ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS
IDARI TRAINING PROGRAMME
School of the Environment
University of Leeds
Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
21-25 July 2003
Dr Sigrid Stagl
Ph. 0113-343-6787
Fax. 0113-343-6716
Email. sts@env.leeds.ac.uk
Introduction
The main areas covered in this course are: The basic assumptions of ecological economic
analysis; analytical frameworks applied by ecological economists; and institutional
arrangements suggested for sustainable development. The course draws on contemporary
economic thought as well as material from such fields as evolutionary biology, ecology, nonequilibrium systems theory, social psychology and environmental ethics.
You will undertake independent research within the overall structure of a reading list,
seminar and lecture plan.
Aims
To understand the relationship between economic, social and biophysical systems;
To appreciate the interdisciplinary approach for the analysis of environmental issues;
To become familiar with the analysis of energy and material flows in the economy;
To understand the ethical, social and behavioural foundations of human well-being;
To have a critical awareness of the issues relating to environmental valuation (incl.
role of discounting and incommensurability of values).
Form of teaching
5 x 3 hours of integrated lectures and discussions and 5 x 2 hours exercises. You are
expected to take an active part in the discussions and exercises.
For this course you will write one individual essay (2,000-2,500 words) and contribute to a
group project. The course leader will suggest topics for both tasks, but each student/group
can make a case for other topics related to contents covered in this course.
Day
Mo 21 July
Time
9-10:30
11-12:30
14-16
Tue 22 July
9-10:30
11-12:30
14-16
9-10:30
11-12:30
14-16
9-10:30
11-12:30
14-16
9-10:30
11-12:30
Wed 23 July
Thu 24 July
Fri 25 July
14-16
Topics
History (and Meaning) of Ecological Economics
Ecological Principles
Exercise: Read an article critically and draw a mind
map
Transferring Ecological Concepts into Economics
Economic Growth and Thermodynamics
Exercise: Estimating Environmental Kuznets Curve
Sustainable Development
Natural Capital
Exercise: Fish Bank Game
Values and Behaviour
Uncertainty and Risk
Exercise: Multicriteria Evaluation
Participation and Institutional Change
Ecological Economics and Integrated Rural
Development
Exercise: Vensim modelling
Preparation and Participation
You are asked to read the key texts and a choice of the other texts. For the latter, you can
choose them according to your interests and background, but I encourage you to read as
many of these texts as possible.
When interacting with your readings you should maintain a journal in which you criticize the
texts, develop questions and discussion ideas, and develop ideas for your essay and group
project.
For the critical review of the readings try to develop a structure, i.e. some questions which
you ask yourself about each text. The following questions are indicative and you may want to
refer to them when writing your journal.
1. What is the subject matter or focus of the readings? For example, is the
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
focus substantive, theoretical, or some combination? Does the reading
deal with a specific empirical problem or a conceptual issue? Integrating
ideas from different disciplines?
What is the question, argument, theory or perspective of the readings? Is
it vague or is it clear? Is it implicit or explicit?
What is the research method (or rather research design) used in the
readings? Is the method appropriate? Is it well used?
What type of evidence is used? How appropriate and adequate is the
evidence?
What are the findings and conclusions? Are they defensible in light of
method and evidence?
What are the assumptions or preferences (explicit or implicit) on which the
particular research is based?
In what ways could the research be improved (given its intellectual and
political priorities)?
In what ways do these readings converge, differ or complement each
other or other relevant material you are familiar with?
Form of Assessment
Students' performance will be evaluated through two elements –
30% group exercises (10% each; deadline - tba) and
70% individually written essay (deadline – tba).
Main Books
Bergh, J. C. J. M. v. d. and Straaten, J. v. d. 1997 Economy and Ecosystems in Change
Analytical and Historical Approaches, Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar.
Costanza, R., Daly, H. E., Goodland, R. and Norgaard, R. B. 1997 An Introduction to
Ecological Economics, Boca Raton, Fla.: St. Lucie Press, International Society for
Ecological Economics.
Cleveland, C. J., Stern, D. I. and Costanza, R. 2001 The Economics of Nature and the
Nature of Economics, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
Daly, H. E. 1996 Beyond Growth: The Economics of Sustainable Development, Boston:
Beacon Press.
Faber, M. and Proops, J. (eds) 1996 Ecological Economics: Concepts and Methods,
Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar.
