WHAT IS G.I.S.
www.malaysiagis.com
DEFINITATION ACCORDING:
• application
– acts as a problem solving solution
– example: water pollution, traffic, land
management
• toolbox
– emphasize on the generic aspect of GIS in it’s
definition
– always used by vendors to maximize their
market share
GIS: OLD AND NEW
Traditional GIS
MAP
TYPEWRITER
MANUAL DRAFING
TOOLS
New GIS
COMPUTER
PLOTTER
CD-ROM
THE NEED FOR GIS
• the real world has a lot of spatial data
– manipulation, analysis and modeling can be
effective and efficiently carried out with a GIS
•
•
•
•
the neighborhood of the intended purchase of house
the route for fire-fighting vehicles to the fire area
location of historical sites to visit
the earth surface for purposes of army
• the earth surface is a limited resource
• rational decisions on space utilization
• fast and quality information in decision making
... THE NEED FOR GIS
 complexity of management
– due to the need to combine and process many
sets of data, in addition to judge as many as
possible, situation that might happen.
 intense competition
– the need to use technology in making decisions
and strategy in the world of intense competition.
DATA VISUALISATION
YOUR CHOICE:
State
Johor
Kedah
Kelantan
Melaka
Population (1991)
2,074,297
1,304,800
1,181,680
504,502
OR MAP?
TABULAR DATA?
LOCATION
10
EAST
11
X
3
SOUTH
12
4
5
Y
Z
WHERE IS OBJECT X?
ANSWER: X = 3B SOUTH, 12B EAST
WHAT CAN BE FOUND AT A CERTAIN LOCATION ?
EXAMPLE: What can be found at 5B SOUTH, 11B EAST?
ANSWER: Y
ATTRIBUTE QUESTION:
NO.
1.
AREA (HECTARE)
OWNER
TAX CODE
MINERAL QUALITY
1
100,000
TALATU
B
HIGH
2
50,100
BRAUDO
A
MEDIUM
3
90,900
BRAUDO
B
LOW
4
40,800
ANUNKU
A
LOW
5
120,200
SILIMA
B
HIGH
ATTIRUBUTE EXPLAINATION
EXAMPLE: WHAT IS THE ATTRIBUTE FOR ITEM 2?
2.
WHERE A CERTAIN SENARIO MIGHT HAPPEN?
EXAMPLE: WHO HAS THE HIGHEST QUALITY OF MINERALS ?
….QUESTION: RELATIONAL DATABASE
NO.
AREA (HECTARE)
OWNER
TAX CODE
MINERAL QUALITY
1
100,000
TALATU
B
HIGH
2
50,100
BRAUDO
A
MEDIUM
3
90,900
BRAUDO
B
LOW
4
40,800
ANUNKU
A
LOW
5
120,200
SILIMA
B
3.
SELECTION OF AN AREA (ACCORDING TO RULES)
EXAMPLE: WHICH ITEM HAS
a)
AREA >40,000 HECTARE
b)
OWNER: NOT SILIMA
c)
TAX CODEI: B
d)
MINERAL QUALITY: TINGGI
HIGH
QUESTION: PATTERN AND RELATIONSHIP
X
Z
Z
Y
X
Y
Y
X
Z
Z
1. IS OBJECT X IN THE PATTERN?
YES, IN THE FORM OF LINE, FROM NORTHWEST TO SOUTHEAST
IN THE FORM OF A LINE
2. IS THERE A RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN X AND Y?
YES, Y IS ALWAYS NEAR WITH X
3. WHAT OTHER SPATIAL PATTERN EXIST?
OBJECT Z IS ALWAYS NEAR THE BORDERS AND ITS SIZE INCREASES
FROM LEFT TO RIGHT
TREND QUESTION
A
C
B
A
B
1980
C
D
1990
1. WHAT ARE THE CHANGES FOR A,B AND C FROM 1980 TO 1990?
A: INCREASE IN SIZE
B: DECREASE SIZE AND CHANGE IN LOCATION
C: CHANGES IN SHAPE
2. WHAT HAS CHANGED SINCE 1980?
A AND B HAVE CHANGES IN SIZE
LOCATION B CHANGES
C CHANGES SHAPE
ADDITION OF ITEM D
GIS BENEFITS
• improves/enhances the effects of
physical/environmental growth
• better management of resources
• adding new value-added services
BENEFITS OF GIS
• perform analysis on spatial and non spatial
components
• fast recall of data
• ability for complex analysis
• recalling of non spatial data through object
location
• display of information in a different light/view
• multiple scenario in planning can be performed
easily
Information
System
Non-spatial
Information
Systems
Management
Information
Systems
Spatial
Information
Systems
Geographic
Information
Systems
Other
Types
(CAD/CAM)
GIS COMPONENT (I)
• hardware
– computers to run software
– other related software
• software
– computer program to process data
• custom-written software
• generic programs are more popular
• data
– processed for information retrieval
– most costly compared with hardware and software
– longer life span
– at times, have legal value
GIS COMPONENT (II)
• institution
– individual and organisation that uses or
implements GIS
– critical components - decides the success of
implementation
• need for GIS professional to analyze, research,
design complex GIS systems
• difficult to change humans to adapt with new
technology
– always overlooked
GIS SUBSYSTEM (I)
• data acquisition
– define, entry and preliminary processing data
– digitizer, scanner, survey equipment, etc.
• data management
– control existence, update, recall and deletion of
data
– database management system
GIS SUBSYSTEM (II)
• analysis of data
– generation of information from data achieves
– spatial analysis software
– value of GIS depends on the analytic functions it
provides
• information output
– generated information conveyed to the users
– information managed by computers can be
plotted, printed or exported into other systems.
GIS
USES
VARIOUS DATA
SOURCES
1
2
MAPS
IMAGE
AND
DIGITAL
PRODUCTS
VARIOUS DATA
FORMATS
GPS
TEXT
DATA
TABULAR
DATA
DATABASE
MAPS
4
REPORTS
3
4
GIS APPLICATION (I)
• environment
– management of natural resources
• land, forest, marine, etc.
– monitoring/control of environmental pollution
– environment impact study
• infrastructure
– transport and irrigation management and
maintenance
– utility management and maintenance
• electric, water, gas, telephone, etc.
GIS APPLICATION (II)
• socio-economy
– town and country planning
– monitoring of population migration
– disperse of resources/services
• clinics, schools, etc
• military
– land form visualisation
– visibility analysis
• Data recall
GIS USAGE
Geomdk_id: 252
Area: 147: 147.477900
Geodmk_: 640
Land Ownership
MAJLIS DAERAH KULAI
Account_no: A0546142
Owner: LAM MEE WONG
No_k_p: 2224567
Bangsa: CINA
Address: 142, JLN. BERJASA,
TMN. TIMUR,
KULAI, JOHOR
Poscode: 81000
No_geran: GM 125
No_lot: PTD 12201
Area: BANDAR KULAI
Mukim: SENAI-KULAI
Holding: BEBAS
Usage: KEDIAMAN
Floors: 01
Assesment: 89000.00
Rate: 0.25
Tax: 222.50
• Modeling
– predict information from data within the GIS
using a certain model
Population Density
Year 2010
- High
- Medium
- Low