exists on the subject.
Certified hat no institutional financial assistance was availed in preparation of the manuscript.
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