2
Harris, J. M. 2002 Environmental and Natural Resource Economics: A Contemporary
Approach, Boston; New York: Houghton Mifflin Company.
Norgaard, R. B. 1994 Development Betrayed: The End of Progress and a Coevolutionary
Revisioning of the Future, London; New York: Routledge.
O'Connor, M. and Spash, C. 1999 Valuation and the Environment: Theory, Method, and
Practice, Cheltenham, UK: E. Elgar Pub.
Recommended Classic Books
Costanza, R. 1991 Ecological Economics: The Science and Management of Sustainability,
New York: Columbia University Press.
Daly, H. E. and Cobb, J. B. J. 1989 For the Common Good. Redirecting the Economy
Toward Community, the Environment, and a Sustainable Future, Boston, Massachusetts:
Beacon Press.
Daly, H. E. 1977 Steady-State Economics: The Economics of Biophysical Equilibrium and
Moral Growth, San Francisco: W. H. Freeman.
There are several journals, which you can refer to, especially for individual research. These
include:
Ecological Economics
Environment and Planning (A) and (C)
Environmental Politics
Environmental Values (abstracts online http://www.erica.demon.co.uk/)
Journal of Environmental Management
Journal of Industrial Ecology
International Journal of Environment and Pollution
International Journal of Sustainable Development
Land Economics
Schedule and reading assignments
Background: Environmental Economics (for non-economists)
Harris, Jonathan M. (2002) Environmental and Natural Resource Economics: A
Contemporary Approach. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company (esp. Part Two: 35-118).
Bergh, J. C. J. M. v. d., 2002. Environmental economics. In: UNESCO (ed) Knowledge for
Sustainable Development: An Insight into the Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems,
Paris; London: Imprint.
21 July 2003
History (and Meaning) of Ecological Economics
Key Readings
Proops, J., 2002. Identification of ecological economics issues. In: UNESCO (ed) Knowledge
for Sustainable Development: An Insight into the Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems,
Paris; London: Imprint.
Harris, J. M. 2002 Environmental and Natural Resource Economics: A Contemporary
Approach, Boston; New York: Houghton Mifflin Company: 3-16.
Martínez Alier, J. 2000 'Ecological Economics' International Encyclopedia of the Social and
Behavioral Sciences, Vol. Article 4.9. [http://www.h-economica.uab.es/unitat/papers/52001.pdf]
3
Spash, C. L. 1999 'The Development of Environmental Thinking in Economics',
Environmental Values (8): 413-435.
Other Readings
Costanza, R., Daly, H. E., Goodland, R. and Norgaard, R. B. 1997 An Introduction to
Ecological Economics, Boca Raton, Fla.: St. Lucie Press, International Society for
Ecological Economics, chapter 2.1.
History of ecological economic thought
Christensen, P. P. 2001 'Early links between sciences of nature and economics: historical
perspectives for ecological and social economics', in C. J. Cleveland, D. I. Stern and R.
Costanza (eds) The Economics of Nature and the Nature of Economics, Cheltenham, UK:
Edward Elgar.
Martínez Alier, J. and Schlüpmann, K. 1987 Ecological economics: energy, environment,
and society, Oxford [Oxfordshire]; New York, NY, USA: Basil Blackwell.
Key concerns
Institute, W., 2003. State of the World 2003 - Progress Towards a Sustainable Society.
Earthscan, London.
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), 2003. Human Development Report 2003
- Millennium Development Goals: A compact among nations to end human poverty.
Oxford University Press, New York; Oxford. [http://hdr.undp.org/]
European Environment Agency (EEA) 2002 'Environmental Signals 2002: Benchmarking the
Millennium', Copenhagen. [http://www.eea.eu.int/]
Worldwatch Institute (eds) 2002 Vital Signs: 2002-2003, The Trends That Are Shaping Our
Future, London: Earthscan Publications.
World Bank 2002 'World Development Report 2003: Sustainable Development in a Dynamic
Economy', Washington, D.C. [http://www.worldbank.org/]
World Resources Institute, United Nations Development Programme, United Nations
Environment Programme and World Bank 2000 World Resources 2000-2001: People and
Ecosystems the Fraying Web of Life, Washington, D.C.: World Resources Institute.
Key concepts
Munda, G. 1997 'Environmental economics, ecological economics, and the concept of
sustainable development', Environmental Values 6(2): 213-233.
