vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
1
2
TITLE
PAGE
DECLARATION
ii
DEDICATION
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
iv
ABSTRACT
v
ABSTRAK
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
vii
LIST OF TABLE
xi
LIST OF FIGURE
xiv
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
xvi
LIST OF APPENDICES
xviii
INTRODUCTION
1
1.1 Introduction
1
1.2 Research discipline
1
1.3.Background of building assessment tools
3
1.4.Problems associated with building assessment tools
5
1.5.Aim and Objectives
9
1.6.Scope of Study
10
1.7.Research Methodology
14
1.8.Significance of Study
19
1.9.Thesis Outline
20
LITERATURE REVIEW
23
2.1.Introduction
23
2.2.Sustainable Building Design
23
2.3.Definition of Energy Efficient Building
25
2.3.1.Definition of Energy Efficiency
25
viii
2.3.2.Definition of Energy Efficiency in Building
27
2.3.3.Definition of Energy Efficient Building in
Current Study
28
2.4.Taxonomy of Research in Energy Efficient Building
Design Studies
29
2.5.Effect of User‘s Satisfaction from Adaptive Behavior
in Energy Consumption of Building
31
2.5.1.Definition of User‘s Adaptive Behavior in
Energy Efficient Building Studies
31
2.5.2.User‘s Satisfaction from Adaptive Behavior
in Energy Consumption of Building
33
2.5.3.Summary of Review on Effect of User‘s
Satisfaction from Adaptive Behavior in
Energy Consumption of Building
36
2.6.Building User‘s Adaptive Behavior in Energy
Efficient Indoor Environment
37
2.6.1.Adaptive Behaviors in Response to Indoor
Environmental Conditions Provided by
Cooling Systems
38
2.6.2.Adaptive Behavior in Response to Indoor
Environmental Conditions Provided by
Lighting Systems
47
2.7.Characteristics of Building Assessment Framework
56
2.8.User-satisfaction Index Analysis Frameworks
60
2.8.1.Performance-based
Building
User-
satisfaction Measurement
61
2.8.2.Perception-based Building User-satisfaction
Measurement
68
2.8.2.1.Kano User Satisfaction Measurement
Model
3
70
2.9.Summary of Chapter
73
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
74
3.1 Introduction
74
3.2 Research Design
74
3.3.Techniques and Methods to Conduct the Research
102
ix
3.3.1.Techniques and Methods on Data Collection
102
3.3.1.1.Systematic Literature Review
103
3.3.1.2.Group Decision Making Methods
104
3.3.1.3.Synectics Close Group Discussion
106
3.3.1.4.Respondent
Sampling
in
Group
Decision Making
107
3.3.2.Techniques and Methods on Data Analysis
108
3.3.2.1.Grounded Group Decision Making
(GGDM)
108
3.3.2.2.Weighted Sum Method (WSM)
111
3.3.2.3.Descriptive statistics
112
3.3.2.4.Kano Questionnaires Design, Data
Analysis and Reliability
4
114
3.4.Summary of Chapter
116
DATA ANALYSIS
117
4.1.Introduction
117
4.2.Data Analysis of First Research Phase
117
4.2.1.Data Analysis of Hypothesis Testing Survey
4.2.2 Data
Analysis
on
Expert
118
Input
Corresponding to the First Objective
4.3 Data Analysis of Third Research Phase
125
129
4.3.1.Data Analysis of Expert Input Corresponding
to the Second objective
129
4.3.2.Data Analysis of Expert Input Corresponding
to the Third Objective
135
4.3.3.Data Analysis of Expert Input Corresponding
to the Fourth Objective
5
138
4.4.Summary of Chapter
141
FRAMEWORK DEVELOPMENT
142
5.1.Introduction
142
5.2 Framework Development
142
5.3 User input
146
5.4 Summary of chapter
148
x
6
CASE STUDY
149
6.1.Introduction
149
6.2 Case Study Site Selection
149
6.2.1.Data analysis and result of expert input in
case selection criteria
150
6.2.2.Data analysis and result of expert input in
case study selection
7
8
151
6.3.Case study and framework user input
153
6.4.Summary of chapter
159
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
160
7.1.Introduction
160
7.2 Discussion on the findings of the first objective
160
7.3 Discussion on the findings of the second objectives
163
7.4 Discussion on the findings of the third objective
167
7.5 Discussion on the findings of the fourth objectives
170
7.6 Discussion on the findings of the fifth objectives
173
7.7 Discussion on the findings of the sixth objectives
176
7.8 Summary of chapter
178
CONCLUSION
179
8.1 Introduction
179
8.2 Conclusion of study
179
8.3 Recommendations
181
8.4 Limitations of Study
182
8.5 Further Research
182
REFERENCES
Appendices A –L
184
206-290
xi
LIST OF TABLES
TITLE
TABLE NO.
