International Journal of Advancements in Research & Technology, Volume 4, Issue 5, May -2015
ISSN 2278-7763
53
Nature and Life Structure in different Universes
Mali Ram Soni
1
Shekhawati Engineering College, Dundlod, Jhunjhunu, Rajasthan, India
Email: info@shekhawatienggcollege.com
ABSTRACT
A number of theories have been postulated to understand the mystery and history of the universe. Among them Big bang,
Steady state, String and M-theory are most popularly studied by the scientists. These theories focus on the structure, formation,
evolution and function of the universe in the spacetime. Here universe means partition of spacetime into different regions. In
other words as per the theory of inflationary cosmology, different regions are called different universes. It predicts that ours is
just one of the countless universes to emerge from the same primordial vacuum. Finally the whole spacetime i.e. cosmoverse is
divided into various universes depending on their quantum fields as well as dimensions, parameters and physical constants so
that they may emerge and evolve. These universes could potentially have different versions of the laws of physics and different
values for the fundamental constants of Nature. This paper considers the structure of Nature and natural law selecting whether
or not these hypothetical universes can support life with different values for parameters of fundamental constants that determines the life properties. This paper focuses on the particular issue of life structure in different universes. This strategy allows
for the question of existence of life in these alternate universes. Furthermore life structure depends on few constants. The value
of physical constants should have been fine tuned to make the emergence of life in these universes possible.
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Keywords : Cosmoverse, spacetime, Natural law, Fundamental constants, Life structure
1 INTRODUCTION
A
number of theories have been postulated to understand
the mystery and history of the universe. Among them
big bang, Steady state, String and M-theory are most
popularly studied by the scientists. These theories focus on
the structure, formation, evolution and function of the universe in the spacetime. Here universe means partition of
spacetime into different regions. In other words as per the
theory of inflationary cosmology, different regions are called
different universes. It predicts that ours is just one of the
countless universes to emerge from the same primordial vacuum. Finally the whole spacetime i.e. cosmoverse is divided
into various universes depending on their quantum fields as
well as dimensions, parameters and physical constants so that
they may emerge and evolve. These universes could potentially have different versions of the laws of physics and different values for the fundamental constants of nature. This paper
considers the question of whether or not these hypothetical
universes can support life with different values of the fundamental parameters that determines life properties.
A great deal of previous work has also considered the possibility of different values of the fundamental constants in
these universes, or in a related context, why the values of the
constants have their observed values in our universe. It has
Copyright © 2015 SciResPub.
been identified that a large number of possible constants
could, in principle, vary from universe to universe e.g. galaxy
formation, star formation, stellar structure and life forms. This
paper focuses on the particular issue of life structure in different universes. This strategy allows for the question of existence of life in these alternate universes. Furthermore life
structure depends on few constants. The value of physical
constants should have been fine tuned to make the emergence
of life in these universes possible.
As far as our universe is concerned, all natural events, happenings and phenomena are mediated by physical laws and
fundamental forces from sub atomic level to super structure
level. These include the stellar formation, planets, galaxies,
clusters, quasars and massive black holes from main sequence
to super giants. So every thing around us from subatomic
level to super structure level are predetermined and constituted according to the fundamental constants which are again
consequences of unified natural forces like electromagnetic,
strong, weak and gravitational effects. Those are once in
quantum stage and after symmetry breaking, the universe
came into existence and life emerged accordingly. Fundamental forces are different from the natural force. Fundamental
forces are meant for structure, formation and evolution of a
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International Journal of Advancements in Research & Technology, Volume 4, Issue 5, May -2015
ISSN 2278-7763
particular universe. These forces are habitable but not stable,
so all universes are habitable but not stable. Whereas natural
force is stable and always be in quantum stage. The function
of the natural force is to create the universe. Though every
universe came into existence due to symmetry breaking of
natural force from quantum stage to physical stage. But after
symmetry breaking, the universe expands at an accelerated
rate. The break up of the natural force into physical stage is
called fundamental forces. These fundamental forces are
again break into fundamental as well as physical constants.
These constants are assigned the specific values on which the
habitability of the university depends on.
As we have studied from the theory and observations that
the main function of the universe is to emerge life. According
to Anthropic principle the purpose of the Nature is to create
intelligent life in different universes determined by their physical constants. It means Nature has the super power to emerge
and evolve life in different universes. For Nature universe is a
requirement in order to produce worlds to emerge and evolve
and fulfillment of parameters for the orderly development of
all life forms. Here the question arises that how the Nature
select the different values for parameters of fundamental constants in different universes? And also whether or not these
universes could support life..