Bergh, J. C. J. M. v. d. 2000 'Ecological Economics: Themes, Approaches, and Differences
with Environmental Economics', Amsterdam: Tinbergen Institute Discussion Paper.
[http://www.tinbergen.nl/]
Faber, M. and Proops, J. (eds) 1996 Ecological Economics: Concepts and Methods,
Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, chapters 1-4.
21 July 2003
Ecological Principles
Key Readings
Costanza, R., Daly, H. E., Goodland, R. and Norgaard, R. B. 1997 An Introduction to
Ecological Economics, Boca Raton, Fla.: St. Lucie Press, International Society for
Ecological Economics, chapter 3.2.
Holland, A. 1996 'The use and abuse of ecological concepts in environmental ethics', in N.
S. Cooper and R. C. J. Carling (eds) Ecologists and Ethical Judgements, London:
Chapman and Hall.
Jarvis, P. J. 2000 Ecological Principles and Environmental Issues, Harlow: Prentice Hall.
4
Other Readings
McIntosh 1986 The Background of Ecology: Concept and Theory, Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press.
"Insight review articles" in Nature (vol 405, May 2000), which cover biodiversity. They can
be downloaded free of charge as .pdf files:
http://www.nature.com/nature/insights/6783.html
22 July 2003
Transferring Ecological Concepts into Economics
Key Readings
Costanza, R., Daly, H. E., Goodland, R. and Norgaard, R. B. 1997 An Introduction to
Ecological Economics, Boca Raton, Fla.: St. Lucie Press, International Society for
Ecological Economics, chapter 2.2 and 2.3.
Mulder, P. and van den Bergh, J. C. J. M. 2001 'Evolutionary economic theories of
sustainable development', Growth and Change 32 (Winter): 110-134.
Sui, D. Z., 2002. Economy as ecosystems. In: UNESCO (ed) Knowledge for Sustainable
Development: An Insight into the Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems, Paris; London:
Imprint.
Holling, C. S., Schindler, D. W., Walker, B. W. and Roughgarden, J. 1995 'Biodiversity in the
functioning of ecosystems: an ecological synthesis', in K.-G. M. C. Perrings, C. Folke, C.
S. Holling and B.-O. Jansson (ed) Biodiversity Loss: Economics and Ecological Issues,
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Other Readings
Faber, M. and Proops, J. (eds) 1996 Ecological Economics: Concepts and Methods,
Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, chapter 13:
Co-evolution
Gowdy, J. M. 1994 Coevolutionary economics: the economy, society, and the environment,
Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Hadfield, L. and Seaton, R. A. F. 1999 'A co-evolutionary model of change in environmental
management', Futures 31(Aug): 577-592.
Norgaard, R. 1988 'Sustainable development: A co-evolutionary view', Futures 20(Dec.):
606-620.
Norgaard, R. B. 1994 Development Betrayed: The End of Progress and a Coevolutionary
Revisioning of the Future, London; New York: Routledge.
Functioning and Resilience
Brock, W. A., Maler, K., Perrings, C. 2002 ‘Resilience and sustainability: the economic
analysis of nonlinear dynamic systems’, in L. Gunderson and C. S. Holling (eds)
Panarchy: Understanding Transformations in Human and Natural systems, Washington,
D.C; London: Island Press: 261-289.
Holling, C. S. and Gunderson, L. H. 2002 'Resilience and apative cycles', in L. Gunderson
and C. S. Holling (eds) Panarchy: Understanding Transformations in Human and Natural
systems, Washington, D.C; London: Island Press: 25-62.
Safe Minimum Standard
Bishop, R. C. 1978 'Endangered species and uncertainty: the economics of a safe minimum
standard', American Journal of Agricultural Economics 60: 10-18.
Bishop, R. C. 1979 'Endangered species and uncertainty: A reply', American Journal of
Agricultural Economics 61: 376-379.
5
Ciriacy-Wantrup, S. 1952 Resource Conservation: Economics and Policies, Berkeley:
University of California Press.
Industrial Ecology
Harris, J. M. 2002 Environmental and Natural Resource Economics: A Contemporary
Approach, Boston; New York: Houghton Mifflin Company: 351-373.