2.1
PAGE
Summery of review on users‘ adaptive behaviors in
response to indoor conditions provided by energy
efficient cooling system
2.2
42
Summery of review on user‘s adaptive behavior in
response to indoor conditions provided by energy
efficient lighting system
2.3
Characteristic-based
50
classification
of
building
assessment framework
3.1
Description of different possible observations used in
interview questionnaire
3.2
122
Correlation analysis corresponding to hypothesis testing
in building facilities
4.8
121
Coefficients of equation modeled corresponding to
hypothesis testing in lighting system
4.7
121
Correlation analysis corresponding to hypothesis testing
in lighting system
4.6
120
Coefficient of equation modeled corresponding to
hypothesis testing in cooling system
4.5
119
Correlation analysis corresponding to hypothesis testing
in cooling system
4.4
119
Summary of Variable Values for section C of survey
interview questionnaire
4.3
82
Summary of data collected in section C of survey
interview questionnaire
4.2
81
Matrix used to record the observations in interview
questionnaires sheet
4.1
59
Correlation analysis corresponding to hypothesis testing
123
xii
in working equipment
4.9
GGDM analysis process in the validation of case study
for hypotheis testing
4.10
127
WSM analysis process in the validation of case study
for hypotheis testing
4.11
124
128
GGDM analysis process on validation of definition of
adaptive behavior and selection of Energy Efficient
builing Indoor environment as scope of framework
4.12
130
WSM analysis process on validation of definition of
adaptive behavior and selection of Energy Efficient
builing Indoor environment as scope of framework
4.13
131
The result of brainstorming on building users‘
adaptive behavior in response to indoor conditions
provided by energy efficient cooling system
4.14
133
The result of brainstorming on building users‘
adaptive behavior in response to indoor conditions
provided by energy efficient lighting system
4.15
GGDM analysis process in the perception of expert on
the selected framework charecteristics
4.16
136
WSM analysis process in the perception of expert on
the selected framework charecteristics
4.17
134
137
GGDM analysis process in the validation of each usersatsifaction index analysis frameworks to be used in this
study
4.18
139
WSM analysis process in the validation of each usersatsifaction index analysis framwork to be used in this
study
5.1
The result of brainstorming on the stages of framework
developement
5.2
151
WSM analysis process in the case study selection of
framework validation
6.3
147
The result of brainstorming on the factors to be
considered in case selection of framework validation
6.2
144
WSM analysis process in the preliminary validation in
the overal feasibility of the framework
6.1
140
WSM analysis process in the feasibility validation of
152
xiii
1st stage of the framework by framework useres
6.4
WSM analysis process in the feasibility validation of
2nd stage of the framework by framework useres
7.1
155
156
Building user‘s adaptive behaviors in response to
Energy Efficient cooling and lighting system
166
xiv
LIST OF FIGURES
TITLE
FIGURE NO.
1.1
PAGE
HDI versus Energy consumption within various
countries (Adopted from Dias et al., 2006)
11
1.2
Research flow diagram
15
1.3
Comparison of consideration of user satisfaction in
Building Project Life Cycle, traditional approach
verses proposed approach
20
2.1
An overview on Literature Review
23
2.2
Relationships of environmental, social, and economic
principles in sustainable design, and benefits related to
each principle (Adopted from US EPA, 2010).
2.3
Taxonomies of researches in user satisfaction index
analysis frameworks
2.4
24
61
Kano model on user-satisfaction measurement in three
categories of Needs (i.e. Must Be there), Satisfier (i.e.