2 FINDINGS
54
dom. The speed of light remains constant. According to the
principle of pure universality, Nature decides pure, true, applied and fundamental parameters for every universe for the
emergence and evolution. It has been observed that the whole
cosmoverse is gravitationally bounded by different universes
with their mutual attraction mediated by natural force.
Even over time, these laws consistent. The same laws of nature we find on earth also govern a star billions of light years
away. One of the most important numbers of physics, the proton-electron mass ratio, is the same in a galaxy six billion light
years away as it is here on Earth. Here the question arises –
where the universe came from? Sure nature created the universe just like nature created our sun, our solar system, our
planets and all of the life on our planet. The fine-tuning of the
universe is seen most clearly in the values of the constants of
nature. There are many such constants, the best known of
which specify the strength of the four forces of nature: the
strong nuclear force, the weak nuclear force, the electromagnetic force and gravity. Two of these in particular, the strong
and electromagnetic forces, are responsible for the unusually
efficient production of carbon, the element upon which all
known life is based. The forces cooperate in such a way as to
create a coincidental match up of energy levels, which enables
the production of carbon from the fusing of three helium atoms.
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In my previous work discussion has been made on different
life parameters and habitable zones to emerge and evolve life
on different planets in our solar system. Similarly here we
will discuss different values for parameters of fundamental
constants in different universes. We know our sun was born
due to the birth of planetary nebula which was selected by
supernova and GMC and planets were born due to the birth of
sun which was selected by protoplanetary disk. It shows that
at the time of birth of our universe, there were other universes
existing, which was selected by the hyper gravitational interaction of natural force outside our universe assuming they
exist, many of those universes may contain intricate structure
and even some kind of life forms. There are many other universes in addition of our own. Each of these has different
properties and different values of the basic constants of physics. It is expected that the number of these universes is extremely large; it would be less surprising that most of them
would happen to provide the specific conditions for life.
However, one must keep in mind that the likelihood of ever
being able to observe evidence of another universe is extremely remote, since information could not pass from one universe
to another. Furthermore it is possible that nature set all the
physical parameters in such a way that every possibility is
realized. It may be possible that the characteristics of these
many universes and the production process would have to be
fine-tuned in some way to get enough variety of universes to
account for our remarkable cosmic home.
The laws of Nature do not apply only to our universe. The
entire cosmoverse (spacetime) follows the same laws and
these laws never change. Gravity remains steady, never ranCopyright © 2015 SciResPub.
Consider also the strength of gravity. When the Big Bang
occurred billions of years ago, the matter in the universe was
randomly distributed. There were no stars, planets or galaxies
– just atoms floating about in the dark void of space. As the
universe expanded outwards from the Big Bang, gravity
pulled ever so gently on the atoms, gathering them into
clumps that eventually became stars and galaxies. Our universe is friendly to life, but only because the past fifteen billion
years have unfolded in a particular way that led to a habitable
planet with liquid water and rich chemistry. The entire biological evolutionary process depends upon the unusual chemistry of carbon, which allows it to bond to itself, as well as other elements, creating highly complex molecules that are stable
over prevailing terrestrial temperatures, and are capable of
conveying genetic information. The unique chemistry of carbon is the ultimate foundation of the capacity of nature to tune
itself.
3 ANALYSIS
In order to identify a location of the universe as being a part of
the cosmoverse, a variety of dimensions, parameters and
physical constants must be accounted for. Universes could
potentially have different kinds of the laws of forces e.g. different values for the fundamental constants of nature with
different values of the fundamental parameters that determine
the life properties in different universes.
There are many physical constants such as speed of light c, the
gravitational constant G, Planck’s constant h and Boltzmann’s
constant k. The electron mass, proton mass and constants deIJOART
International Journal of Advancements in Research & Technology, Volume 4, Issue 5, May -2015
ISSN 2278-7763
termining the magnitudes of electromagnetic interaction,
strong and weak interaction and gravity are also regarded as
fundamental constants. If these forces took on even slightly
different strengths, the consequences for life would be devastating. Two of these in particular, the strong and electromagnetic forces, are responsible for the unusually efficient production of carbon, the element upon which all known life is based.
The forces cooperate in such a way as to create a coincidental
match up of energy level which enables the production of carbon from the fusing of three helium atoms. The slightest
change to either the strong or electromagnetic forces would
alter the energy levels, resulting in greatly reduced production
of carbon and an ultimately uninhabitable universe. Similarly
gravity had to have just the right force – if it was a bit stronger, it would have pulled all the atoms together into one big
ball. The Big Bang would have ended quickly in a Big Crunch.