Deep Ecology
Naess, A. 1989 Ecology, Community and Lifestyle: Outline of an Ecosophy, Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
Sessions, G., Ed. (1995) Deep Ecology for the 21st Century. Boston, Massachusetts:
Shambhala Publications.
Land Ethic
Leopold, A. (1960) A Sand County Almanac and Sketches Here and There. Oxford,
England: Oxford University Press.
22 July 2003
Economic Growth and Thermodynamics
Key Readings
Cleveland, C. J., 2002. Biophysical constraints to economic growth. In: UNESCO (ed)
Knowledge for Sustainable Development: An Insight into the Encyclopedia of Life Support
Systems, Paris; London: Imprint.
Harris, Jonathan M. (2002) Environmental and Natural Resource Economics: A
Contemporary Approach. Boston; New York: Houghton Mifflin Company: 17-34.
Stern, D. I. 2001 'The environmental Kuznets curve: a review', in C. J. Cleveland, D. I. Stern
and R. Costanza (eds) The Economics of Nature and the Nature of Economics,
Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar: 193-217.
Hinterberger, F., Luks, F. and Stewen, M., 2002. Economics growth and sustainable
development. In: UNESCO (ed) Knowledge for Sustainable Development: An Insight into
the Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems, Paris; London: Imprint.
Funtowicz, S. O. and Ravetz, J. R. 1997 'The poetry of thermodynamics; Energy,
entropy/exergy and quality', Futures 29(9): 791-810.
Boulding, Kenneth E. (1997) 'The economics of the coming spaceship Earth' in Costanza,
Robert, Perrings, Charles and Cleveland, Cutler J. (eds.) The Development of Ecological
Economics. Brookfield, VT: Edward Elgar.
Other Readings
Daly, Herman E. (1996) Beyond Growth: The Economics of Sustainable Development.
Boston: Beacon Press.
Faber, M. and Proops, J. (eds) 1996 Ecological Economics: Concepts and Methods,
Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, chapters 6 and 7.
Thermodynamics and Entropy
Ayres, R. U. 1998 'Eco-thermodynamics: economics and the second law', Ecological
Economics 26(2): 189-209.
Georgescu-Roegen, N. "Energy and Economic Myths." Southern Economic Journal 41, no.3
(January 1975). Selections reprinted in H.E. Daly (Editor) Economics, Ecology, Ethics:
Essays Towards a Steady-State Economy. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman, 1980.
Georgescu-Roegen, N. 1971 The Entropy Law and the Economic Process, Cambridge,
Mass.,: Harvard University Press.
6
Gowdy, J. and Mesner, S. 1998 'The Evolution of Georgescu-Roegen's Bioeconomics',
Review of Social Economy 56(2): 136-56.
Khalil, E. L. 1990 'Entropy law and exhaustion of natural resources Is Nicholas GeorgescuRoegen's paradigm defensible?' Ecological Economics 2(2): 163-178.
Khalil, E. L. 1991 'Entropy law and Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen's paradigm: A reply',
Ecological Economics 3(2): 161-163.
Lozada, G. A. 1991 'A defense of Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen's paradigm', Ecological
Economics 3(2): 157-160.
O'Connor, M. 1991 'Entropy, structure, and organisational change', Ecological Economics
3(2): 95-122.
Young, J.T. 1991 ‘Is the entropy law relevant to the economics of natural resource scarcity?’
Journal of Environmental Economics and Management. 21 (September):169-179.
Environmental Kuznets Curve
Ekins, P. 2000 Economic Growth and Environmental Sustainability: The Prospects for Green
Growth, London: Routledge.
Economic Growth
Hirsch, F. 1976 Social Limits to Growth, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
Meadows, D. H., Meadows, D. L., Randers, J. and Behrens III, W. W. 1972 The Limits to
Growth. A report for the Club of Rome's Project on the Predicament of Mankind, New
York,: Universe Books.
Munasinghe, M., Sunkel, O. and Miguel, C. d. 2001 The Sustainability of Long-term Growth:
Socioeconomic and Ecological perspectives, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
23 July 2003
Sustainable Development
Key Readings
Bell, D. V. J. and Cheung, Y.-k. A., 2002. Introduction to sustainable development. In:
UNESCO (ed) Knowledge for Sustainable Development: An Insight into the Encyclopedia
of Life Support Systems, Paris; London: Imprint.
