vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
TITLE
PAGE
DECLARATION ............................................................................ ii
DEDICATION .............................................................................. iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................... iv
ABSTRACT .................................................................................... v
ABSTRAK ..................................................................................... vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................ vii
LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................ xi
LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................... xiii
1
INTRODUCTION ........................................................................... 1
1.1 Sustainable Designing and Development ................................... 1
1.2 Background of Study .................................................................. 2
1.3 Problem Statement ...................................................................... 3
1.4 Scope of Study ............................................................................ 4
1.5 Aim and Objectives .................................................................... 5
1.6 Significance of Study .................................................................. 5
2
LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................7
2.1 Overview..................................................................................... 7
viii
2.2 Construction, and Sustainable Environment............................... 8
2.3 A Brief History of Green Roofs.................................................. 9
2.3.1
Novelty ......................................................................... 9
2.3.2
Cost ............................................................................. 10
2.4 Major Types of Green Roofs .................................................... 10
2.4.1
Intensive...................................................................... 10
2.4.2
Extensive .................................................................... 11
2.5 Green Roof Benefits and Costs................................................. 12
2.5.1
Initial Cost .................................................................. 13
2.5.2
Property Value ............................................................ 15
2.5.3
Tax Reduction............................................................. 15
2.5.4
Stormwater Management ............................................ 16
2.5.5
Lower Energy Cost ..................................................... 18
2.5.6
Longer Life for the Roof Membrane .......................... 27
2.5.7
Mitigate of Urban Heat Island Effect ......................... 29
2.5.8
Operation and Maintenance (O&M) Cost .................. 31
2.5.9
Air Pollution vs. Air Quality Improvement ................ 32
2.5.10
Carbon Reduction ....................................................... 34
2.5.11
Reduction of infrastructure improvement costs .......... 35
2.5.12
Reduction of Flood Risk ............................................. 36
2.5.13
Habitat Creation for Urban Wildlife ........................... 36
2.5.14
Aesthetic, and Provision of Recreational Space ......... 37
2.5.15
Land fill and Disposal................................................. 39
2.6 Barriers and Opportunity of Installing Green Roof .................. 41
2.7 Retrofitting With Green Roof ................................................... 42
2.8 Performance Evaluation of Plant Selection .............................. 43
2.8.1
Different Vegetation ................................................... 44
ix
2.9 Economic Analyses .................................................................. 45
3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ..................................................52
3.1 Introduction............................................................................... 52
3.2 Monte Carlo Analysis ............................................................... 52
3.3 Net Present Value (NPV).......................................................... 54
3.4 Payback Period ......................................................................... 54
3.5 Lifecycle Probabilistic Analysis ............................................... 55
3.5.1
Identifying Factors Affecting Economic Feasibility .. 56
3.5.2
Using Software and Doing the Calculation ................ 56
3.6 Research Outline ....................................................................... 59
4
RESULT AND DISCUSSION .......................................................60
4.1 Introduction............................................................................... 60
4.2 Variables ................................................................................... 61
4.3 Data Collection ......................................................................... 61
4.3.1
Personal Cost and Benefits ......................................... 62
4.3.1.7.1 Intensive: .................................................................... 68
4.3.1.7.2 Extensive .................................................................... 68
4.3.2
Social Costs and Benefits ........................................... 69
4.3.3
Data Collection Summary .......................................... 77
4.4 Net Present Value .................................................................... 78
4.4.1
Personal Sector ........................................................... 78
4.4.2
Personal and Social Sectors ........................................ 79
4.5 Payback Period ......................................................................... 81
4.5.1
Personal Sector ........................................................... 81
4.5.2
Personal and Social Sector ......................................... 84
x
4.6 Comparison between Two Scenarios in Terms of NPV and
Payback ................................................................................ 88
4.7 Sensitivity Analysis .................................................................. 89
4.8 Discussion ................................................................................. 90
5
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ..........................92
5.1 Introduction............................................................................... 92
5.2 Evaluation on the Objectives of the Study ............................... 92
5.2.1
Objective 1 .................................................................. 93
5.2.2
Objective 2 .................................................................. 93
5.2.3
Objective 3 .................................................................. 94
5.3 Limitations of Study ................................................................. 94
5.4 Recommendations..................................................................... 94
5.4.1
Recommendations Based on Findings........................ 95
5.4.2
Recommendations for Further Research Studies........ 95
REFERENCES ...........................................................................................96
xi
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO.
TITLE
PAGE
2.1
Categorization on types of green roofs
12
4.1
Initial cost value
63
4.2
Property value
64
4.3
Avoided storm water in drainage system
65
4.4
Energy reduction- cooling and heating benefit
66
4.5
Operation and maintenance (O&M) cost
68
4.6
Air pollution
70
4.7
Carbon reduction
71
4.8
Air quality improvements
72
4.9
Reduction of infrastructure
72
4.10
Reduction of flood risk
73
4.11
Mitigation of urban heat island effect
74
4.12
Landfill cost- disposal
75
4.13
Inflation rate
76
4.14
Discount rate
76
xii
4.15
Data input for personal and social probabilistic analysis
77
xiii
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO.
TITLE
PAGE
2-1
Intensive green roof
11
2-2
Extensive green roof
11
2-3
Surface temperature fluctuations
28
2-4
Beautiful amenity space
38
3-1
Risk Solver Platform
57
3-2
How to apply distribution in Risk Solver Platform
57
3-3
How to obtain result in Risk Solver Platform
58
3-4
Research Outline
59
4-1
Frequency of personal NPV
79
4-2
Cumulative frequency of personal NPV
80
4-3
Frequency of personal and social NPV
81
4-4
Cumulative frequency of personal and social NPV
81
4-5
Frequency of cash flow year 4
82
4-6
Cumulative frequency of cash flow year 4
83
4-7
Frequency of cash flow year 5
83
xiv
4-8
Payback period-year 14
84
4-9
Cumulative frequency of cash flow year 5
84
4-10
Cumulative payback period-year 14
85
4-11
Frequency of cash flow in year 3
86
4-12
Cumulative frequency of Cash flow in year 3
86
4-13
Cumulative frequency of cash flow in year 4
87
4-14
Frequency of cash flow in year 4
87
4-15
Frequency of cash flow in year 9
88
4-16
Cumulative frequency of cash flow in year 9
88
4-17
NPV during lifespan of extensive green roof
89
4-18
Payback of extensive green roof
89
4-19
Sensitivity of factors in calculating NPV and Payback
90