And if gravity was a bit weaker, the expanding universe
would have distributed the atoms so widely that they would
never have been gathered into stars and galaxies. The
strength of gravity has to be exactly for stars to form. Say one
billionth of a gram heavier or lighter – the universe becomes
so different that there are no stars, galaxies or planets. And
without planets, there would be no life. The other constants of
nature possess this same feature. The mass of proton is roughly 1836.1526 times the mass of the electron. Were this ratio
changed by any significant degree, the stability of many common chemicals would be compromised and this would prevent the formation of such molecules as DNA, the building
block of life.
55
like blue giants, unsuitable for supporting life. With stronger
gravity, some low-mass stars would emit most of their energy
in visible light, suitable for supporting life. However, such
stars would not stay in the main-sequence stage long enough
to preside over the long evolutionary history of life.
4 CONCLUSION
One of the fundamental characteristics of the cosmoverse i.e.
spacetime is that different values for parameters of fundamental constants in different universes, apply the same laws of
nature everywhere in all universes. In other words, natural
laws are inter-universal. As per heliocentric cosmology, natural phenomena are capricious on earth and orderly in other
universes. Our universe is not just simply big and old, but
intimately connected to the rest of the cosmoverse. So the values of the fundamental physical constants are intimately connected to the existence of life on earth. One can assume that
our universe is just one of universes that are suitable for life
among a large number of universes. There are three variations
of the many-universe interpretation. The first is that there are
many parallel universes, each being separate and independent
from the others. The second is that there are many sequential
universes. In the cyclic-universe hypothesis, a new set of physical laws and a new set of physical constants are chosen randomly at each big bang. The third variation is that there are
many domains in the huge universe, and fundamental constants may vary from one domain to another. We can not detect other domains, because they are much farther away than
14 billion light years.
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If the magnitude of the strong interaction were slightly higher,
the nuclear fusion rates inside stars would be higher than they
are now. The star would expand because it would become
hotter. Because of the increased fusion rate, the lifetimes of
stars would decrease. However, if the strong interaction were
somewhat stronger than it is now, these elements would be
less abundant because they would more easily fuse to form
heavier elements in the stellar interior. Hence, heavy elements
would be more abundant. With carbon less abundant, it is
doubtful whether carbon-based life would arise in such a universe. A more dramatic change would occur in the nucleosynthesis process if the magnitude of strong interaction were decreased by five percent; a proton and a neutron would not be
able to combine to form a deuteron. Deuteron formation is the
first step of nuclear synthesis; thus, without the first step, nucleosynthesis would not be possible at all. Without a stellar
energy source and heavy chemical elements, no life would be
possible.
If the gravitational constant were larger than its current value,
stars would be more tightly bound, with their central temperatures increasing. The increase of the central pressure and the
temperature of the sun would increase the nuclear energy
generation rate. In order to radiate more energy at the surface,
the temperature and/or the area of the surface should increase. However, the stronger gravity would tend to decrease
the surface area. Therefore, the surface temperature of the sun
would have to be higher than it is now, emitting the bulk of its
energy in ultraviolet radiation. The solar-mass stars would be
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Scientists rely on the hypothetical existence of hyperspacetime continuum within which quantum mechanical laws govern the generation of many universes. Though quantum mechanics is applicable within the space-time continuum of our
universe. It is under observation whether the hyperspace-time
continuum exists and whether we can extrapolate quantum
mechanical principle to it. We have learned that life forms on
earth are intimately connected. All living organisms on earth
share a common origin, common building blocks and the same
genetic language. The existence of one species depends on the
existence of many other species with a climate, atmosphere,
ecosystem and biodiversity perfectly suitable for their habitation.
As per the theory of natural laws and inter-universal habitability, the whole cosmoverse is divided into different universal
habitable zones and these universal habitable zones are again
divided into superclusters, clusters, galaxies and planetary
habitable zones, where life emerges on different planets. So
from top to bottom same natural laws, with the values of the
fundamental physical constants are intimately connected to
the life structure, properties and parameters. According to
the planetary habitable zones, our planet Earth has been divided into different regions of ecosystems and biodiversity for
different species and organisms so that life may emerge and
evolve. Similarly according to the inter-universal habitability,
the whole cosmoverse has been structured into different – different universes and in each universe, different values for paIJOART
International Journal of Advancements in Research & Technology, Volume 4, Issue 5, May -2015
ISSN 2278-7763
rameters of fundamental physical constants determines the life
properties of different species, organisms and other life forms.
Let’s study the inter-universal characteristics. All universes
are internally connected but externally observable. In other
words, all universes are simply connected and compact topology. According to topology all qualitative properties of the
universe including three spatial dimensions are equal in
length and energy density is homogeneous and isotropic in
every large volume of the space in all directions and externally
observable. One can not observe the universe internally. Accordingly to the Henry Poincare Conjecture, the 2-D manifolds
have the degree of freedom for 3-dmensional sphere. A 3sphere is an object with three dimensions that forms the cosmoverse in four dimensions. After considering the properties
and characteristics of a universe, it has been observed that the
whole cosmoverse is simply connected and compact, having
no curvature and it is homeomorphic to a 3-Dimensional
sphere.