Gowdy, J. M. and Walton, M., 2002. Sustainability concepts in ecological economics. In:
UNESCO (ed) Knowledge for Sustainable Development: An Insight into the Encyclopedia
of Life Support Systems, Paris; London: Imprint.
Viederman, S., 2002. Sustainability. In: UNESCO (ed) Knowledge for Sustainable
Development: An Insight into the Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems, Paris; London:
Imprint.
Beckerman, W. 1994 'Sustainable development: is it a useful concept?' Environmental
Values 3(3): 191-209.
Daly, H. E. 1995 'On Wilfred Beckerman's critique of sustainable development',
Environmental Values 4: 50.
Dobson, A. 1996 'Environmental Sustainabilities: An Analysis and a Typology',
Environmental Politics 5(3): 401-428.
Spash, C. L. 1993 'Economics, ethics, and long-term environmental damages',
Environmental Ethics 15(2): 117-132.
Other Readings
Costanza, R., Daly, H. E., Goodland, R. and Norgaard, R. B. 1997 An Introduction to
Ecological Economics, Boca Raton, Fla.: St. Lucie Press, International Society for
Ecological Economics, chapter 3.1., 3.3 and 3.4
7
Faber, M. and Proops, J. (eds) 1996 Ecological Economics: Concepts and Methods,
Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, chapter 5.
Paehlke, R. 2002 'Methods for sustainability assessment: sustainability indicators', in
UNESCO (ed) Knowledge for Sustainable Development: An Insight into the Encyclopedia
of Life Support Systems, Paris; London: Imprint.
Dimensions of Human Development
Alkire, S. 2002 'Dimensions of human development', World Development 30(2): 181-205.
Dasgupta, P. 2002 'Is contemporary economic development sustainable?' Ambio 31(4): 269271.
Social and Environmental Justice
Martinez-Alier, J. 2002 The Environmentalism of the Poor: A Study of Ecological Conflicts
and Valuation, Northhampton, MA: Edward Elgar Publishing.
Norton, B. G. 1989 'Intergenerational equity and environmental decisions: A model using
Rawls' veil of ignorance', Ecological Economics 1(2): 137-159.
Padilla, E. 2002 'Intergenerational equity and sustainability', Ecological Economics 41(1): 6983.
Weak vs Strong Sustainability
Beckerman, W. 1995 'How would you like your sustainability, Sir? Weak or strong? A reply
to my critics', Environmental Values 4(2): 169-179.
Common, M. 1996 'Beckermann and his critics on weak and strong sustainability: confusing
concepts and conditions', Environmental Values 5: 83-88.
Gowdy, John and McDaniel, Carl (1999) 'The physical destruction of Nauru: an example of
weak sustainability'. Land Economics 75: 333-38.
Gowdy, John M. and O'Hara, Sabine U. (1997) 'Weak Sustainability and Viable Technology'.
Ecological Economics 22: 239-47.
Jacobs, M. 1995 'Sustainable development, capital substitution and economic humility:
response', Environmental Values 4: 57-68.
23 July 2003
Natural Capital
Key Readings
Costanza, R., Farber, S., Castaneda, B. E. and Grasso, M. 2001 'Green national accounting:
goals and methods', in C. J. Cleveland, D. I. Stern and R. Costanza (eds) The Economics
of Nature and the Nature of Economics, Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar: 262-282.
Harris, J. M. 2002 Environmental and Natural Resource Economics: A Contemporary
Approach, Boston; New York: Houghton Mifflin Company: 121-158.
England, R. W. 2001 'Alternatives to gross domenstic product: a critical survey', in C. J.
Cleveland, D. I. Stern and R. Costanza (eds) The Economics of Nature and the Nature of
Economics, Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar: 218-237.
Lawn, P. A. 2003 'A theoretical foundation to support the Index of Sustainable Economic
Welfare (ISEW), Genuine Progress Indicator (GPI), and other related indexes', Ecological
Economics 44(1): 105-118.
Ekins, P., Simon, S., Deutsch, L., Folke, C. and De Groot, R., 2003. A framework for the
practical application of the concepts of critical natural capital and strong sustainability.
Ecological Economics, 44(2-3):165-185.
De Groot, R., Van der Perk, J., Chiesura, A. and van Vliet, A. 2003 'Importance and threat
as determining factors for criticality of natural capital', Ecological Economics 44(2-3): 187204.