One-dimensional), and Happiness (i.e. attractive)
criteria (Adopted from Kano et al., 1984; Cohen, 1995)
st
71
3.1
Flow of systematic review to address 1 Step
76
3.2
Variables selected in survey instrumental design
78
3.3
Human thermal satisfaction assessment cycle
80
3.4
th
Flow of systematic review to address 4 step
th
87
3.5
Flow of systematic review to address the 5 step
88
3.6
Flow of systematic review to address the 6th step
89
3.7
Research flow diagram
101
3.8
Techniques and Methods used to conduct the Research
102
3.9
Flow of systematic review used in this study
104
3.10
Grounded Group Desicion Making (GGDM) Model
process adopted from Lamit et al. (2012)
111
xv
3.11
Sampling distribution to reject the null hypothesis
5.1
Initial framework proposed by researcher in ‗Intro.‘
113
section of brainstorming
143
5.2
Framework resulted from ‗Round 1‘ of brainstorming
143
5.3
Framework resulted from ‗Round 2‘ of brainstorming
145
6.1
The LEO building
153
6.2
Illustration of changing coding of the questionnaires
sheet from (a) to (b) to minimize the transferring error
6.3
157
Sample of results presented in report sheet of the
developed framework based on the LEO building case
study
158
xvi
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
ABSI
Adaptive Behavior Satisfaction Index
ACEM
Association of Consulting Engineers Malaysia
AEUI
Annual Area Energy Use Index
AHP
Analytic Hierarchy Process
ANN
Artificial-Neural-Network
ANSI
American National Standards Institute
ASHRAE
American Society of Heating, Refrigeration, and AirConditioning Engineers
ASMI
Athena Sustainable Material Institute
BEMS
Building Energy Management System
BREEAM
Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment
Method
BUS
Building Use Studies
BRE
Building Research Establishment
CAD
Computer Aided Design
CBE
Center for the Built Environment
CGD
Close Group Discussion
COPE
Cost-effective Open-Plan Environments
CRISP
Construction Related Sustainability Indicators Project
EI
Energy Intensity
EN
European Standards
EPI
Energy Performance Indicators
EUI
Energy Use Intensities
GBC
Green Building Challenges
GBI
Green Building Index
GEO
Green Energy Office
GGDM
Grounded Group Decision Making
xvii
HK-BEAM
Hong Kong Building Environmental Assessment Method
HDI
Human Development Index
HTM
Human Thermal Model
HVAC
Heating, Ventilation, & Air Conditioning
iiSBE
international initiative for Sustainable Built Environment
IEQ
Indoor Environmental Quality
ISO
International Organization for Standardization
IUCN
International Union for the Conservation of Nature
LEED
Leadership in Energy & Environmental Design-
LEO
Low Energy Office
MEWC
Ministry of Energy, Water and Communication
MS
Malaysian Standard
NEMA
National Electrical Manufacturing Association
NGOs
Non-Governmental Organizations
NRCC
National Research Council of Canada
PAM
Pertubuhan Akitek Malaysia
PLEA
Passive and Low Energy Architecture
POE
Post Occupancy Evaluation
PTM
Persatuan Tenaga Malaysia
SBtool
Sustainable Building tool
SIRIM
Standards & Industrial Research Institute of Malaysia
TNB
Tenaga Nasional Berhad
UNCHE
United Nations Conference on the Human Environment
UNWCED
UN World Commission an Environment and Development
UNWCED
Nation World Commission on Environment and Development
UNMDG
United Nations Millennium Development Goals
UNEP-SBCI
United Nations Environmental Programme for Sustainable
Buildings and Construction Initiatives
USGBC
US Green Building Council
US EPA
United States Environmental Protection Agency
WSM
Weighed Sum Method
WCED
World Commission on Environment and Development
ZEB
Zero Energy Building
xviii
LIST OF APPENDICES
TITLE
APPENDIX
PAGE
A
Questionnaire Survey for the First Objective
206
B
Expert Input Questionnaire for the First Objective
210
C
Expert Input Questionnaire for the Second Objective
214
D
Expert Input Questionnaire for the Third Objective
225
E
Expert Input Questionnaire for the Fourth Objective
230
F
Brainstorming Form for the Fifth Objective
235
G
User Input Questionnaire for the Fifth Objective
239
H
Introduction on Case Study
244
I
Expert Input Questionnaire for the Sixth Objective
263
J
Adaptive Behavior Satisfaction Index Excel File Used In
Case Study
269
K
User Input Questionnaire for the Sixth Objective
284
L
List of Publications
290