56
of the universe; interaction of the universal forces (here universal means the forces mediated in that individual universe
not for other); distance and energy-matter density; interuniversal habitable zones; life structure and properties of the
universal conditions etc.
The whole cosmoverse is a 3-dimensional manifold and is
compact, has no boundary and is simply connected. Thus it is
homeomorphic to a 3-dimnensional sphere. Here every object
of first part is simply connected to the object of second part
and embedded inside the every rotational path. Similarly object of second part is also connected to the object of third part
and so on. The sequence is from bottom to top. In other
words, formation of all stars and planets are in the first part.
They all are embedded in the second part i.e. superclusters,
clusters, groups and galaxies. All these objects embedded in
the third part. And the objects of third part are embedded in
the fourth part. Here different universes rotate and revolve. If
we embed all objects in the fourth part then the whole cosmoverse seems to be compact, simply connected and having
no boundary like a 3-dimensional sphere. One can observe
the whole cosmoverse into different shapes at different angles
and positions. As shown in the above figure, there may be
three possible shapes of the cosmoverse - Round shape, Eggshape and elliptical shape. It is also noted that the round
shape denoted to the whole cosmoverse where all universes
exist inside the round, whereas egg-shape denotes to a particular universe.
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Here in this figure the whole cosmoverse (Blue colour) has
been divided into 4-dimensional objects of 3-sphere and each
object is simply connected. All universes (objects) rotate and
revolve in this fourth dimension. (Every circle is indication of
rotational path of every object) In the third dimension all superclusters, clusters and group of galaxires (objects) rotate and
revolve (Red colour). In the second dimension (Yellow colour)
a number of stars, planets etc. Rotate and revolve on their
rotational axis in the gravitationally bounded structure called
galaxy. In our case, Milkyway is the galaxy by which all stars
and planets have been gravitationally bounded. In the last
dimension (green colour) our solar system and planets (objects) rotate and revolve. In other words, we can say that our
solar system and various other stars are simply connected to
the milkyway galaxy; milkyway galaxy is simply connected to
the groups of galaxies, clusters and superclusters. Furthermore all these objects are simply connected to our universe
and our universe is also connected to other universes rotating
in the cosmoverse.
At the time of formation of a universe, there would have no
physical laws or physical constants constituted but as the universe expand nature select the different values for physical
constants and physical laws. Various parameters must be accounted for in selecting the physical constants and physical
laws for any individual universe. These includes the location
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At the time of big bang cosmic egg was expanded, by which
super structure of our universe came into existence through
cosmic inflation made the cosmoverse into different parts of
our universe which have been mentioned above. Every universe form, evolve, exist, rotate and revolve in the fourth part
of the 4-dimensional objects of 3-sphere and formation of its
superstructure is further expanded into lower parts. This is
the reason that universe is called egg-shaped because it seems
like egg.
This is called the structural distribution of our universe. Every
galaxy has its galactic habitable zone to decide which regions
are most likely to form solar system. Solar systems decide
within star’s planetary habitable zones to provide stable environment for the life in which the life emerged from planet to
planet according to the theory of energy distribution on a
planet for life requirement. Ultimately the life structure is
found on the planets itself because the photosynthesis, greenness and other life properties are only available on the planets.
It has shown in the Figure that the yellow colour indicates the
galaxy Milkyway from where the energy and greenness radiates to the solar system. The distant galaxy groups, clusters
and superclusters are indicated by red colour which is part of
our universe making the whole super structure a part of cosmoverse by indicating the blue colour.
It is noted that all universes are part of cosmoverse and embedded inside it and not beyond the round shape. Ultimately,
we can say that everything is inside the round shape. Here
every universe rotates and inside the universe, its superstrucIJOART
International Journal of Advancements in Research & Technology, Volume 4, Issue 5, May -2015
ISSN 2278-7763
ture like planets, stars, galaxies, groups, clusters and superclusters are also rotates inside the parallel universes. It is
called the singularity of infinite that “we are here and we are
also there”. Saying that we are living on the planet earth but
planet earth is rotating inside the cosmoverse so we are also
there.
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IJOART
Our universe has a medium fundamental force which determines slow life properties for the slow emergence of life
forms. It means that in our universe there may be a number of
life parameters in different galaxies, stars, solar systems and
planets where life will grow slowly to very slowly through
various life forms. But in very far away universes, very rich
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Copyright © 2015 SciResPub.
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