8
Other Readings
Chiesura, A. and de Groot, R. 2003 'Critical natural capital: a socio-cultural perspective',
Ecological Economics 44(2-3): 219-231.
Costanza, R., Daly, H. E., Goodland, R. and Norgaard, R. B. 1997 An Introduction to
Ecological Economics, Boca Raton, Fla.: St. Lucie Press, International Society for
Ecological Economics, chapter 3.5.
Cleveland, C. J. and Stern, D. I. 2001 'Natural resources scarcity indicators: an ecological
economic synthesis', in C. J. Cleveland, D. I. Stern and R. Costanza (eds) The
Economics of Nature and the Nature of Economics, Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar: 238261.
Deutsch, L., Folke, C. and Skanberg, K., 2003. The critical natural capital of ecosystem
performance as insurance for human well-being. Ecological Economics, 44(2-3):205-217.
Simon, S. and Proops, J. (eds) 2000 Greening the Accounts, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
Jansson, A., Hammer, M., Folke, C. and Costanza, R. 1994 Investing in Natural Capital The Ecological Approach to Sustainability, Washington D.C: Island Press.
24 July 2003
Values and Behaviour
Key Readings
Costanza, R., Daly, H. E., Goodland, R. and Norgaard, R. B. 1997 An Introduction to
Ecological Economics, Boca Raton, Fla.: St. Lucie Press, International Society for
Ecological Economics, chapter 3.6.
Vatn, A. and Bromley, D. W. 1994 'Choices without Prices without Apologies', Journal of
Environmental Economics and Management 26: 126-48.
Martínez-Alier, J., Munda, G. and O'Neill, J. 1998 'Incommensurability of values in ecological
economics', in M. O'Connor and C. Spash (eds) Valuation and the Environment: Theory,
Method and Practice, Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar.
Niemeyer, S. and Spash, C. 2001 'Environmental valuation analysis, public deliberation, and
their pragmatic syntheses: a critical appraisal', Environment and Planning C: Government
and Policy 19: 567-585.
Aldred, J. 2004. 'Consumer valuation and citizen deliberation: towards a comparison', in M.
Getzner, C. L. Spash and S. Stagl (eds) Alternatives for Environmental Evaluation,
London: Routledge.
Other Readings
Environmental Valuation
De Montis, A., De Toro, P., Droste-Franke, B., Omann, I. and Stagl, S., 2004. Criteria for
quality assessment of MCDA methods. In: M. Getzner, C. Spash and S. Stagl (eds),
Alternatives for Environmental Evaluation, London: Routledge.
Hoyningen-Huene, P. and Schaber, P., 2002. Incommensurability of knowledge: theories
and values. In: UNESCO (ed) Knowledge for Sustainable Development: An Insight into
the Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems, Paris; London: Imprint.
Kenyon, W., Hanley, N. and Nevin, C. 2001 'Citizens' juries: an aid to environmental
valuation?' Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 19: 557-566.
Munda, G. 1995 Multicriteria Evaluation in a Fuzzy Environment: Theory and Applications in
Ecological Economics, Heidelberg: Physica-Verlag.
O'Connor, M. and Spash, C. 1999 Valuation and the Environment: Theory, Method, and
Practice, Cheltenham, UK Northampton, MA: E. Elgar Pub.
9
O'Hara, S. U. 2001 'The challenges of valuation: ecological economics between matter and
meaning', in C. J. Cleveland, D. I. Stern and R. Costanza (eds) The Economics of Nature
and the Nature of Economics, Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar: 89-108.
O'Neill, J. 1993 Ecology, Policy and Politics: Human Well-being and the Natural World,
London: Routledge.
O'Neill, J. 1997 'Value pluralism, incommensurability and institutions', in J. Foster (ed)
Ecology, Policy and Politics: Human Well-Being and the Natural World, London:
Routledge: 75-88.
Rosenberger, R. S., Peterson, G. L., Clarke, A. and Brown, T. C. 2003 'Measuring
dispositions for lexicographic preferences of environmental goods: integrating economics,
psychology and ethics', Ecological Economics 44(1): 63-76.
Sagoff, M. 1998 'Aggregation and deliberation in valuing environmental public goods: A look
beyond contingent pricing', Ecological Economics 24(2-3): 213-230.
Spash, Clive L (2000) 'Ethical motives and charitable contributions in contingent valuation:
Empirical evidence from social psychology and economics'. Environmental Values 9:#.
van Rensburg, T. M., Mill, G. A., Common, M. and Lovett, J. 2002 'Preferences and multiple
use forest management', Ecological Economics 43(2-3): 231-244.
Environment and Human Behaviour
Brekke, K. A., Howarth, R. B. and Nyborg, K. 2003 'Status-seeking and material affluence:
evaluating the Hirsch hypothesis', Ecological Economics 45: 29-39.
Bromley, D. W. 2001 'Searching for sustainability: the poverty of spontaneous order', in C. J.
Cleveland, D. I. Stern and R. Costanza (eds) The Economics of Nature and the Nature of
Economics, Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar: 74-88.
Faber, M. and Proops, J. (eds) 1996 Ecological Economics: Concepts and Methods,
Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, chapters 11 and 12.
Söderbaum, P. 2000 Ecological Economics - A Political Economics Approach to
Environment and Development, London: Earthscan.
24 July 2003
Uncertainty and Risk
Key Readings
Chichilnisky, G. and Heal, G. 1993 'Global environmental risk', Journal of Economic
Perspectives 7(4): 65-86.
Wynne, B. 1992 'Uncertainty and environmental learning: reconceiving science policy in the
preventive paradigm', Global Environmental Change (June): 111-127.
Funtowicz, S., O'Connor, M. and Ravetz, J. 1997 'Emergent Complexity and Ecological
Economics', in J. C. J. M. v. d. Bergh and J. v. d. Straaten (eds) Economy and
ecosystems in change: analytical and historical approaches, Cheltenham, UK ; Lyme, NH:
Edward Elgar.
Sterling, A. and Mayer, S. 2001 'A novel approach to the appraisal of technological risk: a
multicriteria mapping study of a genetically modified crop', Environment and Planning C:
Government and Policy 19: 529-555.
Faber, M., Manstetten, R. and Proops, J. 1992 'Humankind and the Environment',
Environmental Values 1(3): 217-241.
Other Readings
Postnormal Science
Funtowicz, S. O. and Ravetz, J. 1990 Uncertainty and Quality in Science for Policy,
Dordrecht: Kluwer.
10
Funtowicz, S. O. and Ravetz, J. R. 1994 'The worth of a songbird: ecological economics as a
post-normal science', Ecological Economics 10: 197-207.
25 July 2003
Participation and Institutional Change
Key Readings
Costanza, R., Daly, H. E., Goodland, R. and Norgaard, R. B. 1997 An Introduction to
Ecological Economics, Boca Raton, Fla.: St. Lucie Press, International Society for
Ecological Economics, chapter 4.
Jacobs, M. 1997 'Environmental valuation, deliberative democracy and public decisionmaking institutions', in J. Foster (ed) Valuing Nature? Economics, Ethics and
Environment, London: Routledge.
O'Neill, J. 2001 'Representing people, representing nature, representing the world',
Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 19: 483-500.
Bloomfield, D., Collins, K., Fry, C. and Munton, R. 2001 'Deliberation and inclusion: vehicles
for increasing trust in UK public governance?' Environment and Planning C: Government
and Policy 19: 501-513.
Harris, J. M. 2002 Environmental and Natural Resource Economics: A Contemporary
Approach, Boston; New York: Houghton Mifflin Company: 424-442.
Other Readings
Norgaard, R. B. 2001 'The improvisation of discordant knowledges', in C. J. Cleveland, D. I.
Stern and R. Costanza (eds) The Economics of Nature and the Nature of Economics,
Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar.
Aguilera-Klink, F. and Sanchez-Garcia, J. 2002 'Social participation, institutional change,
and land property in the building up of sustainability: a case study of land-use conflict in
Tenerife (Canary Islands)', Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 20: 593612.
25 July 2003
Ecological Economics & Integrated Rural Development
Baldock, D., Dwyer, J., Lowe, P., Petersen, J. and Ward, N. 2001 'The Nature of Rural
Development: Towards a Sustainable Integrated Rural Policy in Europe. A Ten-Nation
Scoping Study', London: Institute for European Environmental Policy.
Dwyer, J., Baldock, D., Beaufoy, G., Bennett, H., Lowe, P. and Ward, N. 2002 'Europe’s
Rural Futures – The Nature of Rural Development II. Rural Development in an Enlarging
European Union', London: Several.
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